History of the

SARTORIUS

family

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

S

artorius. This Latin-sounding name has always aroused curiosity. What does it mean? How long ago did it orginate? Where does it come from? Who were the people who wore it before us? In an attempt to answer these questions and a few others, I have written the following pages.

It was my brother Bertrand who undertook the first research on the subject in 1980. I have continued it. They now allow us to follow the history of the Sartorius family over almost five hundred years, from the 16th century until to dawn of the 21st century.

In November 1997, I naively thought I had gathered all the information that could be gathered. So, it seemed to me that the time had come to gather in a convenient and easily accessible form the sum of information we had found and share it with all those who might be interested in the subject. I was putting the final touches to a first version of the text that you are going to read, when a correspondent told me she was in possession of old documents on the family. In fact, what she sent me two months later shed an singular light on the history of the Sartorius over a century and a half, from 1700 to 1850. All I had to do was to get back to work!

So, I started a second version, corrected on certain points, completed on many others, and enriched with photographs[1]. Under the title Petite histoire des origines de la famille Sartorius [Brief history of the origin of the Sartorius family] 100 copies were printed in July 1998 by my father Robert Sartorius.

 

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When it comes to genealogy, if you wait until you are done to publish something, you will never publish anything.

The further I go, the more I realize the relevance of this advice from an old archivist to an amateur genealogist[2].

In August 1998, I travelled to Germany to follow in the footsteps of our ancestors. I was able to get a feel for the places where they lived and collect a few more documents. Above all, I had the pleasure of meeting the abovementioned correspondent, a charming German lady, Mrs Leihener, née Sartorius. This distant cousin opened her rich archives to me. Moreover, the odds of life brought her back about twenty kilometres from Friesenhagen where the Sartorius family lived throughout the 18th century. She therefore guided me on a tour of the ruins of Wildenburg castle, where our common ancestor Georg Anton Franz Sartorius was born in 1757 and where he lived. She also took me to visit the charming little church of St. Sebastian of Friesenhagen.

On my return, I immediately felt the need to update my work. I integrated the information I had gathered in Germany into it. I also added some additions gleaned from my readings and some corrections. Finally, the photographs taken by my son Gautier during the trip allowed me to enrich the iconography. It is this third version that Gautier installed on the Internet in the autumn of 1999 and which I Stabilized in 2005. Nevertheless, I have continued to glean information through reading, systematic research on the Internet and a few encounters. This led me to a fourth version, completed in 2008, which is available on the Internet and a few copies of which have been distributed as a .pdf file in the family. Finally, the next version, the fifth one, benefited from my research at the French National Archives in the naturalization file of Ferdinand Sartorius. The development of the English and German versions on the Internet has brought to light some imperfections which I have corrected in the French version, which I have not had the courage to reflect in these.

And as nothing is ever finished, I had started the present version, the sixth, to incorporate some additions and improvements, I had added the fruit of my exchanges with Mr. Marius Golgath in the context of his doctoral thesis in history at the University of Mannheim on foreign immigration in the Lille district in the 19th century. In the meantime, the church books of the bishopric of Paderborn have been put online... It took me finally farthe than I thought.

 

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Since I have pronounced the name of the Internet, one must admit that chance and the web are the fortune of genealogists. The wealth of information available on the Internet defies imagination. The only problem is finding it there. This is where chance comes in.

In the autumn of 2000, I met two new German cousins, even further away than Mrs Leihener, who were both keen genealogists. In chronological order, the first was Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, a descendant of Franz Anton Sartorius, born in 1711. He enabled me to complete the female descendants of the Sartorius family, in which I discovered famous people. Thanks to a careful reading, in a language that is not his own, of the version of this document available on the Internet, he was also able to point out some errors or inaccuracies to me. The second is Christian Gödde, descendant of the two brothers Conrad Schnier and Dietrich Schnier, alias Sartorius, born respectively around 1625 and 1640! For five centuries his family has remained in the region of origin of the Sartorius family. His work has been invaluable to my knowledge of the history of the family from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 18th century.

More recently, on Easter 2001, two other cousins, Hartmut and Wilfried Sartorius, wrote to me after discovering the website. They are close relatives, since they are second cousins to my father. Thanks to the documents kept in their family, they provided me with many interesting details about the Sartorius family in the second half of the 19th century. I had the pleasure of meeting them and their two sisters in the summer of 2002.

Finally, the reader will see for himself how I discovered the existence of American cousins and tracked them down, before I had the pleasure of meeting two of them, Mark and Barbara Bjelland, during a visit to Paris in April 2005.

 

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The structure of my work has changed little over the years. After a chapter on the origin of the name Sartorius and its expansion around the world, five chapters on the history of our family follow. The starting point was easy to establish. It is our oldest known, or rather supposed, ancestor. For the point of arrival, I stopped for a long time at my great-grand-father Ferdinand Sartorius, who died in 1901. On the occasion of this sixrh version, I thought this was an opportunity to extend my story to the First World War. One thing leading to another, faced with a quantity of information that I did not initially suspect and carried away by my subject, I went all the way to the Second World War.

Moreover, the increasing volume of material led me, for practical reasons, from the fourth version onwards, to divide my work into two parts, a first purely historical (History of the Sartorius family) and a second purely genealogical (Genealogy of the Sartorius family). This approach does lead to a few repetitions, but the whole thing gains in convenience and scalability

An appendix to the historical part reproduces a number of documents which trace the history of the family. These are mainly vital records, accompanied by some comments. There are also a few autograph documents of our ancestors, that survived time, inheritance sharings and wars.

As far as the family genealogy is concerned, I have tried to make it as complete as possible. To date, there are more than 30 000 descendants of our first known ancestor. However, I am aware of its shortcomings. This is particularly the case for the younger generations, who are difficult to follow because they have an unfortunate tendency to multiply and disperse.

 

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In conclusion, I would like to thank all my readers, both family and non-family. Their interest in reading my book and the comments made by some of them have encouraged me to continue and improve my work.

Finally, I owe a special mentionto the five German cousins I have already mentioned: Mrs Leihener, Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, Mr Christian Gödde and Messrs Hartmut and Wilfried Sartorius. They helped me to progress through the archives and information at their disposal and through their knowledge of Germany. I will never forget Mark and Barbara Bjelland who gave me a CD containing photos brought from Germany to the United States by Barbara's grandfather and commented orally by her father. I would like to express my gratitude to all of them for their help and kindness.

 

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Chapter one

 

 

 

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

T

en centuries of obscurantism followed the fall of the Roman empire. Then, from the 14th to the 16th century, scholars, first Italian, then French and Germans, revived the direct study of ancient, Hebrew, Greek and Latin letters. This renewed interest in ancient civilisations took the name Renaissance. The study of Greek and Latin then experienced a prodigious growth[3]. As a consequence of this renewed interest in these dead languages, the Latinisation or Hellenisation of surnames became fashionable. This phenomenon was particularly noticeable in Germany in the 15th and 16th centuries. Educated families translated their German surnames into Latin or Greek. The Fischer [fisherman] became Piscator[4], the Kaufmann or Krämer [merchant] Mercator[5], the Sänger [singer] Cantor[6], the Schwarzerd [black earth] Melanchthon[7] and the Kuhhorn [cow horn] Bucer[8]. Seized by this fever, people with the name Schneider [tailor] or one of its variants Schnieder, Schröder, Schnier or Schrier, transformed theirs into Sartorius, a form derived from sartor which has the same meaning in Latin[9].

The use of these Latin translations actually predates the Renaissance. It goes back at least to the 14th century. This is the case of the couple Schneider - Sartorius. The name Sartorius first appears in 1381, in Germany, in Eschwege, about twenty kilometres from Kassel. His bearer was a certain Ekkehart Sartorius, Eschwege town councillor. From then on, the name Sartorius is followed for about fifty years in this locality. In 1382, the bourgeois Lotze Sartorius was met there, then, between 1443 and 1447 Henrich Sartorius, prior of the Augustinians, and in 1453 Johannes Sartorius, vicar of the general of the Augustinians[10].

From the middle of the 15th century, the name Sartorius spreads throughout Germany. In 1455 it can be found in this region of the upper Ruhr valley called Sauerland. It is born by Henricus Sartorius, co-founder of the brotherhood of the Cross in Meschede[11]. And, in 1459, Nikol Sartorius, from Dittenheim, in Bavaria, was one of those registered in Erfurt[12].

These are only isolated individuals. This is still the case for most of the Sartorius people we meet in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1504, a Johannes Sartorius was awarded a doctorate in law in Lüneburg. In 1508, a Conradt Sartorius was the prior of the convent of Goldbach, in Bavaria. In 1518 a Sartorius ecclesiastic is found in Oldenburg. Another Sartorius became chaplain to the count Christopher of Oldenburg in 1538. A Dr. Johannes Sartorius, a clergyman in Bremen and later in Osnabrück, is mentioned in 1521. In 1525 Dietrich Sartorius became the first Protestant pastor in Oberursel, after having been a priest in Mainz and Frankfurt[13]. A Johannes Sartorius, born around 1500, philologist and theologian, died in Amsterdam in 1566[14]. A Balthasar Sartorius, born in Oschatz in 1534, became professor of theology in Jena and Leipzig, before dying in 1609[15]. His son Georg, born in Grimmen, Pomerania, in 1570, died in 1627 as a pastor in Reinstedt. A Zacharias Sartorius, who was pastor in Oberrimbach between 1571 and 1578, exchanged this parish for Künzelsau, where he died in 1581. An Andreas Sartorius, born in 1562, died in 1617 in Frankfurt an der Oder, where he was a professor. In 1568, Johannes Sartorius was deacon in Penig, where he died in 1612[16].

 

 

Figure 1: emergence of the name Sartorius in Germany from 14th to 17th centuries

 

 

However, this dry enumeration is far from exhaustive. It shows that the name Sartorius could be found all over Germany. It was frequently borne by Protestant clergymen. This is understandable. Of course, a prior knowledge of Latin was required to consider translating his name into this language. In this respect, the clergymen were well placed. Moreover, The Reformation was a very recent phenomenon at the time. In 1517, Luther had posted his 95 Latin theses on the door of the of the Wittenberg castle church[17]. Unlike their Roman Catholic colleagues, the Protestant pastors were no longer bound to celibacy. They therefore left descendants who were able to perpetuate the name of their ancestor in its Latinised form[18].

Throughout the 16th and early 17th centuries, Schneiders - Sartorius' hesitated between the German and Latin form of the name. Again, there are many examples of this. Let us simply mention Paul Schneider or Sartorius, organist and composer, born in Nuremberg in 1569 and died in Innsbruck in 1609. The same is true of Erasmus Schneider or Sartorius, writer, musician and composer, born in Schleswig around 1575 and died in Hamburg in 1637[19]. And Johann Friedmann Schneider, professor of philosophy in Halle, born in 1669, still hesitated between the two forms[20].

From the 17th century onward, the form Sartorius prevailed definitively among some people. However, not all these Sartorius were descended from a common stock. In Germany today, for example, there are still no less than twenty-one different Sartorius families with more than 1 350 members[21]:

 

 

Figure 2: the Sartorius root families

 

 

w a family in Hohenstein and Langenschwalbach, in Hesse, followed since 1470, a member of which emigrated to Paraguay[22].

w a family in Darmstadt, followed since 1549, some members of whose emigrated to the Netherlands and Mexico[23].

w a family in Kirchhain, in Upper-Hesse, followed since 1570, a branch of which was ennobled by the king of Bavaria in 1827 under the name Sartorius von Waltershausen[24].

w  a family in Franconia, followed since 1583, who emigrated to Switzerland and a representative of whose settled in New York. The famous Basel Protestant theologian Karl Barth (1886-1968) is descended from this family[25].

w one in Hachenburg, in Rhineland, followed since 1595[26].

w a family in Bensheim, halfway between Darmstadt and Mannheim, followed since the 17th century[27].

w a family in Aurich-Oldendorf, East Friesland, followed since 1600. Many of its members emigrated to Illinois and it is still represented in the United States[28].

w a family in Franconia-Thuringia, followed since 1610, some of whose members emigrated to Paris and America and others to Vienna, Austria and Malmö, Sweden[29].

w a family ennobled by the Emperor in 1630, and then on several occasions by the kings of Poland and Prussia, under the name Sartorius von Schwanenfeld. Some of its members held important administrative positions in Austria, Poland and East Prussia. Her last representative died in 1915[30].

 

 

Figure 3: current distribution of the name Sartorius in Germany[31]

 

 

w a family in Bretten, Baden, followed from 1636 to 1870[32].

w a family in Homberg, Upper Hesse, followed since 1687, still represented in Germany, one member of which emigrated in the 19th century to Saint-Louis-du-Missouri in the United States[33].

w a family in Bönnigheim in northern Württemberg, followed since 1689[34].

w a family in Wahlen and Niederlosheim, Saarland, followed since 1714, still represented by teachers, engineers, Catholic clergymen and Bürgermeisters[35].

w a family in Coburg, followed since 1719[36].

w a family in Cologne, followed since the 1730s, a representative of whose emigrated to the United States[37].

w a family in Germersheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, followed between 1732 and 1880[38].

w a family in Heldenfingen, East Württemberg, followed since 1737[39].

w a family in Bleckede, Lower Saxony, followed since the beginning of the 18th century, a branch of whosde settled n Amsterdam[40].

w a family in Arnsberg, Westphalia, followed since 1757[41].

w a family in Fahrenbach, North Baden, followed since 1765[42].

w a family in Bochum, in the Ruhr area, followed since 1780[43].

 

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Sartorius appeared in England in the 18th century. Most, if not all, were of German ascent. Indeed, when the Stuart dynasty died out in 1714, the elector of Hanover acceded to the throne of Great-Britain under the name of George I. In his wake, a large number of Germans, especially artists, passed through England. The most famous example is the composer Händel[44]. In fact, an English family of sea and horse painters of some repute, whose name was Sartorius, was descended from Jacob Christopher Sartorius, an engraver in Nuremberg from 1674 to 1737[45].

 

 

    

Figure 4: paintings by Francis and John Nost Sartorius

 

 

Among the bearers of the name is also an admiral of the Royal Navy, Sir George Rose Sartorius, whose father, a native of Wurttemberg, had been in the service of the East India Company. His two sons, Euston and Reginald, distinguished themselves in Africa and Asia in the colonial wars of the second half of the 19th century, attained the rank of Major General and both received the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest honour, for their outstanding actions[46].

 

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In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was also a Sartorius family in Visé, in the principality of Liège. Abbot Sartorius is the best-known representative of this family. Accused of the murder of his mistress, he was sentenced to death after a resounding trial. He died in Liege in atrocious agony on 3 March 1779. A brother of Abbot Sartorius, Gérard Joseph, led a more commendable life. A Doctor of Medicine, after studying in Graz, Austria, he was ennobled by the emperor of Austria under the name Josef von Sartori[47].

 

 

Figure 5: painting by Virginie de Sartorius

 

 

This family seems to have died out in the person of two demoiselles, first cousins. The first is Virginie de Sartorius, born in Liège in 1828, a flower painter, who was still exhibiting in her hometown in 1872[48]. She was the daughter of Joseph Henri Antoine de Sartorius, a bookseller in this town, and granddaughter of the above-mentioned Josef von Sartori[49]. The second is Auguste von Sartorius, born in Aachen in 1830. She entered the order of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, of which she became superior and died in their mother house in Paris in 1895[50]. She was the daughter of another son of Josef von Sartori, Georg von Sartorius. The latter was born in Graz in 1787 and was admitted to the Paris medical school in 1812, before moving to Aachen, where he practised and died in 1856[51].

 

 

Figure 6: Mother Auguste von Sartorius

 

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There is also a Spanish family named Sartorius. There are many different theories as to its origin. In fact, it is simply a branch of the Sartorius family from Darmstadt[52]. One of its members, Andreas Wilhelm, born in Marburg, emigrated from Germany to Cadiz in 1799, for reasons that remain unclear[53]. He had offpsrings in Spain. His descendants bear the title of counts of San Luis and are Grandees of Spain. This family gave Spain Luis Jose Sartorius Tapia, viscount of Priego and count of San Luis (1820-1871), minister and president of the Cortes, among others[54]. Today the family has two members who have made headlines. The first is a lawyer, Nicolás Sartorius, who became the first deputy secretary general, or number 2, of the Spanish communist party in 1981[55]. The second is Isabel Sartorius, whose thwarted love affair with the Prince of Asturias was the delight of a certain press at the end of the 1980s[56].

 

 

Figure 7: Luis Jose Sartorius Tapia

 

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I was even surprised to discover the existence of Sartorius in Russia. At the end of 2010, a Mr Albert Sartorius wrote to me in perfect German that his grandfather, Robert Sartorius, whose picture in a Red Army uniform he sent me, was born in 1913 in a colony of Volga Germans called Brunnental. He added that, during the German attack in June 1941, Stalin had annihilated these colonies, destroyed their archives, and banished the settlers, many of whom lost their lives. He came to me because there were indications that his great-grandfather, Ferdinand Sartorius, was of French origin[57].

Surprised by that last statement, I delved deeper into the subject. The history of the Volga Germans is well known. In order to develop her states, Empress Catherine II, herself a German princess, brought German peasants to whom she distributed land, mainly around Saratov, on the Volga. Between 1764 to 1767, 30 000 of them, ruined by the Seven Years' War, made the journey from the Rhineland, Northern Bavaria, Hesse, and the Palatinate to Russia. By the end of the 19th century, they were 400 000 of them. The two World Wars, especially World War II, placed them in a difficult situation between their homeland and their adopted country. As early as August 1941, they were transported in appalling conditions. It was not until a decree of the Supreme Soviet in 1964 that they were rehabilitated. From the 1960's onwards, some of them were able return to Germany, but the movement accelerated with the fall of the communist regime. This is probably what happened to my correspondent's family. So, that is the broad outline[58].

 

 

Figure 8: Robert Sartorius in uniform of the Red Army

 

 

I have found no trace of Sartorius in Brunnental, which was founded in 1855 on the left bank of the Volga by settlers from Frank, Kolb, Norka and Walter, villages which were themselves built in 1767 by Germans from Hesse[59]. On the other hand, I found Sartorius settlers as early as 1798 in the village of Nieder-Monjou, founded in 1767 north-east of Saratov. The 1857 census shows a 52-year old Michael Sartorius, his wife, two sons and two grandsons, as welle as a 27-year old Dorothea Sartorius, married to Johann Peter Schmidt[60]. It is also likely that not all Russian Sartorius belong to the same family. The first Sartorius to settle on the banks of the Volga is said to have been a certain Friedrich Wilhelm, born around 1734. A weaver of Lutheran faith, he appeared on the lists of German settlers in 1766 and in the fifth census of Nieder-Monjou in 1798 that say he was from the Palatinate. The ancestor of my correspondent is Johann Friedrich Sartorius, born in Nentershausen, in Hesse-Kassel, on 7 August 1736, great-great-grandson of Johann Andreas Sartorius, born in Eschwege on 21 January 1628 and pastor in Nentershausen[61].

Among the Volga Germans, there are in fact other Sartorius families with no connection to the previous ones. The account sent to me by the descendant of one of them gives a more precise idea of the hardships they endured under the Soviet regime. My correspondent's family appears in Gokkerberg, in the canton of Marxstadt. This village was founded in 1768 by twenty-four families from Darmstadt, Württemberg, and Lorraine. Her great-grandfather, Jakob Sartorius, born in 1850, died in 1929 in Malowodnoje, in the Saratov region, and left four sons. The eldest, also named Jakob, died of tuberculosis in 1906.

The second son, Solomon the grandfather of my correspondent, was born in 1887. He had received some education and could preach in the village church. In 1913 he married Luisa Geibel, of whom he had four daughters, Emma, Irma, Hilda and Angelika, and a son, Artur. After the Revolution of 1917, he worked as an employee in the village soviet. The fact that the birthplaces of his last three daughters were scattered over more than 300 kilometres between 1924 and 1929, however, suggests that during the civil war and the periods of unrest that followed, he was constantly on the alert. Although religion was banned at that time, he continued to hold Sunday services at home for the villagers. As a result, he was condemned and shot [erschossen] in 1931. His widow, who was only 38 years old, was left alone to raise her five children.

All of them experienced hunger and misery in the 1930s and banishment in the 1940s. On 22 June 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. On August 28, 1941, within 24 hours, they were expelled from their homes and sent to various territories in northern Russia, Siberia, and Kazakhstan. From then on, the various members of the family had no more contact with each other, or even news of each other.

From 1941 to 1945, Luisa, Solomon's widow, and her four daughters had to work as fishermen in Potapovo, on the Yenisei River in northern Russia, near the Arctic Circle. Their son and brother Artur was sent to the labour army in Magadan on the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East. After 1945, he was able to join his mother and sisters in Dudinka, a small port at the mouth of the Yenisei River. At the end of the 1940s, Luisa and her sister went to work at the Norilsk nickel mine, 120 kilometres from Dudinka.

Jakob's third son, Ernst, was deported with his wife and children to Siberia in 1941. In 1947, he was denounced for possessing Lutheran prayer and song books. His house was searched. He was tried and sentenced to six years in prison as an enemy of the people. His sister-in-law Luisa was able to visit him in 1961. During his tribulations, he had curiously managed to keep a violin and some books from his father. He died in Tschany, in the Novosibirsk region, in 1966. His son Viktor was able to emigrate to Germany in 2001. Jakob's fourth son, Heinrich, died in the labour army in the Urals, but his grandchildren were able to emigrate to Germany between 1989 and 1993.

Until 1955, all these Germans lived under an exceptional regime. They were not entitled to passes and had to report to the police every month. After Khrushchev came to power, their regime became a little more flexible. Police controls and forced labour were abolished. However, they were not allowed to return to their region of origin in the European part of Russia. They did not regain the special autonomous status they had before the war in the Volga German Republic. Finally, they had to undertake not to make any claims on their confiscated property. Artur and Angelika were then able to search for and find the survivors of their families one by one. Their mother, Luisa, died in 1966 in Dchanaschar, near Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, where she had settled with her daughters Emma and Hilda in 1964. Artur was the first to be able to return with his wife to the Volga territory in the 1970s. Irma died in Novotroizk near Orenburg in the Urals in 2009. Angelika died in 2014 in Dudinka, on the Yenisei River, where she had been deported. Of Solomon's five children, only Emma and Hilda emigrated to Germany[62].

 

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Many Sartorius can be found on the North American continent. Those found in the United States from the 19th century onwards are mostly descendants of the German families mentioned above. As for the others, their German origin is hardly doubtful, if not explicit[63].

As already mentioned, the Sartorius in Mexico are descended from a member of the Darmstadt family, who emigrated there in the 1820s[64].

Of the Canadian Sartorius families, at least one is descended from a German soldier in the service of the United Kingdom who, at the end of the American War of Independence in which he took part, settled in neighbouring Canada, remaining loyal to the British crown[65]. More recently, a Sartorius from Arkansas settled in the 1920s in Alberta, where his descendants are still represented[66]. Similarly, a member of the Mexican Sartorius family emigrated to British Columbia[67].

As for the Polish Sartorius, they are certainly the descendants of Germans who settled in Pomerania and Silesia[68].

Today, the name Sartorius can also be found in South Africa, Argentina, Ireland and Italy. It probably comes from Germany or the Netherlands in the first case, from Germany in the second, and from Germany, via England, in the third[69]. The origin of the Italian Sartorius remains unknown[70].

 

 

Figure 9: expansion of the name Sartorius outside Europe

 

 

The following table gives an estimate of the number of current holders of the Sartorius name in the main countries of the world where the name Sartorius is used.

 

 

Country	Number of people bearing the name Sartorius
Austria Belgium France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Spain Switzerland United Kingdom   South-Africa   Argentina Canada Mexico United States	10[71] 10[72] 161[73] 1 397[74] 3[75] 17[76] 66[77] 7[78] 84[79] 93[80] 68[81]   17[82]   79[83] 10[84] 44[85] 502[86]

 

Figure 10: number of people bearing the name Sartorius throughout the world

 

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And what about France? There was a high bourgeoisie family in Metz as early as the first half of the 16th century. It is notably represented by Claude Sartorius, who died at the age of 75 in 1588, a master of liberal arts and notary, by his son Charles, who died in 1625, master alderman, money changer and one of the Thirteen in the Metz court, and by his grandson Charles, lord of Charly and partly of Loyville, who died at the age of 77 in 1671, aman of Saint Médard, bailiwick counsellor. However, the presence of this family in Metz dates back to a time when the city was still an imperial free city, as it was only occupied by French troops in 1552. It is therefore quite possible that it came from the Germanic world. In any case, the name died out in the early 18th century[87].

Apart from Metz, the oldest mention of the name Sartorius that I have found in France dates back to 1754, during the reign of Louis XV. In that year, a Sartorius, a banker, and his associate, a certain Tourton, joined forces with Christophe Jean Baur, a German Lutheran living in Paris, to create a bank. Baur was an influential figure. A notorious freemason, he had already set up a loan house on rue Saint Sauveur in Paris. From the alliance of these three characters was born an important house known as Tourton et Baur, located on the Place des Victoires[88].

This first French Sartorius was called Henri Charles Chrétien Sartorius. He was born in Eisenach in Saxony in 1724, was a Protestant and in 1770 received letters from the Grand Chancellery granting him French nationality[89]. He died at his home in Paris, rue du Petit Lion Saint Sauveur, on 16 May 1784 of goutte remontée and fièvre maligne a raised drop and malignant fever and was buried in the foreigners' cemetery[90].

At the beginning of the French Revolution, there was also a Dutch banker named Sartorius in Paris. As a country with a Roman Catholic tradition, 18th century France was still reluctant to handle money. It therefore left the financial professions to the Protestants. Among them, the Genevans and the Dutch had built up a solid reputation. It is therefore not impossible that this banker Sartorius was in fact a German who was abusively assimilated by the Parisians to a Dutchman. In fact, he was probably a son of the above-mentioned character.

In 1787, he operated under his own name alone, Sartorius, banker, rue de Bourbon-Villeneuve, and the following year under the name of Sartorius & Co.[91]. In 1789, as the Revolution was beginning, he found himself involved in the Favras affair. In summary, this murky affair gives this. In 1790, the count of Provence, future Louis XVIII, conspired. He was probably trying to overthrow his brother Louis XVI in order to take power. To do so, he needed money. Prudently, the count of Provence used a go-between, Thomas de Mahy, marquis of Favras. Favras spoke to Sartorius and his associate, Mr David, who lent him a significant sum. The information spread out. Favras, a gallant soldier but a naive conspirator, was trapped. Accused of high treason, he was sentenced to death. Some people let him then think that he would be rescued in the last moment if he would not talk. This is why Favras, still candid, was hung without having talked. The count of Provence had not made a single gesture in his favour[92].

The bank does not seem to have been affected by this affair since the Affiches, annonces et avis divers ; ou Journal général de France [Posters, advertisements and various notices; or general journal of France] published the following notice in May 1793 :

A 33 year old man, German of nation, who served, knowing how to speak French, write, very intelligent, very skilful, proper to everything and having good respondents, would like to be CONCIERGE or doorman in a good home or to find any other place in Paris or to travel. Contact the doorman of citizen Sartorius, banker, rue Neuve de l'Egalité, formerly Bourbon-Villeneuve, n° 65[93].

In fact, as early as 1791, Sartorius had been associated with a certain Schuchardt, with a Dutchman, Jean Conrad de Kock, and with a Baron de Niebecker from Eisenach, Saxony. The business then became Sartorius, Schuchardt & Co.[94]. In the year V of the French Republic (1796-1797), the bank moved to rue des Mauvaises Paroles, n° 456. The following year it returned rue Neuve de l'Egalité. Finalyy, from the year X (1801-1802), the name Sartorius disappeared, and it became Schuchardt and Co.[95].

 

*

 

A Sartorius settled as an ophthalmologist in Paris and practised there in 1812, but he was none other than Georg von Sartorius, of the Sartorius de Visé, mentioned above as father of the superior of the ladies of the Sacred Heart mentioned above[96].

Another German, Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Emil Sartorius, born in Eisenach in 1817, moved to Paris as a bookseller and publisher in 1845 and died there in 1866[97]. He belonged to the Sartorius family of Franconia-Thuringia[98]. After starting out in Eisenach and Vienna, he came to France where he started as a commission agent, sending large-circulation newspapers such as L'Illustration, L'Image and L'Artiste to Germany. Arsène Houssaye wrote in this last newspaper, which he edited from 1848 onwards. As one of the Germans in Paris best assimilated into the French environment, this Sartorius knew how to adapt to the sales techniques used in the Parisian bookshop. Sensitive to fashion, he saw the vogue for illustrated books coming and turned to works of art. He also began to work on mass publications. At the end of his career, he successfully focused on the production of low-cost, high-volume books produced in series using entirely mechanised techniques. This did not prevent him from being friends with men of letters such as Théophile Gautier and Gérard de Nerval[99].

 

*

 

We also meet Sartorius in Strasbourg in the 19th century, at the end of an original journey. In the beginning was Daniel or Thomas Schneider, or Sartorius, born around 1580, accountant in Augsburg in Bavaria. His son Tobias settled as a pastor in Landau in the Palatinate, where he died in 1665. Among his many children, Johann Tobias Sartorius, a pastor near Landau, married Maria Catharina Stadler. They had a son, Johann Daniel. A Landau burgher and merchant, he married Maria Catharina Paebst or Papstin in Landau in 1708. Among their children, Johann Tobias, a merchant like his father, married Anna Margareta Britz or Britzin for a second time in Landau in 1738. This second marriage produced many children, including Johann Jacob, who was born in Landau on 14 December 1740[100]. Johann Jacob left Germany and settled as a merchant in Nantes, where he francized his first names in French as Jean-Jacques[101]. He worked there for the trading house Wilfelsheim and Anthus, founded by Germans[102]. Nantes was then booming, thanks to the slave trade and the triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and America. In 1785, with 200 armed ships, it was the largest port in Europe[103]. Jean-Jacques Sartorius was a perfect member of Nantes society. He lived in La Fosse[104]. This quay on the banks of the Loire had been enlarged in the middle of the 18th century by ship owners wishing to find a vast site to meet their growing needs. It concentrated the traffic of cotton, exotic wood and tobacco, brought from Martinique, Guadeloupe, Santo Domingo and the Americas by Nantes slave ships. It also dealt with other luxury colonial products such as cocoa, coffee and, especially as far as Nantes was concerned, sugar, which became fashionable among the nobility and the upper bourgeoisie, before becoming fashionable among the bourgeoisie in general[105].

Jean Jacques Sartorius married Rose Eulalie Piffeteau, daughter of a building contractor[106] and related to Nantes merchant families. They had at least five children, baptized Roman Catholic, including Nicolas Frédéric in 1782. The burial certificate of their first child, stillborn, in the registers of the parish of Saint Nicolas of Nantes in October 1781 mentions them as spouses[107]. Curiously however, while they were both staying separately in Paris in August 1782, he at the hôtel de Londres, rue du Colombier, and she, six and a half months pregnant, at Mr. Seyler's, pension master, avenue de l'Ecole royale militaire, they signed a marriage contract before a Parisian notary that records their marriage to be celebrated shortly. The groom's assets were valued at 6 000 pounds and the bride's at 3 000. It is the Edict of tolerance of Versailles signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787 that allows us to understand the sequence of events. The disparity of worship between the Lutheran and Catholic spouses made the situation complicated in a kingdom of France where the Catholic religion was the only one to enjoy public rights and honours. This edict, registered by the Parliament of Paris on 29 January 1788, did not recognise the Protestant religion, but allowed Protestants to benefit from civil status, without having to convert. After the edict was registered by the parliament of Brittany on 15 March 1788, the Sartorius couple were able to have their marriage registered by the seneschal at the presidential seat in Nantes on 9 June 1788. On this occasion, we learn that their stay in Paris had given rise to a marriage in the German chapel of the church of Saint Sulpice in Paris on August 31, 1782[108]. Jean Jacques Sartorius died in Nantes in 1805[109].

In 1808, during Napoleon I's visit to Nantes, Nicolas Frédéric Sartorius appeared, alongside the offspring of the Nantes bourgeoisie, in the guard of honour set up for the occasion[110]. Seven years later, however, we find him as a clerk in Strasbourg where he had just made a child to the daughter of a road valet, Marie Anne Gries. He married the mother two years later and had six more children[111]. He died probably mad at Dr Gillet's nursing home in La Grande Malgrange, near Nancy in 1828[112]. His descendants lived in Strasbourg for almost a century and his son François Isidore Auguste died in Strasbourg, which had become German, in 1904[113]. To escape German military service, one of his great-grandsons, Charles Théodore, born in Strasbourg in 1865, passed in France on the eve of his twenty years. Considered German on this side of the Vosges, he had to join the Foreign Legion. He served with the 2nd foreign regiment in Algeria in 1883 and 1884 and then in Tonkin from 1884 to 1887. He quickly rose in rank, becoming sergeant major in 1887. In the same year, he was naturalised French and attended the Ecole militaire d'infanterie [military school of infantry]. Appointed second lieutenant in the 1st foreign regiment in 1888, he returned to Algeria, before being sent the following year to Tonkin, where he died of cholera on 13 October 1890 at the age of 27[114].

 

 

Figure 11: itinerary of two Sartorius families

 

*

 

Let us end with a Sartorius family straddling France and England. It begins with François Sartorius, teacher at the glass factory of Saint-Louis, in Moselle, and cantor of the local church. Among his many children[115], Louis Jacques Sartorius, born in Lemberg, Moselle, in 1820, became a glass worker at the Cristallerie lyonnaise. In 1845, he married Marie Anne Humbrecht, of Alsatian origin, in La Guillotière, near Lyon[116]. In 1848, we find him in Paris, where he is qualified as a glassmaker and where his wife gave birth to a son on 17 May 1848[117]. Compromised by the events of June 1848, he fled to England with his wife and child[118]. The couple landed at Folkestone in October 1848 and settled in Birmingham[119] where they had a succession of births for twenty years. Louis Jacques was a glassblower and died there in 1892. His wife died the following year.

 

Figure 12: advertisement of the C.-G. Sartorius & F. Blot Co.

 

 

Some of their children remained in England. Others returned to France[120]. Among the latter, Charles, a carver by profession, returned to Paris, where he married in 1885. He left a son, Charles Louis Auguste, who was born in Paris the following year, but he himself died in 1887 in Birmingham[121]. He had nevertheless had time to set up a factory in Paris with F. Blot for belts and pressed leather, the company C.-G. Sartorius & F. Blot, 100 rue des Pyrénées[122]. Under the name of Anciens établissements Sartorius & Blot, it still existed in 1941[123].

Louis Edouard, Charles' younger brother, also moved to Paris, where he married Blanche Marguerite Ragot, a manufacturer of military képis in the Marais quarter, in 1894. Widowed the following year, he remarried in 1896 to another kepi manufacturer, Berthe Victorine Camus, and had four sons. He himself died in 1904[124]. His widow went bankrupt in 1907[125], but lived until 1959[126]. Their eldest son, Charles Louis, died for France at the age of 21 in a military hospital in December 1918[127].

 

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However, there is nothing in common between all these Sartorius and our family, as we shall see.

Before turning the page, let us add that there are currently about 161 bearers of the Sartorius name in France, but that apart from about fifteen or so, all of them belong to our family[128].

 

 

Figure 13: current distribution of the Sartorius' in France

 

 

 

 

Figure 14: distribution of the Sartorius births in France between 1891 and 1990[129]

 

*

 

 

Chapter two

 

 

 

OUR FIRST ANCESTORS

A

fter the above, you will not be surprised to learn that our family has its origins in Germany. Its roots lie about hundred kilometres east of Düsseldorf, in the vicinity of Meschede, a small town in the Sauerland. The Sauerland is that part of Germany formed by the northern edge of the Rhenish-Schist massif, at the foot of which the Ruhr River flows. It is a vast plateau cut by deep valleys into which tributaries of the Ruhr flow. Meschede lies at the confluence of one of them, the Henne, and the Ruhr. Before the industrialisation of the Ruhr in the 19th century, it was an agricultural area.

If we now look back several centuries, the state we now call Germany did not exist. In its place was the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire, which was the result of the break-up of Charlemagne's empire, was a mosaic of territories under the sovereignty of an elected emperor, without great resources of its own and therefore without much power[130]. Thus, in the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire was still divided into 1 789 different entities. Sovereign in their own country, they all reported directly to the emperor. However, only 294 of them deputed to the diet of the Empire, or Reichstag: 80 ecclesiastical lordships, 163 secular lordships and 51 free towns[131].

One of these entities was the duchy of Westphalia, which belonged to the elector archbishop of Cologne[132]. Within the feudal framework, this duchy was in turn subdivided into vassal fiefdoms. The Meschede region was thus subject to the authority of a chapter of ladies founded in the 9th century. This chapter had twenty canonesses and ten priests, subject to the rule of Saint Benedict. It only accepted young girls from noble families. These young ladies did not take vows and could marry if the occasion presented itself. They freely elected their abbess. The abbess was suzerain [Lehnsherrin] of the property of the lordship [Grundherrschaft]. The temporal assets of the Meschede chapter were considerable. The large sums of money which the canonesses brought as dowry, together with the donations of kings, bishops, counts and pious faithful, contributed to the wealth of the chapter. A solicitor [Vogt] relieved the chapter of its secular obligations since the church people were permanently unable to perform certain secular offices. He thus ensured the administration of the goods of the chapter and the protection of its temporal. He also recruited and commanded the men-at-arms to be supplied to the suzerain. Finally, he exercised the justice of the chapter. The office of solicitor of the Meschede chapter became practically hereditary among the earls of Arnsberg, especially as they often imposed their daughters as abbesses.

 

 

Figure 15: political Rhineland in the 18th century

 

 

As early as the 10th century, the chapter of Meschede played an important economic role in the region. Emperor Otto I had ceded market and customs duties to it. In the 11th century, the chapter, one of the richest in Westphalia, already owned more than four hundred farms of various sizes, covering 6 500 hectares, whose income came from royalties paid by the farmers. In addition, the chapter was suzerain of various neighbouring parishes and the farms that depended on them. In 1310, the decline of morals led to the replacement of the women's chapter by a community of fifteen canons. At the time of the Reformation, the Meschede chapter defended the Roman Catholic faith. In the 17th century, it again fell into decadence and disappeared as a temporal power in the secularisation of 1803[133].

In the 14th century, the archbishop of Cologne, duke of Westphalia and suzerain [Landsherr] of the region, had granted freedom to the Meschede community. This gave the community the right of self-government and a limited right to justice. At that time, there were 60 households in the community. The town was not fortified but had gates and a militia. In 1536 Meschede still had only 90 households and 430 inhabitants[134].

 

 

Figure 16: the duchy of Westphalia

 

*

 

This is the background to Henricus Sartorius, one of the co-founders of the brotherhood of the Cross [Kreuzbruderschaft] in Meschede in 1455, whom we have already met as one of the oldest bearers of the name[135]. The brotherhood of the Cross was one of those pious associations which developed in the Middle Ages. Under the protection of a patron saint, they organised religious ceremonies, especially their patron saint's day, ensured mutual aid among their members and relieved the poor. Alongside a public manifestation of faith, the brotherhood tried to provide a social response to the misery of the time. In this pre-industrial society, poverty had many faces: illness, many children, age, the death of the foster father, etc., were the main causes of poverty. If part of the income of the brotherhood was used to organise religious ceremonies, another part was used to improve the lot of the poor[136]. The brotherhood of the Cross had its vicary in the church of St. Walburge in Meschede, which kept a silver cruciform reliquary containing a piece of Christ's cross. The Kreuzbruderschaft was open to every married bourgeois of the town who had to provide half a pound of wax on admission and undertake to bind the brotherhood in his will so that Godes deynst vermert werde [the service of God would be increased]. The deed of foundation of the brotherhood of 5 August 1455 lists the income granted to the brotherhood and provides, among other things, that:

 

 

Figure 17: founding document of the Kreuzbruderschaft in Meschede in 1455 quoting the name of Henricus Sartorius

 

 

Item, an income or annuity of four pennies, as is customary in Meschede, will be paid each year for the purpose of maintaining Heinrich Sartorius' house, which is in the cemetery of the church of Meschede [domuncula in cemiterio ecclesiae Meschedensis], together with four Marks of the same value[137].

Outside the local community, however, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that this Henricus Sartorius could be our oldest known ancestor[138].

However, this is not the case with Herman Snider, who appears at the beginning of the 16th century. Even if we cannot formally establish parentage for such an early period, it is nonetheless probable. This Herman Snider is mentioned in the avowals of the Meschede chapter [Lehns-Akten des Stiftes Meschede] in 1513, when he was vested with the Schemhof in Immenhausen, one of the hamlets of Meschede[139]. In German, the name Hof means, among other meanings, a farm with its buildings and fields [Bauernhof[140]]. Literally, the Schemhof is therefore the farmhouse of Schemme. It was one of the four hundred farms that belonged to Meschede Abbey. The tax registers of the representatives to the diet [Schatzungregister der Landstände] of the duchy of Westphalia for 1536 show it under the name of Hermann Schnider under the heading Meschede parish and justice, Immenhuißen for one gold florin[141].

 

Figure 18: a farm in Westphalia (front and back)

 

 

In these ancient times, agriculture was based on the model of three-year crop rotation, which lasted until the middle of the 19th century. Rye, barley, and oats were grown. Oats, which were grown on poor or fallow land, provided sufficient manure for the cultivation of barley. The cattle and pigs were kept in a common herd by a shepherd appointed by the community. They grazed in the fields, which were jointly farmed from 15 October to 15 April. The cows could graze in the fields as long as they were not sown, in the pastures and undergrowth. The pigs grazed in the swamps and woods and, as soon as they were harvested, in the stubble[142].

No doubt Herman Snider's situation was comparable to that of the farmers encountered in the great cereal plains of Northern France in the 17th and 18th centuries. The lords leased - affermaient - their farms and land to ploughmen - farmers - who brought the means of exploitation, livestock, cultivation trains, tools, etc. to the area. Farming freed the lessor from the hassles of direct management. On the other hand, it required good farmers. In fact, they had to have a solid cash flow. Indeed, before even thinking of paying the rent due to the landlord and before the first harvests, they had to cover all the operating costs. These included the wages of the servants. The farmer's family could not cover all the tasks required for the farm: ploughing, transport, marketing of products, maintenance of buildings and equipment. In the summer, occasional labour had to be hired for harvesting. For a long time, these farming families had formed real dynasties united by marriage and business ties. Little by little, they imposed themselves on the lords. The latter had to recognise the family character of the lease, even if they no longer had the free choice of their farmers[143].

Insofar as this model is applicable to North Germany in the 16th century, it leads one to believe that Herman Snider's successors at the Schemhof belonged to his family, if not to his descendants. Thus, in 1543 Thewes [diminutive of Matthäus] Schneider was invested in the Schemhof and taxed for half a gold florin[144]. The tax registers of 1565 mention him under the name Thewuß Schneider, pauper [poor]. He could be a son of Herman.

The name Schemhof then disappeared. We then must jump to 1689 to see a Jobst [diminutive of Jodocus] Schneider, said Honerhansen, invested in Schemhof. In the meantime, the Meschede chapter of the Hühnerhans-Hof, the Hühnerhans farm in Immenhausen, which is not mentioned in the tax registers of the 16th century, is mentioned as being under the control of the Hühnerhans-Hof[145]. In December 1599 a tax register mentions an Adam Honerhans from Immenhausen, who was rich enough to pay some hundred litres of oats, four chickens and 11,5 Schilling as well as a cow and a lamb every twelve years[146]. Around 1615 another register describes the pieces and charges [Stücke und Lasten] by Henrich Schnieders, said Hühnerhans. In 1669 Josten [short for Jodocus] Schneider, known as Honerhans, was invested with the Hühnerhans-Hof in 1669. In 1700 a Jobsten [diminutive of Jodocus] Schnieders, said Honerhans, and in 1725 a Johann Schneider, said Hühnerhans. The name Schneider then disappeared among the tenants of the Hühnerhans-Hof in favour of that of Fuchte[147]. On the other hand, the nickname Hühnerhans remained. In 1743 and 1764 there was a Henrich Fuchte, said Hünerhans, in 1787 and 1793 an Anton Fuchte, said Hühnerhans[148], in 1814 an Anton Theodor Fuchte, said Honerhaus [sic], probably the same as the previous one, and again in 1840 an Adam Fuchte, said Huenerhans[149].

We can therefore risk the hypothesis that all these Schneider or Schnieders, said Hühnerhans, belonged to the same family as the Sniders invested with the Schemhof in the 16th century. It could be that the Hühnerhans-Hof was nothing more than the Schemhof, which simply changed its name in favour of the nickname of its occupant. Henrich Schnieders, said Hühnerhans, probably born around 1570, could then have been a son of Adam Honerhans and a grandson of Matthäus Snider.

At the beginning of the 17th century in Immenhausen there was also a Hans Schniers from the Schneiderhof. The name Schneiderhof means nothing other than Schneider farm or Sartorius farm. A simple farmer or more likely owner, Hans Schniers was therefore at the head of a good-sized property. This Hans Schniers also had the nickname Hühnerhans. There is a strong presumption that this Hühnerhans family was one with a Hünersrohne family, who were also momentarily to be found in Remblinghausen. This would explain the curious name Hühnerhans, which means John of the hens, in the following way. Hühnerhans would be a contraction of Hühnerrohren Hans [John Hühnerrohren]. As for the name Hühnerrohren, it would itself come from a feudal custom[150]. Whoever moved into a new house had to pay a tax in kind in the form of hens [Hühner], known as Rauchhühner [smoke hens]. There was therefore a bailiff of the hens [Hühnervogt or Hühnerfrohn], who was responsible for collecting this tax[151].

At this point, it is necessary to clarify how family names were formed in Westphalia. It was the name of the farm that mattered and identified the family that occupied it. Originally, it was the family that gave its name to the farm. As we have seen, the farm of the Schneider family was called Schneiderhof, that of Lambert the Lambertshof and that of Conrad the Coershof. When the farm passed by marriage or inheritance to another family, the latter added to its own surname the name of the farm preceded by words such as genannt in German, dictus or modo in Latin, which we have translated above as said. A Schneider who inherited the Hühnerhans-Hof thus became Schneider, known as Hühnerhans. This system only slowly disappeared during the 19th century, when Westphalia came under Prussian administration[152].

 

 

Figure 19: Remblinghausen and its surroundings

 

 

In the second half of the 17th century, a farm called Röttgers-Hof stood in Blüggelscheidt, a few kilometres away from Meschede, the Röttger farm, which was run by a family of the same name and which depended on the Meschede chapter. One of its members, Christian Röttger, had married Anna Maria Kötter, heiress of the Kötterhof in Immenhausen. They chose members of the Schneider family as godparents for three of their children: Conrad in 1666, Elisabeth in 1670 and Christian in 1673. The Röttger and Schneider families were therefore certainly related to each other. This would explain why, around 1655 or 1660, the Röttgers-Hof passed, probably by purchase, to Philipp Schnier, or Schneider, known as Hühnerhans, from Immenhausen[153]. Philipp, born around 1595, is thought to have been the son of Henrich Schnieders, known as Hühnerhans[154]. We now find ourselves on more solid ground, even if the family ties between the many Sartorius in the Meschede region in the second half of the 17th century remain difficult to unravel. An examination of the parish registers of Remblinghausen reveals the existence at that time of at least eight Schnieder or Schnier families: four in Blüggelscheidt, one in Löllinghausen, one in Frielinghausen and two in Remblinghausen itself[155].

 

 

Figure 20: the first Sartorius's

 

 

The name Remblinghausen is the name of a town a few kilometres south of Meschede. It appears in 1241 or 1242 with the mention of a certain Sifridus of Remelinchusen. The noble family to which the latter belonged, occupied the great farm of Meschede [Mescheder Haupthof] in Remblinghausen and was in the service of the earls of Arnsberg, who were Vogte of the Meschede chapter. Two thirds of the farms in Remblinghausen belonged to him. The others belonged to Grafschaft abbey or were free equestrian property [freiadlige Rittergüter]. In 1263, Remblinghausen was established as a parish church under the patronage of Saint James the Great. The cantor of the Meschede chapter had the right of presentation there. In 1368, Remblinghausen was purchased, together with the entire county of Arnsberg, by the elector of Cologne. Around 1550, the village had about 470 inhabitants in 70 households. Today Remblinghausen is a charming little village with white and slate-walled houses grouped around its church[156].

Philipp Schnier, said Hühnerhans, from Immenhausen, had married a woman whose first name, Agatha, is the only one that has come down to us. He had eight children, born between 1625 and 1645, including four boys, whom we will meet again soon. They are Conrad, born around 1625, Caspar, born around 1628, Dietrich, born around 1639, and Peter, born around 1640[157].

 

*

 

The children of Philipp Schnier, said Hühnerhans, experienced war almost continuously throughout their lives. Caspar, who died at the exceptional age of 99 in 1727, lived through the war for the first 85 years of his life.

In fact, since 1618, Germany had been ravaged by the Thirty Years' War. The origin of this conflict was religious. Despite the provisions of the Augsburg Compromise (1555), the Protestant princes continued to secularise Church property. Around 1608, they formed an armed league, the Evangelical Union, dominated by Calvinists. On the other side, the Jesuits vigorously led the Counter-Reformation. The two great Roman Catholic states of Austria and Bavaria supported them with all their might. They formed the Catholic Holy League, led by the Duke of Bavaria. On 23rd May 1618, Czech Protestant insurgents defenestrated lieutenants of the king of Bohemia, the Habsburg Ferdinand II, in Prague. In doing so, they set the powders on fire. The conflict soon degenerated into an inter-German war between Austria and Bavaria on the one hand and the Protestant princes on the other. Its first ten years were so successful for the Catholic camp that in 1629 Ferdinand II was on the verge of restoring imperial authority.

 

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The first operations of the Thirty Years' War took place in Bohemia, the Palatinate and North Germany, on the borders of Denmark[158]. They had little effect on Westphalia, which was more concerned with witchcraft than with war. Between 1626 and 1631, Germany experienced its biggest witch-hunt of all time. The wave reached Sauerland in the summer of 1628. Due to the lack of archives, it is not possible to pinpoint the exact nature of the phenomenon. However, at least 650 accused, three-quarters of them women, were burned at the stake. The courts in Remblinghausen thus had to deal with cases of witchcraft.

Apart from cases of relapses, the ecclesiastical courts generally had a circumspect approach to witchcraft. In contrast, the secular courts, which generally dealt with such cases, were far from showing the same restraint. Many nobles had their own justice system, for which they were accountable to no one. No higher authority interfered with these seigniorial justices. Nor did they offer any means of appeal, although some of the accused did manage to escape prosecution through the archbishop of Cologne. The local aldermen and judges were often overwhelmed by academically trained lawyers who, under the pretext of advising them, only allowed them to act as extras. It was the questioning of witnesses that established the reputation, good or bad, of the accused. It was therefore fraught with consequences. As for the accused themselves, they were rarely heard. The same was true of their defenders, in the rare cases where they were granted access to them. The courts knew only three sentences: prison, torture, which almost always led to death by the confessions it extracted, and the death sentence. Witches were generally held to be members of an evil sect that met on the Sabbath to cast spells. There were therefore few individual trials. Accomplices were sought. Torture took many names. It led to an avalanche of convictions. Prosecutions only stopped when they threatened the very existence of local society or in the rare cases where an accused resisted torture. In the Sauerland, representatives to the Diet, in particular bailiff [Landdrost] Friedrich von Fürstenberg and his adviser Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß from Arnsberg, demanded to be more closely involved in the repression.

 

 

Figure 21: execution of witches

 

 

We still wonder today about the causes of this witch hunt. It does not appear that the elector archbishop of Cologne and duke of Westphalia, Ferdinand of Bavaria, was concerned about it. The Thirty Years' War gave him many other worries. The movement seems to have been mainly due to the zeal of jurists and nobles who wanted to please the people. In a time of distress, the people were looking for a scapegoat. The beginning of the 17th century had been marked by bad harvests and periods of frost. In Meschede the price of rye was multiplied by three between 1619 and 1626. It reached 52 and even 65 Schilling a bushel, a price never seen before. In 1629 and 1630, after a temporary drop, the price fell back to 52 Schilling a bushel, and in 1625, 1626 and 1629, epidemics had increased the mortality rate. These catastrophes were not yet attributable to the Thirty Years' War, which was being fought in northern Germany at the time. On the other hand, the plague epidemic that affected almost all of Germany in 1635 and 1636 and resulted in a much higher mortality rate than in the period 1625-1629 did not provoke a new witch hunt. It is true that during this period of military operations and the blackest misery, justice was in a state of slumber. The judges, for their part, had taken shelter from the walls of the big cities. The infamous Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß from Arnsberg, the great witch-hunter, had taken refuge in Cologne[159].

 

*

 

Worried about the success of the Habsburgs against the Protestant princes and their growing power, Richelieu stirred up an enemy for them. He had first pushed king Christian IV of Denmark. From 1631 onwards, he supported the fearsome king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. Finally, in 1635, the war became international with the official entry into the war between France and Spain. It was not until 1648 and the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia that peace returned to Germany. The price of the conflict was very heavy. The warlords in the service of the princes fought almost solely for their own interest. Mercenaries of all nationalities, often poorly paid and poorly supplied, crossed, and re-crossed the country. They committed countless depredations and atrocities of all kinds. In many parts of Germany there was famine, epidemics, looting, violence, massacres, and destruction. The Thirty Years' War left Germany in a demographic and economic vacuum. It is estimated that during these thirty years of misfortune the German population fell from 16 million to only 6 million! When peace returned, the land was left fallow, entire villages were destroyed and abandoned, and the transmission of knowledge was interrupted. It took two centuries for Germany to recover[160].

From 1631 onwards, Sauerland suffered particularly from the second phase of the war. In 1634, Landgraf Wilhelm of Hesse, allied to the Swedes, laid siege to Arnsberg, defended by an imperial garrison. The Hessian lansquenets brought insecurity and plague to the entire region. The dreaded Swedish troops operated here in 1636 and 1637. The French troops and those of their Hessian allies spent the winter of 1641 in Westphalia and in the electorate of Cologne, where they lived on the country. In 1646, general Douglas, in the service of Sweden, marched with 14 cavalry regiments on Arnsberg, which he failed to capture. His reitres requisitioned many horses from the area. And in 1648, shortly before the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, there were still Swedes in the area. The war did not spare Meschede and its surroundings[161]. The church of Meschede, where the coadjutor of the archbishop of Cologne had succeeded in giving the sacrament of confirmation to 200 people for the first time in a long time on 22 November 1640[162], was looted thirteen times before it was destroyed[163]. In 1635, lansquenets attacked Eversberg. The town was crossed by troops, looted, ransacked, and decimated by the plague[164]. In 1636, Grevenstein had to pay a forced contribution and was struck by the plague brought by the soldiers[165]. Freienohl had 45 houses in 1563. Its population had grown over the next half-century. However, in 1652, after the war and the plague epidemic of 1636 and 1637, only 38 houses were inhabited and 22 abandoned[166]. In 1640 it was Remblinghausen's turn to be ransomed[167].

Yet the people of Sauerland had not lost hope, as this inscription by a farmer on the house he had just rebuilt shows:

Horrible war, plague, murder and fires

Devastated the whole country.

They even tore us out of the ground.

Only an old man and a child were left.

Yet we looked up to Heaven with faith.

And we trusted the strength of our fists.

First, we ploughed the fields,

Then, after years, this house was rebuilt.

With a  lot of effort and work and looking upwards,

We removed hunger and misery.

May God protect this house from murders and fires

And keep our little beloved country[168].

 

Figure 22: Jacques Callot, Plundering and burning of a village

 

 

Westphalia still had to suffer from the wars of the reign of Ludwig XIV, especially the war of the League of Augsburg, in which the prince-bishop of Cologne, Joseph-Clement of Bavaria, had sided with the Sun King, whose subsidies, described by a German historian as Verräterlohn [traitor's salary], enabled him to lead a lavish lifestyle. It then enjoyed 45 years of relative peace from 1713 to 1757, from the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt until the Seven Years' War. French troops from Broglie and Soubise, Hessian and Prussian troops and those of the Bishop of Münster crossed the Sauerland, plundered it and demanded heavy war contributions. Arnsberg castle was destroyed. Germany finally experienced thirty years of absolute peace from the Treaty of Hubertsburg, which put an end to the Seven Years' War, until the Wars of the French Revolution in 1793[169].

 

*

 

As peace returned, around 1655, Philipp Schneider, or Schnier, saids Hühnerhans, and his wife Agatha settled in Blüggelscheidt. Philipp died there on 10 June 1670, and by 1660 he had ceded the Röttgers-Hof to his son Conrad. The name Röttgers-Hof then disappeared and was replaced by the name Coershof, itself derived from Cordes, Cohers or Coers, diminutives of Conrad[170]. It was a large estate. The Schatzregister der Landstände [tax register of representatives to the Diet] for 1685 states:

Blüggelscheidt (first class) Cortz: 2 Thaler, his wife 1 Thaler, old mother-in-law 12 Groschen, servant Voll... [unreadable] 1 Thaler, a young groom 9 Groschen, maid 4 Groschen, a kitchen maid 2 Groschen, the shepherd of the village 2 Thaler.

Conrad Schnier and his wife Margarethe had eight children[171]. The Blüggelscheidt church books mention the baptisms of only four of them, Johanna Elisabeth in 1652, Anna Maria in 1658, Johann Georg in 1661 and Jodokus Henrich in 1671[172].

It was their eldest son Johann Schnier, said Coers, born around 1655, who inherited the Coershof on the death of his father in 1678. Unfortunately, he died two years later. He left no children from his marriage to Maria Catharina Lohmann, said Frisse. The Coershof then passed to his brother Christian, who was born around 1656 and died in 1713[173]. From his marriage to Maria Elisabeth Steilmann, he left many descendants in the Meschede region, who are still followed to the present day. The descendants of Conrad Schnier also maintained a female line in the Meschede region, where they continued to devote themselves to agriculture until well into the 20th century[174].

 

*

 

The son of Philipp Schneider, or Schnier, known as Hühnerhans, who reached the most beautiful position was undoubtedly the second, Johann Caspar Schnieder, alias Sartorius[175]. He seems to be the first to have regularly borne the Latin form of the name. He first appeared as Caspar Schnieders or Schneiders as godfather in 1652, the year in which the church books of Remblinghausen began[176]. The church books often mention him for the next twenty years, usually with the title of scabinus judicii Remblinghusani [magistrate of the justice of Remblinghausen]. A deed of 1661 qualifies him as telonarius, i.e. tax collector. In 1686, he was still vice-judge and tax collector. His wealthy situation explains the frequent recourse to him as a godfather[177]. He was a godfathertr in several of the Schnieder and Schnier families in Blüggelscheidt, Frielinghausen, Löllinghausen and Remblinghausen.

Caspar Sartorius had had a beautiful wedding when he married Margarethe Fredebölling, said Lamberts. She was probably the daughter or granddaughter of a notary Lambertus Fredebölling, who between 1613 and 1618 had transferred his office from Reiste to Remblinghausen[178]. This Lambertus Fredebölling passed on the nickname Lambertus, Lamberti or Lamberts to his descendants. He had also given his name to a family property, the Lambertshof or Lambertsgut, in Remblinghausen[179]. It has been seen that the German name Hof referred to a farm. As for the term Gut, it refers, among other meanings, to a real estate property[180]. In the context of the 17th century, together with a surname, they probably both designate an agricultural estate. The Lambertshof is therefore nothing more than Lambert's farm, the Lambertsgut is Lambert's property. It was this medium-sized property (secundae classis) that Margarethe Fredebölling brought her husband. The Lambertshof was destroyed by a bomb in 1945[181]. The Schatzregister der Landstände [tax register of representatives to the Diet] for the year 1685 gives an idea of the importance of the Lambertshof:

Remblinghausen      (only 1 1st class property)

Lambertus              2 Thaler, his wife 1 Thaler - his brother works as a valet

                               1 Thaler, his wife works as a servant 18 Groschen - they have a servant who receives no wages[182]

 

 

Figure 23: a tax collector in the 17th century[183]

 

 

 We do not know which brother is targeted by this text. Peter Schneider served at the Lambertshof as a valet[184], but the fourth brother, Dietrich Schnier, after having worked at the Schultenhof in Immenhausen, joined them at the Lambertshof in 1675[185], before probably inheriting his father's farm[186]. Dietrich died on 2 December 1691. In 1669 he had married Gertrud Schulte from Immenhausen[187]. They had several children, Anna Margarethe in 1670[188], Anton around 1670[189], Johann Wilhelm, to whom we shall return on 8 December 1675[190], perhaps a Johann[191], Christian in 1679[192], Johann Friedrich in 1683 and Anna Clara in 1685[193].

According to an old genealogy, it was still Johann Caspar Sartorius, alias Schnieder, owner of the Lambertsgut in Remblinghausen, who led the funeral of his brother Conrad Sartorius, alias Conrad Schnier, of the Coershof in Blüggelscheidt, who died on 8 June 1678.

 

*

 

Thirty-nine years later, the Schatzregister of 1717 tells us:

Remblinghausen (village): the alderman of justice Lambertus Sartorius, who lives in a shanty [ein Kötter], older than 88 years. 1 Reichsthaler 24 Groschen, including a tenant farmer Tönnis [a nickname for Anton] 1 Reichsthaler 18 Groschen - his wife 27 Groschen - a half a servant 18 Groschen, 1 kitchen maid 4 Groschen.

 

 

Figure 24: Remblinghausen

 

 

By becoming the owner of the Lambertsgut, whose name he adopted, Johann Caspar Sartorius had gained access to the land wealth[194]. It is therefore astonishing that in 32 years he went from a large farm to a shanty. The explanation could be as follows. Many farms had a kind of annex called Unterhof [lower farm] in German and colonat in Latin. It was usually inhabited by a Hofesjunger [farm boy] in German or colonus [farmer, peasant, tenant farmer, sharecropper] in Latin. He was attached to the property and was expected to help with the farm work. The colonus was often the farmer's son. When the father grew old, he passed on the main farm [Haupthof] to his son and moved to the colonat or Altenteil [part of the old man]. There he lived off the income he received in exchange for giving up the main farm. It must therefore be understood that in 1717 Johann Caspar, 89 years old, still owned the Lambertshof, but he was no longer able to carry out any work there[195]. He was helped by his nephew Anton, son of Dietrich.

 

*

 

Widowed in 1694, Johann Caspar Sartorius married Johanna Elisabeth von Stockhausen on September 7, 1695. Baptised in Calle in 1650, she was the daughter of Johann Ludwig von und zu Stockhausen and Anna Johanna von Westphalen. She was widowed on the first marriage of Peter Falkenstein of Bonn and on the second of Johann Jodokus Molitor. She died on 21 February 1716[196].

According to the church books, Johann Caspar Sartorius died on 28 March 1727. They state that he was then 99 years old, an exceptional age for the time. Without children from both unions[197], Johann Caspar had written his will on 8 June 1718 and added a codicil to it on 2 March 1719[198]. This will show that he enjoyed a movable fortune of around 3,000 Thaler. Above all, it appears that he played the role of a local banker, lending money to communities as well as to individuals, to small people as well as to notabilities, and that his field of activity extended as far as Arnsberg, twenty kilometres away[199].

In his will, Johann Caspar dedicated most of his fortune to the establishment of a vicariate [Blutsvikarie]. He named his cousin, his relative Wilhelm Sartorius, the intendant of Wildenburg and his descendants, and, if they died out, his cousin Anton Sartorius and his descendants, and, if they died out, the then owner of the Lambertsgut, as collaborators in this ecclesiastical benefit. The will specified that the cousins were his nephews by his brother (nepotes ex fratre[200]). The vicariate was actually established on 19 September 1733 by Johann Andreas von Francken-Siersdorff, vicar-general of the diocese of Cologne, at the request of Wilhelm Sartorius. It was endowed with 1 749 Thaler bonds. The beneficiary was obliged to celebrate mass on Sundays and feast days plus three times a week for meiner und meiner Angehörigen Seelen Heil [for the salvation of my soul and those of mines]. However, he was under no obligation to assist the parish priest in his ministry[201].

Dietrich seems to have been Johann Caspar's favourite brother, after whom he adopted the name Sartorius[202]. Of Dietrich's children, Anton, born in 1690, finally inherited the Lambertshof[203]. He had married Anna Sabine Gertrud Rüthing, said Müller. She was born in Remblinghausen on 10 April 1685. She died of dropsy on 21 February 1743. She was predeceased by Anton on 25 April 1733. From their marriage came five children: Anna Elisabeth, born on 21 March 1710, married on 4 June 1737 to Johann Jodokus Horbach of Horbach, Maria Margarethe, married on 26 January 1734 to Johann Ludwig Heinemann, said Schulte, Johann Caspar, born on 30 May 1716, Maria Elisabeth, born on 28 March 1721, and Anna Clara, born on 1 October 1724[204].

 

*

 

However fragmentary this information may be, it is sufficient to indicate that the first Sartorius"s lived in comfort. The fact that they are identified as owners of a property is in itself evidence of a certain level of wealth. Johann Caspar's position as judge and tax collector also testifies to his privileged position in the small Remblinghausen society. The alliance with Johanna Elisabeth von Stockhausen was certainly flattering. The von particle and the presence of a town called Stockhausen a few kilometres west of Meschede indicate that Johanna Elisabeth belonged to the local nobility[205].

 

*

 

 

 

Chapter three

 

 

A CASTLE IN GERMANY

W

With Johann Wilhelm, or more simply Wilhelm, Sartorius, son of Dietrich Schnier, we come to a turning point in the history of the Sartorius family. Wilhelm Sartorius took a route that took him away from Remblinghausen and the rural world. It is not known whether this was by vocation or simply because his brother Anton had inherited the Lambertsgut and he did not inherit any property from his uncle Caspar's estate. It is true that in return he had inherited the considerable sum of 1,000 Thaler[206]. In any case, in 1701 he entered the service of the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein as the receiver [Rentmeister] of their castle in Wildenburg[207], where he succeeded Joh. Thomas Joesten[208].

Let us first take a look at the seigneury of Wildenburg manor and the house of Hatzfeldt. The importance of the seignory of Wildenburg, which was mentioned as early as 1239, was due to its strategic position close to the Hileweg [iron road]. Already mentioned in 1048, the Hileweg connected the mineral rich Siegerland, the Siegen region, with the great trading metropolis of Cologne. Wildenburg was a reichsunmittelbare Herrschaft, an immediate empire seigneury, i.e. it was directly under the emperor's control. The domini nobiles de Wildenberg enjoyed the rights of high and low justice, hunting, fishing, Bannwein, Leibzinsen, Rauchhühner, Futterhafer and Mai- und Herbstbede over pigs and lambs. They collected the Turkish tax, territorial tax and fines. They benefited from the drudgery. They appointed to the parish church. They oversaw weights and measures. They also had exceptional imperial rights, such as the right to mint coins, and customs privileges. In 1396, emperor Venceslas confirmed to Johann zu Wildenburg a customs privilege from 1384 to raise and collect two old Groschen on every horse that passed the castle with a carriage, cart or other load. The Iron road was therefore an important source of income. Wildenburg, which also had lead and silver mines, was a beautiful seigneury[209].

The house in Hatzfeldt has been known since the 12th century. It takes its name from the seigneury of Hatzfeld an der Eder, 25 kilometres from Marburg, where the ruins of the eponymous castle still stand. In 1371, Johann von Hatzfeldt married Jutta, sister, and heiress of Johann IV zu Wildenburg. When the latter died in 1418, his nephew Gotthard the Rude von Hatzfeldt fought a violent private war with his neighbour count Gerhard von Sayn. Wildenburg was indeed of strategic importance for the house of Sayn, as the Iron road connected its possessions in the Westerwald, southwest of Siegen, with those in the upper Berg country, west of Wildenburg. Gotthard the Rude finally came into possession of his inheritance in 1420 and since then the names Wildenburg and Hatzfeldt have remained linked[210].

The feudal Wildenburg Castle stands on a rocky spur in the Berg region amidst pine forests stretching as far as the eye can see. In fact, these were another important source of income for the seigneury. Only a few sections of the castle walls and dungeon remain today[211]. The Hatzfeldt family still lives nearby in Crottorf castle, whose present architecture dates back to the end of the 16th century[212].

 

 

Figure 25: the seigneury of Wildenburg

 

 

Wilhelm Sartorius remained in the service of the Hatzfeldts until 1709. His good and loyal service earned him the following certificate when he left office:

We hereby inform everyone that Mr. Johann Wilhelm Sartorius remained in our service from St. Martin's Day [November 11] 1701 to Easter 1709 as a receiver at Wildenburg castle. But his resignation now obliges us to attest that, during the entire time he was in the service of his office as eeceiver, he submitted his accounts and their supporting documents every year for seven and a half years; that he faithfully produced the registers used and the correspondence he had with him; and more generally that he behaved in all respects to my satisfaction and that of mines. In witness whereof I hereby give him a final and general release and receipt of his management as receiver and of his administration by a document signed by my own hand and marked with my seal as baroness. Done at Wildenburg on the 26th day of March 1709.

[signed:] Maria Barbara, widow Baroness of Hatzfeldt, born Baroness of Fürstenberg[213].

[signed:] For certification Johan Eberhard Höynck, intendant and receiver of the elector of Cologne in Bilstein undersigned[214].

 

Figure 26: the arms of the house of Hatzfeldt in Friesenhagen's church

 

 

The resignation of Wilhelm Sartorius seems to be due to his desire to study law. The minutes of the town council of Schmallenberg of 25 May 1747 indicate indeed: In the year 1711, on November 3rd ..., with Mr. Wilhelm Sartorius, formerly a law student [juris candidatus]. He probably studied in Cologne, where the registration books for the period in question are missing. In 1714 he returned to the service of the Hatzfeldts. He remained there until 1724. He first served the baroness of Hatzfeldt, who died in 1722, and then her son. He served as intendant [Amtmann] and as judge [Richter]. His appointment as a judge in Wildenburg is clearly a consequence of this late study of law[215].

 

 

Figure 27: excerpt from a letter of 20 October 1725 co-signed by Wilhelm Sartorius[216]

 

 

The baroness of Hatzfeldt did not live in her castle in Wildenburg, but in Schönstein[217]. It was located in the eponymous seigneury, which she held in fief of the elector of Cologne. This Exklave, to use the German term, of the bishopric of Cologne was located south of the seigneury of Wildenburg, which was separated from it by the river Sieg[218]. Every week, a car left Wildenburg with a letter from Wilhelm Sartorius to his lord. Before it was burnt down in 1945, the archive of the princes of Hatzfeldt in Trachenberg, Silesia, kept a few packets of letters from Wilhelm Sartorius to the baroness and later to his son[219]. They dated from 1705 to 1709 and 1714 to 1724. They contained news from Wildenburg, requests from the baroness's subjects, reports on buildings, projects, legal opinions and various pieces of advice. Wilhelm Sartorius also recounted how he looked after the house train, livestock, game and food. In his correspondence, Wilhelm Sartorius used a seal with two crossed arrows, pointing upwards and crowned, and a hunter with a helmet holding an arrow in each hand[220].

 

28: the seal of Franz Anton Sartorius

 

 

The task was not an easy one. Most of the fees due to the lord were payable in kind. Thus in 1627 the farm in Oberbach, which belonged to the lord of Wildenburg, owed four horses, carriage and cart and, in times of war, two additional horses. The sum was six measures [Mesten] of rye, six measures of wheat, two muids of barley, six measures of buckwheat, eight muids and ten measures of oats, two sheep, two pigs, two geese, seven chickens, one hundred eggs and three oxen. In May and autumn, the farmer owed a tax called Beede in the amount of three Thaler, a cartload of straw bales and one roast lamb. The tip [Weinkauf] was four albus and two pounds of hemp. The redemption of the chore [Dienstgeld] was six Thaler. The New Year's gift [Neujahr] was three guilders. Every three years the farmer owed a three-year-old ox. The Vorfuhr for six years was six Thaler. The tax of the Empire and the Turks [Reichs- und Türkensteuer] was only due in case of aggression by the Turks. One can imagine how difficult it was to measure and count all this, to transport it and to collect it. Once chosen, the animals were marked by the steward and brought to the castle in the autumn[221]. Beer was also brewed in Wildenburg Castle itself[222].

The Hatzfeldts' possessions were immense. Even in the 1950s, they owned almost all the land and farms in the Wildenburg region. The Hatzfeldts owned 10 000 hectares, whereas the municipality of Friesenhagen, the largest in the Altenkirchen district, only covered 5 138 hectares. They still own 95% of the 3 449 hectares of forest in the municipality. The lords of Wildenburg and their successors Hatzfeldt had always endeavoured to acquire the farms in the region, often under duress. The territorial ordinances [Landrechtsordnungen] of 1592 and 1607 gave them a right of pre-emption and abolished the old German right of withdrawal [jus rectatus] in favour of the relatives of a seller[223].

 

 

Figure 29: the castle of Wildenburg around 1830

 

 

Wilhelm Sartorius's letters mentioned several times his departure in 1709. However, they contained few personal notations. Nonetheless, on 15 March 1720, he thanked the baroness for a gift she had given to Maria Bärbgen, apparently one of her goddaughters. One of his children was ill. For more than a year his wife had had sick children all the time, but she hoped that none of them would die. In a letter of 27 May 1720 Wilhelm thanked the baroness again for a florin she had sent to Bärbgen. He himself must have received gifts from the baroness several times. In fact, in a letter dated 27 May 1720, he was seen wieder der gnädigen Frau die Hände küssen [kissing the hands of the gracious lady again] and promised to pay for it with prayers. He also asked her to grant him one or more days off to go to Schmallenberg. On 28 June 1720, he requested permission to bring his children for one or three days. He obtained it, as he thanked her on 22 July. He already had the five eldest children with him[224].

 

 

Figure 30: Schmallenberg in 1686

 

 

In order to understand this request, we must go back in time. Shortly before 1711 Wilhelm Sartorius had married Anna Margarethe Johanvars[225] of Schmallenberg, a charming little town in the Sauerland[226]. She must have been born there in 1685. She was the daughter of the local judge of the elector of Cologne, Everhard Johanvars, and Anna Maria Quincken[227]. As a receiver, Wilhelm Sartorius enjoyed being housed in the lower castle of Wildenburg, the arx inferior in Latin, the Unterburg in German[228]. The Unterburg, which included a chapel, was of more recent construction and in better condition than the Oberburg, whose construction dated back to 1230 and which was already disused in the middle of the 18th century. The Hatzfeldts had been living in Schönstein castle for a long time[229]. Wildenburg was certainly not an extremely comfortable residence, especially in the bad season, as it was isolated in the middle of the woods, far from everything[230]. Therefore, Anna Margarethe probably stayed in Schmallenberg. In fact, it was here that their children were baptised, from the second to the seventh. Wilhelm wrote to the baroness on 11 April 1716 that he had left a messenger with his horse in Schmallenberg so that he could ride to Wildenburg without delay. His wife was in a bad way after giving birth to a boy and a girl. The eighth child of Wilhelm Sartorius and Anna Margarethe Johanvars was the first to be born in Wildenburg and baptised in Friesenhagen, the parish where the castle was located[231].

 

 

Figure 31: the castle of Wildenburg in autumn

 

 

We shall come back to the eldest of these eight children, a boy named Franz Anton. The other four sons all joined the order. The second son, Caspar Franz, born in Schmallenberg around 1714, was one of the pupils of the gymnasium Laurentianum in Arnsberg in 1722 and 1723[232]. He probably became lord abbot of Glindfeld, a branch abbey of the Augustinian order of the Brothers of the Cross, in the bailiwick of Fredeburg in the Schmallenberg region[233].

The birth of the third son, Heinrich Wilhelm, in 1716 is mentioned in his father's letter to the baroness of Hatzfeldt mentioned above. On 1 April 1740, he was appointed vicar of Saint Alexis at the chapter of Saint Görres in Volksmünde[234] near Cologne by the resignation of Jos. von Schultenius. However, he was still only a sub-deacon. He was ordained priest on 24 September 1740 and in 1762 his brother Franz Anton invested him with the family benefice in Remblinghausen, freed by the death of his younger brother Everhard Sartorius. He died on 30 July 1791[235].

 

 

Figure 32: the abbey of Glindfeld

 

 

The name of Everhard Sartorius has just been pronounced. Born in Schmallenberg on 6 May 1718, he was ordained a priest on 12 March 1740 and appointed on 23 September 1741 to the family benefit in Remblinghausen[236], liberated by the promotion of Wilhelm Theodor Stratmann to the position of parish priest at the same place[237]. Everhard relinquished the family vicariate on 3 December 1746 in favour of his brother Franz Philipp[238] and died before 4 January 1762.

 

*

 

The most outstanding of these four clergymen is certainly Franz Philipp Sartorius. He was born in Schmallenberg on 19 August 1723 and was ordained sub-deacon on 25 February 1747. He was then called patrocinius, i.e. his subsistence was ensured by his share of the paternal inheritance. He was ordained priest on 4 April 1747. In a report of his visit of 16 January 1746, the vicar general of the diocese of Cologne noted that he had been dispensed from the seminary. He added that his mother was a widow and in the service of the baroness of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg and, perhaps most interestingly, that he had the expectation of a benefit from her. In fact, a report of 17 April 1760 states that Franz Philipp was vicar of the Holy Cross in Wissen[239]. This vicariate had been founded on 4 November 1480[240].

In 1764 Franz Philipp became vicar of Saint Katharina and Saint Agatha in Schönstein[241]. This other vicariate in Wissen was founded on 26 March 1417 by a squire, Friedrich von Bracht. For this purpose he had bought a property in the Siegenthal, which was partly in the territory of Hövels, belonging to the seigneury of Wildenburg, and partly in the territory of Blickhauserhöhe, belonging to the seigneury of Schönstein and, ultimately, to the electorate of Cologne. According to the founding act, the beneficiary of this prebend had to be a real priest or of such age that he could become one in the year of his appointment. He had to reside permanently in Schönstein and celebrate Mass at the altar to which the vicariate was attached every day or at least four times a week at his convenience. In addition, on the Friday of the Ember Days, he was to celebrate an annual service for Friedrich von Bracht, his parents, and his descendants, as well as for all the donators. He was also to say a mass for the deceased. All bequests made to the altar and all royalties due to him were to be handed over immediately and in full to the rector of the chapel. The property of the vicariate enjoyed ecclesiastical immunity and was exempt from charges. The appointment of the beneficiary belonged to the parish priest of the church in Wissen, after agreement with the owner of Schönstein castle. Subsequently, the vicariate received several properties. In June 1417, Friedrich von Bracht himself gave it a house near the chapel, probably to house the beneficiary. The latter found a permanent residence when the Warthe farm was donated in 1432. In 1435 Sigward von Seibach donated half of the Glatteneichen farm he had inherited from his father, and in 1445 Engelbert von Isengarten donated half of the Mühlenberg an der Nister farm to the vicarage[242].

In 1786 Franz Philipp Sartorius was appointed managing parish priest in Wissen after Ger. Jos. Heldes death, but he took a substitute, professed at Marienthal abbey[243].

 

 

Figure 33: the castle of Schönstein

 

 

The year 1788 was dry until autumn. The grain had matured well. The harvest and haymaking had been good. The barns and granaries were full. On 17 September 1788 at 11 o'clock in the morning, Anton Girtum's wife was baking bread in her bakery when the wood pile used to fuel the oven caught fire. The fire quickly spread to the neighbouring houses. Unfortunately, a strong wind blew and there was only a small fire pump left, and because of the dryness, there was no water left. The fire spread rapidly from the top to the bottom of the main street. The narrowness of the other streets did not help. The fire spread throughout the village, reaching the church, its bell tower, whose five magnificent bells melted, the adjacent chapel of Saint Croix, the hospital and the school. At five o'clock in the evening, everything was nothing but incandescent debris and smoking ashes. Only a section of the Bogenstraße had been spared, where the buildings were far apart and close to the Sieg, which had made rescue easier. Father Arnoldi had saved the monstrance, the Blessed Sacrament and the sacred objects at the risk of his life. On the following Sunday, after Mass, the Blessed Sacrament was taken in procession to the chapel of Schönstein castle. In the affair, Franz Philipp Sartorius lost a barn. The house he lived in, however, was one of nine that were spared from the fire. After the fire, as Pastor Arnoldi wrote to his superiors,

only a few saved some of their assets. All the others are running around without food or help like a wandering herd without knowing where to go. In a word, it is such a cry of pain that you cannot stop crying. May God, who inflicted this wound on them, heal them in His grace and encourage many Christian hearts to pour the oil of charity on the wounds of the unfortunate according to their means[244].

A report of 22 September 1789 granted Franz Philipp Sartorius permission to celebrate mass in the chapel of Schönstein castle. In 1799 he resigned his benefit to Schönstein. In a Latin document, he is curiously referred to as a receptor in Schönstein. He died in Wissen on 7 January 1806, at the age of 83[245].

 

*

 

As stated in his father's letter of 11 April 1716, Heinrich Wilhelm had a twin sister, Maria Barbara. She married Georg Anton Langenfeld from Wildberg in Friesenhagen on 29th August 1736. This mining inspector [Berginspektor[246]], mining administrator [Bergverwalter[247]] or Willbergen soda works administrator [sodinarum Willbergensium administrator[248]] was born around 1713. He died in Odenspiel in 1783. His wife had died in Odenspiel on 12 July 1777.

The family was completed by three daughters of whom little is known. Anna Dorothea, born around 1720, married Franz Ernst Dahl from Hamm, later a lawyer in Denklingen, in Friesenhagen on 4 February 1742[249]. Maria Wilhelmine, born in Friesenhagen on 27 March 1727, died in Wissen on 18 February 1807, probably after having headed the household of her brother Franz Philipp. Clara Elisabeth appeared only once as godmother to one of her nieces, in 1758, before she died in Friesenhagen on 15 January 1768.

Wilhelm Sartorius died in Wildenburg[250]. He was buried in Friesenhagen on 7 November 1741, in ecclesia parochial[e] in cornu prope statua[251]. His wife was still alive in 1746, when she is mentioned in the deeds of the vicariate Sartorius.

Wilhelm Sartorius had inherited the property of his in-laws in Schmallenberg. The tax register of the Diet representatives of 1717 for Schmallenberg shows:

Mr. Joh[ann] Wilhelm Sartorius, in Wildenburg and not residing here [in Schmallenberg]: 1 Reichsthaler, whose wife 18 Groschen, 1 horse, valet serves with salary 6 Thaler 18 Groschen - 2 maidservants, each with salary, 2 Reichsthaler 8 Groschen - 1 cowherd with salary 1 Reichsthaler 2 Groschen.

When Wilhelm died, the house he had owned from his mother-in-law Quincken passed to his son Franz Anton. On 30 June 1742, the latter signed a contract with the neighbour Johann Mönnig, dit Brühl, a burgher from Schmallenberg.

 

*

 

Franz Anton Sartorius, Wilhelm's eldest son, succeeded his father as Intendant of Wildenburg in the service of the Counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein[252]. He was baptised in Meschede on 30th November 1711. His godfather was his uncle Anton, the owner of the Lambertshof. His godmother was his grandmother Anna Maria Quincken. His baptismal certificate is one of the oldest documents we have on the Sartorius family[253]. Franz Anton certainly had a very beautiful wedding when he married Maria Regina Weller in Friesenhagen on 27 April 1745. She was born in Siegen on 12 March 1718. She was the daughter of Jakob Weller, Chancellor of the Prince of Nassau and advisor to the imperial administration of the country, and Juliane Magdalene Becker. Their marriage certificate tells us that:

27 Aprilis [1745] praenobilis d[omi]nus Ambtmanns in Wildeburg F[ran]z Sartorius petitis hic dimissoralibus copulatus est in Frisenhagen virgo praenobilis Maria Regina Wellerin praenobilis et clarissimi d[omi]ni Jacobi Weller olim serenissimi principis consiliarii et d[omi]na Juliana Magdalena Beckerin legitima filia Sigenensis[254].

From this union four children were born in Wildenburg. They were all baptised in Friesenhagen.

Little is known about the eldest, Maria Anna Theresia, born on 8 February 1746. Her godmothers were the praenobilis et gratiosa domina Therese Philippine von Hatzfeldt-Schönstein and her paternal grandmother, Anna Margarethe Johanvars[255]. In 1788 she appeared as godmother to the fourth child of her brother Georg Anton Franz. She lived in Bonn at that time[256]. According to her brother's somewhat casual formula, she was still living there in welchem Nonnenkloster [in some nuns' convent] around 1816[257].

Johanna Franziska Charlotte, born on 25 June 1747[258], made an even more discreet passage in history, as her fate is unknown[259]. She shines only in the brilliance of her godparents, Franz Karl Ferdinand von Hatzfeldt and Franziska Charlotte von Hatzfeldt[260].

Anna Maria was born on 1 July 1749[261]. On 21 October 1772 she married mayor Franz Anton Becker in the chapel of Wildenburg castle[262]. He was born in 1739 in Grevenstein in the Arnsberg district[263]. This man seems to have brought all misfortune upon himself. During his wedding festivities, which lasted eight days, a fire destroyed his large farm. The partner he had in a windmill left with the cash. In Lieser an der Mosel, he also operated a forge which belonged to the prince-bishop of Paderborn and used iron ore. It was perhaps the profits from this forge that enabled him to maintain a situation of waelth which had been undermined by failed experiments on spinning machines or perpetual motion[264]. In 1780, the bankruptcy of the banker Hartlieb still tested his fortune. In 1783, through his brother Ferdinand, he bought the property called Die Nachtigall [The Nightingale] in Neuhaus near Paderborn for 2 150 Thaler, which he sold in 1796. Later he became inspector of the metalworks in Altenbeken. The prince-bishop of Paderborn is said to have awarded him a sword of honour. He probably died in 1797 in Bonn[265]. His widow, Anna Maria, a good Roman Catholic, seems to have led an itinerant life from then on. In 1803, she was met in Lippspringe near Paderborn. Later she moved with her daughter Sabine to her son Matthias, a physician in Delbrück[266]. She died on 21 October 1836 in Bonn, where she had probably followed Sabine, who had been headmistress of a handicraft school there since 1808[267].

 

 

Figure 34: the ruins of Wildenburg seen by Otto Ritgen in 1945

 

 

The last daughter of Franz Anton Sartorius, Maria Charlotte Franziska Josepha Sartorius, born on 12 October 1751, was named after her godmother, the gratiosa domina Charlotte von Hatzfeldt-Schönstein, born baroness von Bettendorf[268]. She also had a beautiful wedding when she married Josef von Stockhausen in Friesenhagen on 5 February 1775[269]. The latter lived in Olpe, where he was born on 27 July 1736. He was judge for the prince elector of Cologne for the offices of Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden[270]. He is also known in Latin as consiliarius aulicus [aulic counsellor[271]]. Since the 16th century, the term aulic counsellor, in German Hofrat, was used to refer to any high-ranking official of the administration or government[272]. Josef von Stockhausen belonged to the Stockhausen family of Stockhausen bei Meschede, from which Johann Caspar Sartorius' second wife had already come. The Stockhausen family held the office of judge in Olpe without interruption from 1592 to 1813[273]. Immediately after World War II, the original estate still belonged to the honorary Regierungspräsident Max von Stockhausen[274]. Josef von Stockhausen died in Olpe on 3 October 1815. Charlotte Sartorius died on 6 June 1833 in Menden, in the Iserlohn district, at the home of her daughter Charlotte. Charlotte had married Heinrich Amecke. Amecke was successively judge of the electorate of Cologne for the Sümmern seigneury, commissioner of the territorial customs of the grand duchy of Hesse and finally, in 1818, treasurer of the kingdom of Prussia for the Arnsberg circle[275].

Maria Regina Weller died of puerperal fever on 19 January 1754[276], giving birth to a child who lived until 14 February 1756[277]. Franz Anton remarried on 2 May 1755 in Cologne. His second wife, Maria Theresia Lünenschloß, was a widow from Cologne[278]. She was from an excellent family, since her father, Abraham Lünenschloß, had been a councillor and war secretary to the Elector Palatine[279]. The Reverend Dom Heiliger, canon of Saint Cunibert of Cologne, celebrated their union[280].

From this second marriage Franz Anton had three more children, all born in Wildenburg and baptised in Friesenhagen. The eldest was a boy, Georg Anton Franz, to whom we shall return in detail. He was followed by two sisters. The first, Maria Clara Elisabeth, known as Lisette[281], was born on 3 February 1758[282] and died on 8 May 1815[283]. On 11 September 1779, she married Franz Theodor Wilhelm Pope, from an excellent bourgeois family[284]. Her uncle Philipp celebrated the marriage. The husband was a doctor of law, judge in Eversberg, Gograf in Fredeburg and mayor of Hirschberg. He was born on 28 September 1743 in Hirschberg[285], where he died on 23 April 1816[286]. The second, Wilhelmina, born on 28 August 1762[287], was godmother to two of her nephews in 1786 and 1790[288], and later, in 1807, she married a Belgian in the service of the Napoleonic empire, Mr. Lejeune, justice of the peace in Bonn[289]. In 1802 her brother Georg Anton Franz acknowledged that he still owed her 810 Reichsthaler from their father's inheritance. He agreed to pay him 5% interest per annum and to repay the capital at the rate of 100 Reichsthaler per annum[290].

 

*

 

It is likely that none of the Sartorius children received the sacrament of confirmation. The explanation of this oddity requires a look back. In the middle of the 16th century, when the Reformation reached Wildenburg, the three branches of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Crottorf, Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Weisweiler and Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Merten shared the sovereignty of the seigneury. Some remained Roman Catholic, others became Protestant. On 10 March 1598 they concluded an inheritance agreement [Erbvereinigung], according to which the principle cujus regio ejus religio laid down in the peace of Augsburg in 1555 would apply[291]. This meant that both the Catholic and Lutheran religions were given equal rights in the Wildenburg seigneury. At a certain point in time the religious affiliation of his subjects was determined by that of the lord of the moment. Nevertheless, disputes between Hatzfeldt's cousins continued. In 1622, Sebastian von Hatzfeldt, who was born a Catholic, but who was orphaned by father at an early age and raised by his mother in the Reformed religion, before returning to the Catholic religion, largely out of interest, proposed that, in the absence of agreement on a religion, a pastor and a priest should share the income from the parish. This gave him an opportunity for him to make this royal response to his Protestant cousins, who objected that by then almost all the inhabitants of Wildenburg had been baptised and brought up in the Lutheran religion:

Should they allow the custom of their subjects giving them orders to take hold, for then they would be our lords and not we theirs [so wären sie unsere und wir nicht ihre Herren[292]]?

The inhabitants of Friesenhagen were thus tossed back and forth between Catholicism and Lutheranism, up to five times for the older inhabitants, as their lords alternated.

Sebastian von Hatzfeldt continued his efforts at recatholicisation. In 1628, he ordered his subjects to attend mass, on pain of a fine, and divided the parish assets in two, but the Catholic priest died the following year. Sebastian von Hatzfeldt also died in 1631[293], but his son Hermann took over. Like his two brothers Melchior, a general in the service of the Emperor, and Franz, bishop of Würzburg, he had chosen the Catholic side in the Thirty Years' War[294]. With the help of Franciscan monks from Limburg, Thuringia, who moved to Friesenhagen in 1637, he set about restoring the Catholic faith to his estates for good. However, they claimed to be under the authority of their superior and not of the archbishop of Cologne. For their part, the Hatzfeldts claimed that at the time of the Reformation they had the right to appoint the parish priest of Friesenhagen and that before then the parish priest had never depended on the archbishops of Cologne, but only on the chapter of Saints Cassius and Florentius in Bonn, which received the tithe and had the right of presentation. All agreed, however, that Friesenhagen was nullius diocesis [was not part of any diocese]. They successfully defended this position for almost two centuries. The archbishop of Cologne could not therefore officiate in Friesenhagen. So, in 1700, when Sebastian von Hatzfeldt-Gleichen, then in Trier, learned that Monsignor de La Margelle, coadjutor to the archbishop of Cologne, returning from Olpe, wanted to stop by his cousin the countess of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Weisweiler, he gave the order to close the church in Friesenhagen and to take the keys to Crottorf castle and he forbade the Franciscans to receive him. As a result, the children of the Wildenburg seigneury were not confirmed. The church in Friesenhagen was also not consecrated when it was first rebuilt in 1740 because it was in danger of ruin and then a second time in 1751 after a fire[295].

 

*

 

In 1772, the Sartorius heirs from Wildenburg in the county of Hatzfeldt, Franz Anton and his brothers, sold the possessions they owned in Schmallenberg from the Quincken family to burghers of Schmallenberg for about 1 100 Thaler[296].

Franz Anton, who had been a widower since 1771[297], died a pious death in Wildenburg castle on 17 December 1780 at around 7 p.m., with all the sacraments for the dying. His body was carried to the parish church in Friesenhagen with the solemn ceremonies on 19 December. He was buried in the nave, on the Gospel side of the nave, in front of the seat of the dministrators[298]. One of his last acts was to sponsor his grandson Anton Florenz Theodor Pape in Hirschberg on 8 July[299].

 

*

 

Georg Anton Franz, the only son of Franz Anton Sartorius, was born at Wildenburg castle on 19 January 1757. He was baptised on the same day by the parish priest of Friesenhagen. His baptismal certificate is the second oldest first-hand document we have on the Sartorius family:

19. jan[uarii] natus & eodem mane baptizatus est Georgius Anton[ius] Franciscus Sartorius filius legitimus Praenobilium D[omini] Francisci Antonii Sartorius satrapae in Wild[enburgi] inferiori & Theresia conjugum ex Wild[enburg]. Levantes potuis levans erat praenob[ilis] D[ominus] Georgius Antonius Langenfeld sodinarum Willbergensium administrator[300].

 

Figure 35: the nave of the church of Friesenhagen

 

 

After his father's death, Georg Anton Franz succeeded him as administrator and receiver [Amtmann und Rentmeister] of the Empire seigneury of Wildenburg. His commission in the archives of Trachenberg, Silesia, was dated 1 August 1781. His father's account showed a credit balance of 5 928 Reichsthaler, 6 Silbergroschen, against which 3 657 Reichsthaler of overdue taxes, which the seigneury had abandoned, appeared, in addition to 14 muids and 9 measures 1/3 rye and 4 muids and 2 measures of barley still available. The heirs of Franz Anton Sartorius, his son and successor in office, Georg Anton Franz, and his sons-in-law Pape, von Stockhausen and Becker settled his succession by a deed dated 21 October 1781[301].

 

*

 

Georg Anton Franz Sartorius took up his office at a time of tension between the lord of Wildenburg and the Franciscans, who were responsible for pastoral work there.

Since 1766 the lord of Wildenburg had been Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt[302]. He was a typical representative, for better or for worse, of the enlightened absolutism that was to be found in the small German principalities. As an officer in the service of the electorate of Cologne and Mainz, he rarely resided in his estates, but he could count on the zeal of his local representatives, Intendant Very de Limonet in Crottorf, receiver Krahe and Georg Anton Franz Sartorius in Wildenburg. Concerned about the economic development of the country and its enhancement, he was also concerned to ensure the education of his subjects and the salvation of their souls through school and religious education. In his view, school and church were two similar areas of his authority. Teachers and catechists were therefore at his exclusive service.

Tensions grew until the end of the century between the lord and his officers on the one hand and the Franciscans in residence in Friesenhagen and their provincial in Limburg on the other. Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt was no more prepared than his predecessor to let the provincial chapter send anyone as parish priest to Friesenhagen. He claimed a decisive influence on the choice of the parish priest. He did not hesitate to criticise his competence and was reported by his administrators on the way he fulfilled his duties. Moreover, in the eyes of the count's officers, no parish priest possessed the qualities required by the office. In the castle, the parish priest was never praised as much as when he left his post.

Furthermore, count Franz Ludwig did not accept the rapid changes of parish priest imposed by the Franciscan provincial in the name of the rule of his order. The count gave him afterthoughts when he always appointed the superior of the friars in Friesenhagen as secular parish priest, thus linking the care of the temporal and the spiritual in the same person. In a letter to the provincial and the fathers, he pointed out that his ancestors had only called two fathers for the purposes of pastoral care in the country; that he was aware that his ancestors had indeed allowed, if not offered, the Limburg province to found an establishment in Friesenhagen, but that in his opinion this did not have any title to exist.

The conflict even reached the height of pettiness. For example, the Franciscans of the residence were denied additional allocations of firewood in emergency situations on the grounds that the regular benefits were sufficient for two fathers[303].

 

*

 

In 1784 Georg Anton Franz wanted to marry a girl from the neighbouring town of Kirchen, Wilhelmine Capito. She came from a well-to-do and highly regarded family[304]. Most of the Capitos held administrative positions or were responsible for mines and forges[305]. The girl's father, Johann Daniel, was receiver and mayot [Schultheiß or Schultze[306]] of the parish of Kirchen. So, everything was perfect, except for one detail. The bride was of Evangelical, i.e. Lutheran, faith. The Sartorius family, on the other hand, adhered faithfully to the Catholic faith. In 1767, Franz Anton was prefect of the Seraphim brotherhood in the parish of Römershagen, near Wildenburg. Georg Anton Franz was therefore certainly confronted with a serious problem of conscience. One of his distant descendants, Otto Ritgen, imagines that his two living church ecclesiastical uncles, Heinrich Wilhelm and Franz Philipp, put pressure on him to give up his project. His sisters and brothers-in-law Becker, von Stockhausen and Pape, all from strict Catholic families, joined the concert[307]. And perhaps they were unaware that the bride was a direct descendant of the famous Strasbourg reformer Wolfgang Köpfel, known as Capito. The latter had actively contributed to the installation of Luther's ideas in Alsace[308]! Otto Ritgen certainly drew on his own experience. Indeed, the German Catholic Church had always taken a hard line on the danger that mixed marriages posed to its long-term survival. Entering a mixed marriage involved the bride and groom in a series of hardships and subjected them to pressure from families and from the Allies. The priest made specific threats and announced sanctions[309].

In any case, Georg Anton Franz held firm. The couple was married twice. The first marriage took place on 24th May 1784 in Kirchen at 2 p.m. in the house of Johann Daniel Capito in accordance with the gospel rite. The deed drawn up on this occasion is the third original document we have:

Mondtags am 24^ten Maÿ, nachmittags zwischen 2 und 3 Uhr, wurde Herr Franz Anton Sartorius [sic for Georg Anton Franz], gräflich hatzfeldtischer Amtmann zu Wildenburg, mit des hiesigen Herrn Schulzen Johann Daniel Capito älteren Jungfrau Tochter Maria Wilhelmine Friederike Capitoin zu Kirchen in des Vaters Hause, nach beygebrachter obrigkeitlicher Erlaubniß, ohne vorhergangene Proclamation, von mir ehelich zusammen getraut, und bey diesem Anlaße eine Rede gehalten[310].

A second marriage according to the Catholic rite took place on 9 June in Friesenhagen. More than a mark of ecumenism, this double ceremony should be seen as a sign of the will of both sides not to give up any of their prerogatives[311]. Once the marriage was celebrated, nothing was decided. The battle of baptism still had to be fought. Both the Catholic and Protestant communities spoke of it in terms of victories or defeats. This shows the importance of what was at stake for them and their anguish about their survival[312]. All the children born of the marriage of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and Wilhelmine Capito were baptised in the Catholic religion. However, the marriage contracts stipulated that the boys would be brought up in the Catholic religion, like their father, and the girls in the Evangelical religion, like their mother[313].

The first six children of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius were born in Wildenburg and were baptised in Friesenhagen. The first two boys, Anton Wilhelm, born in March 1785[314], and Johann Daniel, born in July 1786[315], did not live long. Both died in November 1786[316]. A daughter, Maria Theresia Christina, born in 1788[317], died at the age of 16 in 1804[318]. The three boys who reached adulthood will be found later on. They were Joseph Anton Hermann, born on 28 September 1787[319], Adolph Ludwig, born on 26 July 1790, and Ferdinand Joseph, born on 11 January 1792[320].

The baptismal certificate of Ferdinand Joseph is the fourth original document available to us:

11. jan[uarii] baptizatus est Ferdinandus Josephus Praenobilis D[omini] Georgÿ Antonÿ Sartorius satrapae in arce Wildenburg et praenobilis D[omi]nae satrapissae Wilhelminae conjug[um] filius legitimus, levantibus Josepho de Stockhausen, consiliario aulico et judice in Olpe, et Elizabeth Quantalin, uxore mercatoris Danielis Quantal in Neuenkirchen[321].

Ecumenism before the letter? Or practical necessity in a region at the junction of the very Catholic archdioceses of Cologne and Trier on the one hand and the very Protestant grand-duchy of Hesse and duchy of Nassau on the other[322]? We do not know for sure. However, the baptisms of the children of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and Wilhelmine Capito gave the opportunity to see that Catholics and Protestants were willing to get together. Anton Wilhelm's godfather was the Catholic Anton Wilhelm Lünenschloß, satrapa in Düren, and his godmother was the Protestant Dorothea Capito[323]. The second, Johann Daniel, took his biblical name from his maternal grandfather, the Protestant Johann Daniel Capito, praetor of Kirchen, but his godmother was his aunt Wilhelmina Sartorius[324]. Ferdinand Joseph's godfather was the very Catholic Josef von Stockhausen, but his godmother was Elisabeth Quantal, wife of the merchant Daniel Quantal from Neunkirchen[325], from a family related to the Capitos[326].

 

Figure 36: the Sartorius's in Wildenburg

 

 

The administrator of the Hatzfeldts did not remain within the walls of the old fortress. He also had his moments of relaxation. A newspaper of 27 August 1785, reported that on 20 August 1785, around 30 people, including Georg Anton Franz and his elder half-sister Maria Anna Theresia, had taken the waters of Bad Ems: Herr Amtmann Sartorius, aus Wildenburg, and Mademoiselle Sartorius, aus Wildenburg [Mister Administrator Sartorius, from Wildenburg and Mademoiselle Sartorius, from Wildenburg[327]].

 

 

Figure 37: the castle of Wildenburg in 1998

 

 

In 1791, Georg Anton Franz Sartorius was suspended from his office on suspicion of misappropriating cut timber. Perhaps this was wrong. In any case, he was soon reinstated. In 1800 he resigned from his own movement. On 11 October 1800, he recovered the 3 000 Reichsthaler deposit that his father-in-law had made for him[328]. His discharge on 21 October 1800 described him as an experienced administrator [ein in cameraliis sehr erfahrener Mann[329]]. This is what the Trachenberg archives tell us. Georg Anton Franz and his wife had already moved to Kirchen on 18 March 1798[330]. Kirchen is a small town built on the steep slope of the southern bank of the river Sieg[331]. In 1810, a house called Sartorius Erbe [Sartorius Heritage] was built on the main street [Hauptstraße]. It was one of those stone houses in Kirchen in the 18th and 19th centuries which testified to the importance of the families who lived there. It was demolished in the 1980s to make way for a supermarket and a car park[332]. In Kirchen, Georg Anton Franz made use of the property of his father-in-law Johann Daniel Capito, who had died fifteen months earlier. During his lifetime, his father-in-law worked in the mines [Berge] and forges [Hütten] and also did some farming[333]. Thus, in a late act Georg Anton Franz is referred to as Oekonom[334]. Rather than the meaning of economist, this term actually seems to have the meaning of agronomist in German[335].

The resignation of Georg Anton Franz from his position as administrator was perhaps a consequence of the French Revolution. Since 1792, France had been at war with its neighbours. As early as 1793, its armies had penetrated Germany. In 1794, the Republic de facto annexed the entire left bank of the Rhine and made it into four départements. In 1797 the Treaty of Campo Formio made this conquest official[336]. The war had not spared the Kirchen region. In 1796 Altenkirchen, 20 kilometres south-west of Kirchen, was the scene of two battles in the space of three months. On 4 June, Kleber defeated the Austrians there. On 16 September, under the leadership of archduke Charles, the Austrians took their revenge by defeating Jourdan, who had to cross the Rhine again[337].

In view of the unrest caused by the French armies, plans had been made as early as September 1794 to secure the archives of Kalkum castle, a Hatzfeldt possession near Düsseldorf on the right bank of the Rhine, in the great tower of Wildenburg. However, this plan was almost abandoned at the last moment in favour of a shipment on the Rhine to Rotterdam or Amsterdam. It failed because the Rhine was already closed to shipping to Holland. In October 1794, Georg Anton Franz had to move the Kalkum archives, which contained, among other things, maps, and mining records, to Wildenburg.

The conflict was drawing closer. At the beginning of 1795, the Wildenburg region no longer seemed to be safe from the enemy. In September 1795, he had to evacuate all the archives from Wildenburg to Elminghausen bei Meinerzhagen, about twenty kilometres north of Friesenhagen. The volume was considerable. It amounted to twenty-six boxes. In addition to the archives of the former seigneury of Wildenburg, the old fortress had, since an agreement in 1491, housed the archives of all the branches of the Hatzfeldt family. In particular, the boundaries of the seigneury of Wildenburg, the rights, imperial privileges and others granted to the seigneury of Wildenburg were described[338].

Above all, the French Revolution brought about a general upheaval in the thousand-year-old institutions of the Holy Empire. In particular, it led to the disappearance of more than 1 000 of the immediate seigneuries of the Empire and the suppression of the privileges of the nobility[339]. The seigneury of the Hatzfeldts suffered this cataclysm. The functions of administrator and judge lost their significance and hence their importance. Finally, in 1806, the former seigneury of Wildenburg disappeared in favour of the grand duchy of Berg, and from 1808 onwards, it became a canton of the Sieg department[340].

The truth of the matter is that, over the years, Wildenburg castle had lost control of the Iron road. The traffic had gradually moved to other routes. Furthermore, the house of Hatzfeldt had been divided into several branches. The seigneury of Wildenburg had been divided. The interest of the Hatzfeldts had shifted to Crottorf and to the Silesian possessions of the family. The old fortress was hardly used anymore and was deteriorating. In 1836, the administration of the Hatzfeldt estates in Crottorf put the demolition of the fore castle of Wildenburg up for auction. The only thing left of it today is the Bergfried, a 20-metre-high, slate-roofed tower, a building housing the forest administration and some sections of the walls[341].

 

 

Figure 38: the Sartorius' house in Kirchen in 1920

 

 

Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and Wilhelmine Capito had two more children born in Kirchen, Carolina Sophia Walburgia on 12 March 1800[342], who died at birth, and Ludwig Philipp Gerlach on 31 October 1802[343].

On a sad and rainy day in November 1813, Russian troops arrived in the Sieg Valley in pursuit of the French armies that had been defeated after the battle of Leipzig. They were Cossacks mounted on small horses. It was only in mid-December that the Cossacks moved westwards, to the great relief of the inhabitants of the region, who were tired of their requisitions and looting[344].

Georg Anton Franz Sartorius died in Kirchen on 23 February 1819. He was buried on the 27[345] in the new church cemetery in Kirchen[346].

 

*

 

Georg Anton Franz brings the story of the Sartorius administrators of the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein to a close. However, before we begin a new chapter in the family history, let us take a look at these three characters. What was their social situation in the 18th century?

Originally, the Sartorius family were landowners. Remember the Lambertshof or the Coershof. They were rich enough to figure prominently in the tax registers and, like Caspar, to play the role of local banker. Later, they became seigneurial officers in the service of the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein.

The function of Wilhelm, Franz Anton and Georg Anton Franz Sartorius is sometimes defined as administrator [Amtmann or Amtsverwalter], receiver [Rentmeister] or even judge [Richter]. What was the real significance of these functions three centuries ago in Wildenburg?

First of all, it should be remembered that 18th-century Germany was a juxtaposition of 1 789 sovereign states[347]. Of these, a good thousand, not represented in the Diet, belonged to the immediate nobility of the Empire under the direct suzerainty of the Emperor[348]. These included the Empire seigneury [Reichsherrschaft] of Wildenburg[349]. All these territories were under feudal rule. With few exceptions, the German peasant lived here in various states of dependence. He had more or less real rights to his land and his house. He was subject to more or less extensive limitations on his ability to dispose of his person. He was under the authority of one or more masters of the land [Grundherr]. He was also under the authority of a justice lord [Gerichtsherr], sometimes different from the Grundherr, who had the rights of low, medium, and sometimes even high justice. He also owed tithes and chores to the Church, parish priest or monastery, which could also be his Grundherr or Gerichtsherr[350]. In this particular case, the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein were both Grundherren and Gerichtsherren of the seigneury of Wildenburg[351].

Clearly, the situation of seigneurial officers in the Holy Roman Empire must have had differences, but also similarities with their French counterparts of the same period. In the absence of documentation, we will therefore reason by analogy with France in the 17th and 18th centuries. For the collection of their rights, the French lords used receivers. For the exercise of justice, they resorted to lieutenants of justice and tax collectors. In addition, they generally chose one or the other among the farmers of their estates. These farmers and receivers thus acquired considerable economic power in the long run. This gave them a clear social preponderance over the other villagers. What is more, they had become the irreplaceable interlocutors of the lord. In fact, the size of the sums involved required good farmers[352].

Like their French counterparts, but in a system which, it should be remembered, remained feudal, the Empire lords relied on administrators. The administrator of Wildenburg was thus the highest ranking local representative of the house of Hatzfeldt. He was also the senior forest administrator and president of the aldermen's court in Friesenhagen[353]. The Sartorius thus represented their lord in all things in his Wildenburg lands, as we have seen. They administered the estate and the forests. This is evident from Wilhelm's letters. This is also revealed by the wood-cutting affair in which Georg Anton Franz was involved. They were receivers. They handled money. Georg Anton Franz had had to get his father-in-law to guarantee him 3 000 Thaler. Finally, they dispensed justice in the name of their lord. Let us not forget Wilhelm's law studies.

 

 

Figure 39: political Rhineland in the 18th century

 

 

Baptism, marriage, and death certificates, all in Latin, the language of the Catholic Church, uniformly use the Latin term satrapa [satrap] to describe the function of the Sartorius. On the small scale of a small German principality, they must have exercised the same power as the Persian satraps of Antiquity[354].

 

 

Figure 40: the ruins of the castle of Wildenburg in 1998

 

 

In France of early modenr period, farming families were few and had long formed real dynasties, closely linked by occupations, interests and marriages. The games of love and chance had no place in this family strategy[355]. This is also true of the Sartorius family. Their allies, the godparents of their children, are all from the same background. One can thus mention Anton Wilhelm Lünenschloß, satrapa in Düren[356], Johannes Nepomuk Pfeifer, satrapa in Crottorf, another castle of the Hatzfeldt-Schönstein family[357], Simon Joseph de Troux, satrapa in Schönstein, another lordship of the Hatzfeldt-Schönstein family, or the lady Germana Wurm, wife of the satrapa of Freusberg[358]. There is also an Anton Müller, saltuarius primarius in Grobach, in the county of Hachenburg, as witness[359]. This is probably what was then called a gruyer in France. This royal officer or seigneurial officer controlled the water and forestry administration and judged in the first instance the related offences[360]. Ferdinand's godfather Joseph Sartorius, his uncle Josef von Stockhausen, princely counsellor, and judge in Olpe, was certainly a man of influence. On the other hand, his godmother, Elisabeth Quantal, was the wife of a Neunkirchen merchant[361]. The Sartorius family also included a group of people who were hardly to be found in France at that time, and who today would be called industrialists. For example, Georg Anton Langenfeld, godfather of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and director of the soda works in Willbergen[362], or Franz Anton Becker, husband of Anna Maria Sartorius and forge master[363].

On occasion, the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein did not deny their being godparents to the Sartorius. This was the case with Franz Karl Ferdinand von Hatzfeldt-Schönstein, who in 1747 was the godfather of Johanna Franziska Charlotte Sartorius, daughter of Franz Anton. It is also that of Charlotte von Hatzfeldt-Schönstein, born Baroness of Bettendorf, godmother in 1747 of the same Johanna Franziska Charlotte[364] and again in 1751 of her younger sister Maria Charlotte Franziska Josepha[365].

In the Latin church books of Friesenhagen, the Sartorius are entitled to some superb names: praenobilis [very important], clarissimus [very illustrious], consultissimus [very wise], strenuus [active]. Franz Anton Sartorius is thus described as praenobilis ac strenuus[366], or even praenobilis ac clarissimus ac consultissimus[367]. Georg Anton Franz Sartorius is described as praenobilis ac clarissimus dominus. To tell the truth, the count of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein is described as illustissimus[368]. Not to be outdone are the wives, who are qualified as praenobilis domina, like Wilhelmine Capito[369].

To get an idea of the importance of these terms, let us look at the baptismal records of Friesenhagen. On the pages of the church books where they are found, seven baptismal certificates precede or follow that of Georg Anton Franz and twelve precede or follow that of Ferdinand Joseph. Of these nineteen acts, only the surnames and first names of the parents, godfather and godmother of the child appear, without any other qualification or indication of profession. There are no other praenobilis ac clarissimus, consultissimus or strenuus than the Sartorius and their relatives. The fact that they were treated differently from the ordinary inhabitants of Friesenhagen is a clear indication of the rank they enjoyed in the local society.

In fact, the Germans have always been fond of titles. The Frenchman Jules Laforgue, who left a diary of his stay at the imperial court in Berlin in the 1880s, ironically wrote about this[370]:

The love of titles is one of the most known traits of the German character in France. The wohlgeborene (the well-born) and the hochwohlgeborene (the superiorly well-born), whose names are still prefixed on the envelopes of letters, are especially well known. [...] The title one has is never omitted and one loses no opportunity to wrap oneself in it, even the most insignificant one[371].

 

*

 

 

 

Chapter four

 

 

 

THE FIRST STEPS INTO TEXTILE

W

e stopped at the cemetery of Kirchen on 27 January 1819 for the burial of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius. The deceased left a widow and four sons. We shall briefly mention the eldest son, Joseph Anton Hermann. He made his career in the forestry administration of the grand duchy of Hesse; On 7 December 1820, he was apppointed senior forester [Oberförster] in Gladenbach in Upper Hesse, about 50 kilometres east of Wildenburg[372]. His job gave him plenty of time to observe nature. In 1821, he wrote to the Oberforstrat Becker:

At a timber auction in Königsberg yesterday, I saw a bird that I thought was remarkable. It was indeed a Great Raven, snow-white, with nothing but light blue eyes and a red pupil - because even the talons and beak are white[373].

From 1828 he was employed as a forest inspector in Biedenkopf, a little north of Gladenbach[374]. According to an article describing him as a man who was as active as he was deserving, and who at the same time had many years of experience [einem eben so thätigen, als verdienten Manne, dem zugleich langjährige Erfahrungen zur Seite stehen], he had developed an original method of replanting damaged deciduous forests with conifers and thus avoiding loss of income, despite the obstacles that might arise[375].

He retired at his own request and in recognition of his many years of faithful service on 3 October 1848[376]. He died on December 1, 1854 in Gladenbach[377], leaving a family that was followed in Hesse and Württemberg until the 1880s[378].

One of his sons, Adolph, emigrated to the United States. He landed in New York in 1850. He quickly acquired American citizenship, since on 8 May 1856, in Pittsburgh, he had already applied for an American passport to travel to Europe. He only stayed there for a few months, as he was back in New York by 22 December 1856. On 20 October 1857, while he was qualified as a draughtman, he joined the Allegheny arsenal as a labourer for a period of five years. However, he was released by order on 2 July 1859[379]. The American census of 1860 qualifies him as a distiller in Pittsburgh and he lived in the hospital of the Reverend William A. Passavant[380]. During the Civil War, he joined the Union Army on 21 October 1861 in Pittsburgh, in the 5th Artillery Regiment. He was discharged on 21 October 1864, while serving with the 2nd Ordnance Corps. His whereabouts are later lost[381].

 

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In 1807, Georg Anton Franz placed his second son Adolph in an apprenticeship with Friedrich August and Christian Jung in Elberfeld[382]. The choice of this company was no coincidence. The Jung family was originally from Kirchen and related to the Capito family. Friedrich August's father, Johann Christian Jung, had married a second cousin of Wilhelmine Capito[383]. He was a cloth manufacturer, merchant, alderman and juror in Kirchen. His three sons also went into the textile business. Friedrich August had cotton spinning mills in Elberfeld and Kirchen itself, where, together with his brothers Lorenz and Christian, he owned the Jungenthal factory, in which six hundred people produced one thousand pounds of cotton yarn by hand every day in 1822[384].

Georg Anton Franz, who had probably received legal training, drew up the draft of his son's apprenticeship contract by his own hand. We will quote it almost in full. It shows how future businessmen were trained at a time when our present universities did not exist, and the university only trained top intellectuals. The training period of young people was their first opportunity to build a network of relationships, but also took advantage of the already existing networks into which they were inserted. They were sent to train with relatives in other cities. The parents could then ensure that their family and social background made them worthy of entering the business world[385].

 

Apprenticeship contract

between the undersigned, Messrs F[riedrich] A[ugust] & Chr[istian] Jung in Elberfeld and Mr administrator Sartorius in Kirchen on the following points:

We, the first mentioned above, undertake vis-à-vis Mr. administrator Sartorius to take his son Adolph as an apprentice in our business under the following conditions:

1/ From today on the person concerned shall serve for four consecutive years as an apprentice and, at the end of these, for two more years as an employee or clerk in our business against a wage corresponding to his merits.

2/ At the end of this period or later, the person concerned may not, without our agreement, leave us to set up his own business or to join forces with someone, whatever the conditions, if this could cause us harm, before having served for one year in another country, for which we are preprared to help him.

3/ In all circumstances, he will have to comply rigorously and carefully with our instructions, both in his work as an apprentice in our business and in his behaviour as whole. Under this condition, we:

4/ Want on our part it to be understood that he will continually deploy all his attention in the course of business, that he will work with unfailing fidelity and continuous application, that he will carry out all the tasks entrusted to him in accordance with our instructions, in short that he will work in the interests of the business and for his good; that, conversely and insofar as it depends on him, he will avoid causing damage. [We want it to be understood] on the other part that, with a view to his future way of life, he will behave as can be expected and demanded of a well-behaved young man, that is to say in all circumstances in an irreproachable manner. To this end, we shall ensure for our part:

5/ Attentively, during all the time he will be with us and in our business, to do our utmost to make him a shrewd merchant and above all an honest man; also:

6/ During these four years of apprenticeship and in the insurance where we are that the above conditions will be met, to pay him amicably for lodging, food and also the apprenticeship fees.

7/ In addition to grant Adolph an annual advance of 60 to 70 guilders to carry out his essential purchases during his years of apprenticeship, provided however that he does not do so without our      agreement, and:

8/ Then the other part will reimburse us for their amount if, by any chance or for any other reason on either side, Adolph did not stay with us the agreed time and therefore could not be reimbursed by the means of his subsequent services as a clerk.

9/ Mr. administrator Sartorius commits himself to reimburse us for all the damages that will or could be caused by his son; in this clause we think of anything other than a punishable and irresponsible error which, through great carelessness, infidelity or negligence, would cause prejudice to the proper conduct of the business, if it occured.

For confirmation of these contractual conditions, under which the complete and reciprocal execution of the present apprenticeship contract is the only valid, the signatures of both parties now follow, among which that of Mr. administrator Sartorius, must be considered as commitment for his son[386].

Adolph Sartorius finally spent fifteen years in the house Fr. A. & Chr. Jung[387].

 

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The town of Elberfeld, where Adolph Sartorius settled, has not had an existence of its own for more than 80 years. In 1930 it merged with four neighbouring towns, the largest of which, after itself, was Barmen. All five were enclosed in the valley of a tributary of the Rhine, the Wupper. They gave rise to the present-day agglomeration of Wuppertal. Before the French Revolution, Barmen and Elberfeld were part of the duchy of Berg, one of the many principalities in the Holy Roman Empire. Located on the right bank of the Rhine, the duchy of Berg stretched from Bonn to its capital, Düsseldorf. It encompassed the northern edge of the Rhenish-Schist massif. At the time of its greatest expansion, it had a population of 880 000 and an area of 17 300 square kilometres. It was the cradle of Ruhr industry[388].

 

 

Figure 41: Elberfeld around 1810

 

 

The Rhineland had a long industrial tradition. As early as the 15th century, all the meadows along the Wupper River were used to bleach cloth, which was then sold throughout Germany. The development of today's Wuppertal began in April 1527 when duke Johann III of Berg granted the inhabitants of Elberfeld and Barmen the exclusive privilege of weaving and bleaching cloth [Garnnahrungprivileg] for 861 gold florins. The canvas, which came from electoral Hesse or even Silesia, was brown in colour and not extremely popular with customers. Once bleached, it gained in value. The subjects of the duke of Berg soon preferred this lucrative work to the cultivation of ungrateful soil. After being sorted according to quality, the canvases were boiled several times, washed and washed with potash before being laid on threads to bleach. The limy water from the Wupper, the sun, the wind and the rain caused them to turn a brilliant white within a quarter. This was the starting point for the textile industry in the Wupper valley[389]. A survey in 1773 already counted 100 cloth laundries and 5 500 looms around Barmen and Elberfeld[390]. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Rhineland was one of the few regions in Europe with an industrial development comparable to that of England. The Rhine, which provided the outlet for Holland and its harbours, was the main reason for this development. It also owed it to the rich countryside with its abundant labour force. It owed it to a demographic trend which, between 1816 and 1855, increased the German population from 23 million to 35 million. Finally, it owed it to the French Revolution, which consolidated its lead over the rest of Germany[391].

 

 

Figure 42: the craddle of the Sartorius family

 

*

 

We saw above that revolutionary France had annexed the entire left bank of the Rhine. Napoleon had gone even further. In 1806, under the guise of organising a Confederation of the Rhine, he transformed the territories on the right bank into vassal states. For the sake of the cause, Berg, a Bavarian possession, was united with Cleves, a Prussian possession. The emperor gave the whole to his brother-in-law Murat, who took the title of grand duke of Berg. When the latter became king of Naples in 1809, he was succeeded by a very young son of Louis Bonaparte. This hardly concealed a de facto annexation by France[392].

The whole thing lasted until 1813. Twenty years of French occupation turned the Rhine countries upside down. It brought them war, conscription, and taxes. It also brought them social progress. It unified the country by abolishing a hundred or so small ecclesiastical or secular states. It abolished feudalism and chores. It abolished corporations and family monopolies. It introduced the Napoleonic code. Finally, the urban bourgeoisie and the well-to-do peasantry were the main beneficiaries of the confiscation of noble lands and Church property.

This stimulated industry in the Ruhr area. Almost exclusively industrial towns were founded or grew up. This was the case in Barmen, Elberfeld, Remscheid, and Solingen. At the beginning of the 19th century, the area had already reached a density of more than 300 inhabitants per square kilometre. The metal industry developed. The textile industry experienced a new boom. It remained the Wupper valley's industry par excellence. Clothes were of course produced here. There were also mechanical industries, oriented towards the manufacture of textile machinery. The chemical industry was dedicated to artificial dyes. Silk fabrics in Krefeld, cotton and woollen fabrics in Barmen and Elberfeld, linen fabrics in Cologne, Aachen and Mönchengladbach, and sheets everywhere met the English challenge.

However, the situation of the vassal kingdoms of the Napoleonic Empire was far from enviable. Contrary to appearances, the annexation had excluded them from the French community. The industry on the right bank of the Rhine was affected by the basic commercial law of the Empire. This prohibited muslin, white or painted cotton cloth, cotton yarn cloth, cotton blankets, cotton spun for wick, regardless of their origin. This was a disaster for the grand duchy of Berg. The Continental system, set up by Napoleon from 1806 to suffocate England economically, made the situation even worse. During the great economic crisis of 1810-1812, Beugnot, who was responsible for the administration of the grand duchy, sent alarming reports about Berg and the factories in Elberfeld[393].

 

 

Figure 43: soldier of the Prussian Landwehr

 

 

The end of the Napoleonic adventure weighed heavily on the region. An imperial decree of 11 June 1811 raised four infantry regiments, a cavalry regiment, and an artillery battalion in the grand duchy of Berg. These units soon found their way to the battlefields of Spain. Barely replenished, they disappeared again as early as November 1812 on the icy plains of Russia. The importance of conscription had forced the replacement of men by women in the factories. The population rejected it to the point that the French authorities ended up imprisoning several hundred parents of refractory workers to put pressure on their sons. At the beginning of 1813, a new levy of men provoked an uprising. The severe economic crisis in the grand duchy of Berg at that time and the introduction of the tobacco and salt board were not unrelated to this. Most of the insurgents were unemployed textile workers. They took control of Ronsdorf and Solingen. Troops sent from Elberfeld shot 17 rioters and restored order. The merchant and manufacturing bourgeoisie had not moved. Throughout 1813, the great majority remained loyal to the French and Berg authorities[394].

On 3 November 1813, Elberfeld saw Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, fleeing his kingdom, escorted by the cuirassiers of his guard and a few French horsemen. Debris from the retreating Grande Armée followed him shortly afterwards. On 9 November, the first Cossacks of major general Rusefowisch arrived and chased them. The Russians camped for two days on the Ochsenkamp. On 13 November, state councillor Gruner took possession of the grand duchy of Berg on behalf of the allied powers.

At the beginning of 1814, Elberfeld and Barmen had to endure the presence of Swedish and Prussian troops on their way to France. No less than 65 generals, 770 staff officers, 7 776 junior officers, 7 370 non-commissioned officers and 109 360 men of the coalition armies, accompanied by 30 977 horses, took up residence there in 1814. A total of 300 000 men of all nations and 100 000 horses passed through Elberfeld and Barmen with their procession of requisitions and forced contributions between 1813 and 1816. The cost to the inhabitants of Barmen, excluding direct taxes, was 881 173.58 francs, which was divided almost equally between war taxes, forced loans and municipal expenses[395].

The Sartorius family had not remained unaffected by these events since Ferdinand had joined the Landwehr in Usingen in 1814[396]. The Landwehr had been founded in the kingdom of Prussia by Scharnhorst on 17 May 1813. It included all men between 17 and 40 years of age who were fit for service and who did not already belong to regular units or to the corps-francs. Each region had to provide a contingent in proportion to its population. The units were distinguished by the colour of the collar, green for Westphalia. However, the military value of the Landwehr left much to be desired, as its equipment was so miserable. The armament consisted mainly of picks and axes and many soldiers had no shoes[397].

 

*

 

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna awarded the grand duchy of Berg, together with other Rhine territories, to Prussia. The inhabitants of Barmen became Prussians[398]. However, nothing was more different from Prussia proper, the Protestant and militaristic Prussia of Berlin and Königsberg, than the Catholic and industrial Rhineland, which occupied such a special place in 19th century Germany.

To tell the truth, the mood in the Rhineland was violently anti-Prussian. This was of course due to religious motives. It was also due to diametrically opposed lifestyles. In the eyes of the Rhinelanders, full of joie de vivre, the Prussians were nothing but rigid and disciplined puppets. The very social structure of the Rhineland was different from that of Prussia. The bourgeoisie was more powerful and more active than elsewhere in Germany. It had therefore watched with concern as the Congress of Vienna decided to annex the Rhineland countries to Prussia. It feared for its interests and feared the absolutism of the Prussian king Frederick William III. It had taken advantage of the French market and felt that it would have to pay the price for its annexation by Prussia. It therefore used its predominance in the Rhine diet to defeat all Berlin's initiatives to replace French-style legislation with legislation based on civil inequality. The Parisian revolution of 1830 gave rise to a new surge of liberalism. Aachen and Elberfeld, for example, were the only two cities in the Prussian Rhineland not to have the of fortress. Elberfeld was also the only town with a population of more than 30 000 without a garrison. The Wupper valley was to experience further uprisings in the spring of 1849. However, the liberalism of the Rhinelanders remained extremely cautious. Prussia, for its part, was determined to avoid a repetition of what had happened in Belgium in 1830. The Catholic Belgians had revolted against their masters, the Protestant Dutch, and had taken away their independence.

Gradually, however, economic integration was achieved. New trade routes were established between the Rhineland and the rest of the kingdom of Prussia. The economic recovery following the fall of the Empire and the return of peace was extremely rapid. A geographical dictionary from 1817 describes Elberfeld, which already had a population of 40 000, as an extremely interesting city in terms of industry. It seems that almost everything was done here. Cotton and silk were reeled. Silk and cotton headdresses, yarn fabrics, mixed yarn and cotton or pure cotton fabrics, cotton cloths were made here. Linen was bleached and printed. Wool was processed here. Trimmings, ribbons, stationery, cutlery, etc. were produced here. As for its neighbour Barmen, she specialised in ribbons and laces[399].

 

*

 

While Adolph Sartorius worked at Fr. A. & Chr. Jung, his younger brother Ferdinand had become a master dyer at Hösterey & Gauhé in Wupperfeld[400]. After the Napoleonic adventure and the wars that followed, peace returned, but the economic situation was slow to improve. Europe was financially drained, devastated, and impoverished. The industrial development that had begun before 1789 had been slowed down. Great Britain, whose products were better and cheaper, took advantage of this to flood the continental market from 1814 onwards. The masses who had fled the countryside in search of scarce jobs in large cities such as Barmen and Elberfeld suffered enormously. These two cities experienced a severe economic crisis until 1818. Moreover, from the end of the summer of 1816 until the harvest of 1817, like the rest of Europe, they were hit by the worst famine of the 19th century. The whole of 1816 had been cold and wet. Cereals, fruit, and vegetables did not ripe. The price of bread reached unprecedented levels. Epidemics of scarlet fever and measles hit weakened organisms[401]. Against this background, however, in 1816 the two Sartorius brothers decided to set up their own business, a Turkey red dyeing factory. Its headquarters were in Lange, near Wupperfeld[402].

At the beginning of the 19th century, the site was still rural. The Wupper meandered nonchalantly between two rows of hills. A walker arriving at the top of one of them on a beautiful summer morning could see the village of Barmen in the distance, huddled around its church on the riverbank. In front of Barmen, fields occupied the entire valley floor. On the hillside, within earshot, a shepherd, lazily lying in the grass, was distractedly watching over his flock. Only a large, white, two-storey building on the right bank of the Wupper river, facing the walker, stood out in this rural landscape. In front of it, on the entire stretch of meadow separating it from the river, on long parallel rows of fences, pieces of cloth were drying. This was the Sartorius brothers' dyeing plant[403]. There were still only 1 600 houses, 221 factories, mills and shops and 575 stables and barns in the town[404].

The term Turkey red or Andrinople's red refers to a dyeing process which is nowadays abandoned. It was an extraordinarily complex process that produced a red of unparalleled depth and was a major trade secret at the time. Producing Turkey red was complex. It consisted of twenty or so stages spread over several weeks. It was particularly infectious. After marinating in clay, the cotton fibre, previously rubbed with a mixture of castor oil, cow dung and cow blood, was then dyed with alizarin and placed in an oven. The colours were then made brighter with soap and soda. The finished product was then resistant to washing, sunlight, acids, and salts. The Arabian rider's handkerchief is a good example of this in the 1870s[405].

 

Figure 44: a Turkey red handkerchief representing emperor Frederick II

 

 

For a long time andrinople were imported from Turkey and the East via Vienna, Marseille, and Venice. According to local tradition, it was a Saxon who had long lived in Turkey who delivered it to a dyer in Elberfeld for the few gold louis he needed to complete his journey back to his native country. In fact, the secret had reached France by Greeks from Thessaly as early as the middle of the 18th century. From there it passed through Alsace and then on to Switzerland, Württemberg, the Rhineland, and Westphalia. In the Wupper Valley, the andrinople technique was perfected to such an extent that its products soon conquered Europe and even penetrated the Turkish market. In 1809 there were 150 andrinople dyeing works in Elberfeld, Barmen, and the surrounding area. The continental blockade dealt them a blow before they were able to make a fresh start[406].

The beginnings of the two Sartorius brothers were difficult. When their father died in 1819, their share of the inheritance was barely enough to cover the necessary investments. Moreover, while Ferdinand devoted all his time to the new business, Adolph, who had kept his position as a clerk in the Jung house, could only take care of it outside working hours and on Sundays. Despite all kinds of adversities, disasters, and bankruptcies, the two brothers were convinced that there was a future.

In 1821 Adolph left the Jung house to become the authorised representative and counter manager |[Prokuratträger und Vorsteher des Comptoirs] of Johann Friedrich Wolff, who operated a Turkey red yarn trade in Elberfeld. Johann Friedrich Wolff had his own dyeing works, but also had a lot of yarn dyed by millers. In agreement with his new boss, Adolph was able to devote more time to his own business. In these times of nascent capitalism, the profits were considerable. If we interpret Adolph's figures correctly, the financial year 1821 would have ended with a profit of 13 500 Thaler, whereas he and Ferdinand had only contributed 3 794 and 7 150 Thaler respectively. They were then able to make the necessary investments to expand their business. In addition, Adolph's new situation brought him into contact with manufacturers on the left bank of the Rhine in Rheydt, Gladbach, Kaldenkirchen, etc., who placed large and profitable orders with him[407].

 

Figure 45: Barmen around 1810

 

 

By deed of 30 April 1825, Adolph and Ferdinand Sartorius bought land in Barmen from the heirs of Ambrosius Brand, on which they quickly built a double house and various buildings, including a yarn laundry and a dyeing plant[408].

The business of the Sartorius brothers flourished. At the end of 1830, Adolph Ludwig's capital account amounted to 39 953,20 Thaler and Ferdinand Joseph's to 35 113,09 Thaler. In 14 years the elder would have thus multiplied his initial investment by 10, i.e. an annual increase of 18%, and the younger one by 5, that is to say an annual increase of 12%[409]!

Germany was then rapidly industrializing. In 1830, four-fifths of Germans were still living in the countryside, seventy years later, in 1900, only one-fifth. At the same time, the German population had roughly tripled. In the same period, the population of the cities had grown from 4 or 5 million to almost 50 million, a tenfold increase[410].

 

 

Figure 46: a Turkey red fabric in Barmen

 

 

 

*

 

At the beginning of 1819, Ferdinand Joseph lived in a district of Barmen called in der Bridden. One month after the death of his father, on 25 March 1819, he married a young girl from Elberfeld, Anna Gertrud Heidkamp[411]. Her family ties were in Ratingen, a suburb of Düsseldorf[412]. The bourgeois German woman led a life without fantasy. The three K's were her rule of conduct: Kinder, Kirche, Küche, children, church, kitchen. The married woman was wife and mother. She did not have to have any other pretensions. It was in her home that she had to find the fulfilment of her being, the one prescribed by morality, religion, what people would say. It was there, and only there, that she could and should find happiness. Her confessor, when she was Roman Catholic, only confirmed her in her good dispositions. There is no salvation in the afterlife[413].

After their marriage, Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp moved to another district of Barmen called Scheurer Rotte. They had eight children: Adolph in 1819[414], Ferdinandine in 1820[415], Robert in 1822[416], Richard in 1823[417], Oswald in 1825[418], Emma in 1826[419], Dieter Emil around 1828[420] and Maria Lisetta in 1835[421]. In 1843 they married Ferdinandine to a boy from the Mönchengladbach region, Johann Peter Drissen, who had settled as a merchant in Liège[422]. In 1844, Adolph married a first cousin of the latter, Rosalie Drissen[423]. The boys probably went to university, since on 15 November 1847 Dieter Emil was enrolled in law at the University of Heidelberg[424].

 

Figure 47: Unterbarmen in 1836

 

 

At the silver wedding of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, their children gave them porcelain them China with the inscription Den lieben Eltern zur Feier der silbernen Hochzeit den 25. März 1844 [To our dear parents on their silver wedding, 25 March 1844[425]].

 

 

Figure 48: one of the cups presented to Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp by their children for their silver jubilee (face)

 

 

Figure 49: one of the cups presented to Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp by their children for their silver jubilee (profile)

 

 

Adolph Ludwig married a few years after his younger brother Ferdinand Joseph. On 2 September 1823 he got engaged to Julie Bargmann from Elberfeld. The marriage was celebrated on 15 April 1824 by the Lutheran pastor Döring. The bride, like her parents, belonged to the Reformed religion. The wedding took place in the Bargmann parents' house[426].

At that time, the Prussian administration was tackling health problems with considerable means. After the last major cholera outbreak at the beginning of the 1830s, the fight against major epidemics met with decisive success. The quality of studies and medical research went hand in hand with the quality of care. The eradication of smallpox, a disease that was devastating children at the time, was one of the priorities[427]. Thus, the family papers still contain the vaccination records of all the children of Adolph and Julie Sartorius, such as this one:

 

 

N° 2003 of the vaccination list

The parents of the child Moritz, son of merchant A. L. Sartorius, born in the Unterbarmen district on 11 May 1834, are invited, if they wish to have him vaccinated free of charge, to bring him on Friday, 27 June at 2 p.m., to this town hall to have him vaccinated with smallpox vaccine by the doctors present around this time.

At the same time, it should be noted that those who, through negligence or by opposition, do not have their children vaccinated at the prescribed dates will sooner or later bear all the responsibility and consequences described in the order of the highly praiseworthy royal government of 10 May 1830 (notice sheet year 1830, section 33, page 257).

Barmen on 20 June 1834

The mayor

Wilckhaus

(This sheet is to be shown at the time of vaccination.)

 

 

The parents complied since this other certificate is also found in the family papers[428]:

 

 

N° 2003 of the vaccination list

Düsseldorf government circle, Barmen town hall

Smallpox vaccination certificate

I, the undersigned, certify that on 27 August 1834 Moritz Satorius [sic], born on 11 May 1834, son of Mr. Adolph Satorius [resic], living in Barmen, was inoculated by me with a good vaccine from Joh. Fried. Avenz and that on inspection on 4 September 1834 I recognized the six subsequent spots as good.

2004 Barmen                                                                Elberfeld, 4 September 1834

registered under n°

of the vaccination list                                                                                L. Mund

This certificate must be carefully kept.

 

 

 

*

 

After the death of her husband, Wilhelmine Capito had sold his possessions in Kirchen, including the Sartorius Erbe[429]. On 19 July 1819, she moved to her son Ferdinand Joseph in Barmen. In 1828 she moved to her other son Adolph in Elberfeld[430]. Wilhelmine Capito died of dropsy in Barmen on 31 December 1833[431], between 4 and 5 p.m. She died in a house which she owned jointly with her two sons at the Haspel bridge [Haspeler Brücke] in Unterbarmen[432], on the edge of Elberfeld from which she was separated by the Wupper[433]. She was buried on the morning of 3 January in the Lutheran cemetery at Unterbarmen, Ronsdorfer Chaussée[434].

 

Figure 50: the cemetery of Unterbarmen

 

 

 

*

 

We have no direct information on the lifestyle of the Sartorius family at that time. However, we do have numerous studies on the offspring of a family of Barmen spinners who became famous. The latter also left an abundant literary and epistolary output. This gives us a good idea of the milieu of the Barmen textile bourgeoisie in the 1840s. The name of this interesting young man was Friedrich Engels. His name is of course inseparably linked to that of Karl Marx. Naturally, Engels' judgements have to be weighed up. However, his testimony cannot be denied as a whole.

Friedrich Engels was born in Barmen on 28 November 1820. His father, who was also called Friedrich, belonged to a very old family of manufacturers. Had he not been a Calvinist, one might have imagined that little Friedrich had been a playmate of his contemporary Adolph Sartorius, the eldest son of Ferdinand Joseph. In any case, the two families could not fail to know each other. Engels' father was the very type of rich Rhineland bourgeois. He owned spinning mills in Barmen and Manchester, England, where he had joined forces with the Ermen brothers. Politically, Friedrich Engels Sr. was conservative, even reactionary[435]. In this era of emerging capitalism, an austere life and a sense of thrift were part of the economic and social imperatives. For these manufacturers, they were therefore the moral virtues par excellence. A reading of the Letters from the Wupper valley of Engels helps to reconstruct the behaviour of this manufacturing bourgeoisie in the Rhineland. Even if the objectivity of this correspondence remains questionable, it contains details that cannot be invented:

Of culture no idea. Anyone who can play whist and billiards, talk politics, and skilfully turn a compliment is a cultured man in Barmen and Elberfeld. These people lead a terrible life and yet they find pleasure in it. During the day, they dive into the figures in their accounts, and do so with a fury, with an interest that one could hardly imagine. In the evening, at a certain time, they all go out into society. They play cards, talk politics and smoke, only to return home at nine o'clock. And so, it goes every day, without change, and woe betide anyone who wants to act differently. He can be sure of the most terrible disgrace. Young people are trained properly at this school by their fathers. They promise to become exactly like them. Their topics of conversation are fairly uniform. Barmen's talk mainly about horses, Elberfeld's about dogs. When the conversation rises, they go through the local beauties or chat about business. That is all there is to it. Once in half a century they also talk about literature, in which they count the names of Paul de Kock, Marryat, Tromlitz, Nestroy and others. In politics, they are very good Prussians, because they are under Prussian rule, a priori opposed to all liberalism, as long as His Majesty is pleased to leave them the Napoleonic code. For at the same time, all patriotism would disappear. Nobody knows the literary aspect of the Jeune Allemagne movement. It is considered a secret society, a little like demagogy, under the presidency of Heine, Gutzkow and Mundt[436].

The only distraction Engels' father allowed himself was music. It is easy to imagine what these chamber music concerts must have been like in the family home, with the father himself playing the flageolet and the cello.

Barmen, a town with no intellectual pretensions, had only a municipal college, which the Sartorius sons may have attended. Friedrich Engels in any case stayed there until the age of fourteen. He did not remember it too badly when he wrote about it in his Letters from the Wupper valley. It was a small, poorly endowed school with teachers of little means and no brilliance. Despite everything, everyone, with the headmaster ahead, did everything they could. There was in particular a very conscientious initiator of modern French, Dr. Philipp Schifflin, author of Instructions pour l'enseignement du français en trois leçons. At the age of 14 Friedrich had to leave the Barmen college for the Elberfeld secondary school, which was part of the Lutheran community in the town. He was called back by his father on 15 September 1837 and began working as a commercial employee in the family business in Barmen. The environment in which the young Engels lived brought him into contact with a social reality, the factory workers. He would therefore talk about it in full knowledge of the facts. However, this reality was still unknown to his fellow Karl Marx, who came from a background of lawyers and civil servants. In the workshop, reports Friedrich Engels Jr,

The master usually reads the Bible and sometimes sings a hymn with his companions, the main thing being the condemnation of his neighbour [...].

The young Engels was horrified the day he discovered the living conditions of the workers in what he would call his father's dark satanic mill[437].

Three out of five people, he wrote, die of phtisia, and all this comes from alcoholism. In fact, it would not matter so much if the owners did not run their factories in such a senseless way [...]. But the lower classes in the Wupper valley, especially the factory workers, are in dire straits. Syphilis and tuberculosis are spreading incredibly fast. In Elberfeld alone, out of 2 500 school-age children, 1,200 are taken away from school and grow up in the factories just so that the manufacturer does not have to pay an adult double the salary he gives to a child who takes his place. But the rich manufacturers have an elastic conscience and letting one more or less child wither away does not lead any pietistic soul to hell, especially if, every Sunday, it goes to church twice[438].

 

 

Figure 51: Wuppertal today

 

 

In the bleacheries of that time, boys, from the age of eight, and girls worked from seven or seven thirty in the morning until ten or eleven in the evening[439]. And after work,

Every evening you can hear the joyful companions going through the streets and singing their songs. But these are the most vulgar licentious songs that have ever come to lips inflamed by alcohol. You never hear one of those popular songs that are known throughout the rest of Germany and of which we can be proud. All the taverns are full, especially on Saturdays and Sundays. In the evening at eleven o'clock, when they close, the drunks gush out of them and most of them drink their wine in the gutters[440].

In 1876, Engels will still evoke those workers who were looking for an escape in drunkenness. Despite the half-century that had passed, he saw again these entire bands of drunkards who

From 9 o'clock in the evening [went] with a wobbly step holding the whole width of the street and uutering discordant shouts from estaminet to estaminet, only to finally end up at home.

Around 1845 communism spread rapidly among the workers in Elberfeld and the Wupper valley. The police commissioner of Barmen himself was suspected of being a communist. On the strength of this experience, Friedrich Engels refused to continue working with his father. He was disgusted by business, by horse trading, he used to say. He wanted to be a writer and devote himself to the cause of a new world order. As a convinced communist, he believed in the future of communism[441]. And in 1863 Barmen and Elberfeld sent delegations to Leipzig to the founding congress of the Allgemeines Deutsches Arbeiterverein [General union of German workers] under the leadership of the socialist Lassalle[442]. In September 1863, Lassalle himself came to the Wupper valley to start a campaign of unrest in the Rhineland. On the 20th in the great hall of the Sanssouci restaurant he gave his famous Rheinische Rede [Rhineland speech], soon to be called Barmer Rede [Barmen's speech], in front of 2 000 to 3 000 people[443].

 

*

 

The two brothers Adolph and Ferdinand Sartorius did not follow Engels' example. They fit perfectly into the system. In 1831 Adolph left his position with Johann Friedrich Wolff. He and his brother joined forces with Adolph's brother-in-law Wilhelm Keller[444], who had previously worked under the name Wilhelm Keller & Comp. The three men founded the company Keller & Sartorius, specialising in the dyeing of Turkey red yarn[445]. The company was based in Elberfeld and started its activities on 1 August 1831[446]. On this occasion, the three partners sent a circular letter to their customers and suppliers informing them of these changes. The letter ended with this very modern concern for the customer:

We ask you to transfer the trust you have shown so far in our business relations with the new firm. We shall always wirk hard to deserve it[447].

Once again, the beginnings were difficult. Competition was fierce and ecology was not the dominant concern at the time, as Engels testifies:

The narrow river [the Wupper] rolls its purple streams, sometimes fast, sometimes slow, between steaming factories and ribbon-covered meadows. Its bright red colour is not the result of a bloody battle [...] but solely and uniquely the result of the many Turkey red dye works[448].

The colours were not taking well. Risky sales drove the trio, which suffered considerable losses, into bankruptcy. However, even modest, the results could be considered satisfactory. Confidence in the company grew, and its reputation was established both in Elberfeld and far away. The partners, whose reputation was quite honourable, had no lawsuits to bring. Generally considered, they did not lack credit[449].

This Keller & Sartorius company can be followed for about ten years. In 1833 it was listed as Türkischrothgarnfärberei u. Handlung [Turkey red dyeing and trading] in the Offizielles Adress-Buch für Rheinland-Westphalen[450], in 1837 in the négociants [traders] of Elberfeld section of the Almanach du Commerce[451], in 1838 again as Türkischrothgarnfärberei u. Handlung in Haspel and Unterbarmen in the Offizielles Addresses-Buch für Rheinland-Westphalen[452], in 1842 in the teinturiers [dyers] section of Elberfeld, from 1843 to 1846 in the section teinturiers [dyers] of Düsseldorf directory of the Annuaire général du commerce [General commercial yearbook[453]]. We then lose track of it

 

 

Figure >52: Barmen in 1870

 

 

In fact, the Sartorius brothers seem to have regained their independence as early as the early 1840s. Adolph Sartorius is qualified as a merchant in Barmen in 1839[454] and founded his own firm, A. Sartorius & Comp. in Düsseldorf in 1841[455]. In 1850, the firm, qualified as Türkischroth-Garn-Färberei u. Handlung, was established Hofgartenstraβe, 179, in the district of Pempelfort[456]. In 1851, Adolph exhibited his Turkey red yarn at the industrial exhibition in London[457]. In 1852, he exhibited at the Provinzial-Gewerbe-Austellung für Rheinland und Westphalen [Trade exhibition for Rhineland and Westphalia] in Düsseldorf itself[458]. In 1862 he brought his sons Otto and Moritz into the business[459]. Finally, in 1865, he was one of the three Düsseldorf Turkey red manufacturers. At that time, he employed 80 workers and produced 6,000 pounds of yarn per week[460]. The business continued to grow and in 1874 it had 106 employees[461].

Ferdinand, for his part, was qualified as a dyer in Barmen in 1839[462] and as owner of dyeing works [Färbereiinhaber] in Barmen in 1844[463]. He appears under his own name in the Annuaire général du commerce [General commercial yearbook] in 1842, 1843 and 1845, under the two entries coton rouge dit de Turquie [red cotton so called Turkish] and teinturier [dyer] from Elberfeld, and in the 1846 yearbook under the single entry négociant [merchant] of Elberfeld, in that of 1849 under the two entries négociant in Barmen and coton rouge dit de Turquie in Elberfeld, in those of 1850, 1851 and 1853 under the single entry coton rouge dit de Turquie of Elberfeld and those of 1852, 1854 and 1855 under the sole entry négociant of Barmen[464].

At a certain point, the two brothers decided to dissolve the community that existed between them. Ferdinand then became the sole owner of the land where the yarn laundry and a double house were built[465].

Ferdinand Sartorius was a man of progress. In 1844 he was one of the founding shareholders of the Schwarzbachthaler Wegebau-Gesellschaft. The purpose of this company with a capital of 12 800 Thaler, of which he held 4 shares out of a total of 512, was to build and maintain a link road from Wupperfeld to the road from Düsseldorf to Schwelm through the Schwarzbach valley. Ferdinand was in good company there, since among the 62 shareholders were, among others, Hösterey and Gauhé and Gottfried Hösterey, who had welcomed him at the beginning, or Friedrich von Eynern and his son, also named Friedrich, who were involved in the wholesale trade of indigo[466].

 

 

Figure 53: the theatre of Elberfeld

 

 

In 1845, Ferdinand Sartorius helped create the Gas-Beleuchtungs-Gesellschaft zu Barmen [Gas lighting company of Barmen]. This company produced gas from coal to supply the 332 streetlamps planned throughout the city. The 90 000 Thaler of the capital of this public limited company was divided between the city of Barmen (20 000 Thaler) and about 40 private shareholders who held 350 shares of 200 Thaler each[467]. The gasworks, located on the site of today's Wartburgstraβe came into operation less than three years later, on 24 January 1848[468]. Among the shareholders of the Gas-Beleuchtungs-Gesellschaft[469] zu Barmen were the top brass of the Barmen employers' association, including August Engels, uncle of the famous Friedrich Engels, Marx's sidekick, and shareholder of the family firm Caspar Engels und Söhne of Barmen[470]. We also met various members of the Barmer erste Gesellschaft Concordia 1801, a club founded in 1801 by twenty-five Barmen merchants to promote evenings in a pleasant atmosphere[471]. In the end, Barmen's society was perhaps less uneducated than Engels claimed. According to a trade journal in 1868,

the Concordia society is the focal point of all cultured people. Richly endowed, it takes pride in being the protector and promoter of the arts and sciences. In the society's salons, the Barmer Kunstverein [Barmen's artistic union] holds an exhibition of paintings in the summer. In winter, the elegant halls are used for musical events or lectures by famous scholars. Scientific conferences are organised by a "Comité für wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen" [Committee for scientific conferences[472]].

In the previous year Ferdinand had also participated in the establishment of a theatre in Elberfeld, the Theaterverein in Elberfeld. Here, too, he found himself in the company of 75 notabilities from Barmen, but also from Elberfeld. These included the industrialists Friedrich August Jung, Christian Jung and Johann Friedrich Wolff, who had guided Adolph's textile debut, and Adolph's mother-in-law, Mrs. widow Bargmann. The financing requirement was 40 000 Thaler, of which 28 000 were contributed in the form of 280 shares of 100 Thaler each, of which Ferdinand Sartorius held two[473]. The theatre opened with the comedy Le verre d'eau [The glass of water] by Eugène Scribe[474].

 

Figure 54: share of the theatre of Elberfeld

 

 

Ferdinand devoted himself to his business until his retirement in Cleves[475]. His daughter Emma lived there. She had married a royal notary, Joseph Hopmann, and had twelve children[476].However,  Ferdinand died in Barmen on 4 December 1854[477]. He died at about half past three in the afternoon in the house of his son Adolph, where he spent a few days. His son and daughter-in-law had taken care of him in his last moments, during which he received the last sacraments[478]. His wife followed him to the grave eight years later[479]. Their youngest daughter Maria Lisetta, who had been orphaned, got married in 1864. She married Richard Friedrich Houben[480], son of a notary from Düren and, through his mother, descended from a family of papermakers[481].

In 1857, the land in Barmen was the source of a lawsuit between Anna Gertrud Heidkamp and her children on the one hand and the city of Barmen on the other, which claimed to charge them 364 Reichsthaler and 24 Groschen for the paving costs of the adjacent streets, which dated back to 1817! On January 27, 1859, the case came before the Cologne court of appeal, which ruled in favour of the Sartorius under a thirty-year statute of limitations. The city of Barmen went to the supreme court of appeal, which upheld the judgment. Finally, on 5 June1860, the Rhine senate confirmed the decision of the court of cassation[482].

 

 

Figure 55: Joseph and Emma Hopmann

 

 

The youngest of the Sartorius brothers, Ludwig Philipp Gerlach, followed in the footsteps of his elders. Like them, he became a Turkey red dyer in Barmen[483]. He later specialised in the dyeing of silk[484]. To tell the truth, the industry in the Wupper valley was very adaptable in its choice of raw materials. In the first half of the 18th century, linen was dominant. Cotton definitively supplanted it at the turn of the century, before beginning its decline in the 1820s. Silk then became increasingly important before reaching its peak in the mid-19th century[485]. Ludwig died at the age of 46 on 1 October 1848. His wife, Maria Catharina Nolte or Nolden, had died on 20 January 1845[486]. They left five children, the eldest of whom was just over ten years old[487].

 

*

 

Ferdinand Sartorius lived in the right half of a large and beautiful double house at the Haspeler Brücke. His son Adolph and his family occupied the left half.

 

Figure 56: bourgeois houses in Unterbarmen

 

 

Adolph Sartorius, the eldest son of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius, stayed in Barmen. Here he owned a ribbon and trimmings factory, one of Elberfeld's specialities[488]. His marriage to Rosalie Drissen was soon followed by the birth of four children, Anna on 14 February 1845[489], Ferdinand on 10 April 1846[490], Adolph on 28 July 1847[491] and Rosalie on 19 August 1848[492].

In the years 1846 and 1847 the Wupper valley experienced a severe economic crisis, mass misery and a steep rise in food prices which led to famine. In the first half of 1847, the five Elberfeld soup kitchens served up to 4 000 rations a day. Nearly 40% of the population lived on welfare[493].

The repercussions of the Paris revolution of 1848 soon reached Germany. However, the German revolution had its own character. In addition to political and social demands, it added national aspirations to its originality. As early as May 1848, a pan-German national assembly met in Frankfurt am Main. It attempted to achieve German unity. However, it soon divided itself into those who wanted a greater Germany with Austria (Großdeutsche) and those who wanted a smaller Germany without Austria (Kleindeutsche). The latter prevailed. In March 1849 they offered the hereditary imperial crown to the Prussian king Frederick William IV. Austria recalled its deputies. The king of Prussia, however, refused to accept a crown picked up in the street. Spirits began to ferment. At the beginning of May 1849, popular uprisings broke out all over Germany[494], particularly in the Palatinate and the grand duchy of Baden.

 

Figure 57: the revolution of 1848 in Germany

 

 

In the Rhineland, Elberfeld, which we have seen the importance of as a centre of the workers' movement, was one of the hotbeds of insurrection. Far from pangermanist political concerns, the workers and chamber weavers wanted higher wages and better living conditions. In March 1848, the workers in the nearby town of Solingen destroyed and set fire to the largest company in the country of Berg, Hasenclever, Burlage & Co. On 18 March in Elberfeld a demonstration degenerated. Workers invaded a factory and destroyed machinery. The arrival of the military prevented further damage. A year later, the decision of the Prussian government to mobilise the Landwehr completed the heating-up. On 9 May 1849, the workers of Solingen joined those of Elberfeld. The insurgents looted the arsenals and built barricades. They attacked the troops and stormed the prison, from which they freed their comrades arrested because of the events of the previous year. On 11 May, they set up a security committee to support the movement and ensure coordination between the Revolutionary commune of Elberfeld and the Solingen insurgents. However, on 16 May the movement collapsed under military pressure. A state of siege reigned in the circles of Hagen, Iserlohn, Elberfeld, and Solingen. The Prussian army crushed the uprising in blood. The insurgents fled or hid. Some were arrested. The trial of 26 insurgents from Solingen in 1850 ended with 11 heavy sentences[495].

One of the barricades erected by the Elberfeld insurgents was at the Haspeler Brücke, near the Sartorius house. Rosalie Drissen, who was three months pregnant and worried about the turn of events, took refuge with her four children at her parents' home in Rheydt, which had remained calm. Adolph stayed in Barmen to protect his belongings[496]. This was not a style clause. Louis Lekebusch, son of Ludwig Lekebusch, co-owner of the Turkey red dyeing factory Schöler & Lekebusch in Elberfeld, who was fourteen years old at the time, reported years later:

The events of 1849 made a deep impression on my childhood soul. Barricades were erected in Elberfeld and the rabble looted the house of mayor [Oberbürgermeister] von Carnap and destroyed the furniture and equipment. I was present when the rioters stormed the prison and violently broke down the door of the old reformed church to ring the bell. I also saw the soldiers from Düsseldorf arrive and, as we lived near the town hall in the Burgstraße, I watched from our window the fighting around the barricades in Schwannenstraße, on which unfortunately captain von Uttenhoven died, and I could hear the sound of cannonballs further back. My mother ran away with us children to relatives in Barmen and I will never forget how we had to cross the barricades of the Haspeler Brücke[497].

 

*

 

When the peace and quiet returned, the Sartorius family had a succession of births. Emma Elisabeth, who did not live, was born in 1849[498], Hélène in 1851[499], Elisa in 1856[500], Maria in 1860[501] and Carl in 1862[502].

At mealtimes, the Sartorius children had to keep quiet, obey and eat whatever came on the table. They attended schools in Elberfeld[503]. Ferdinand can be found at the grammar school in Elberfeld during the school year 1861-1862[504]. Later Anna was boarded at the Calvarienberg [Calvary] near Altenahr[505]. Adolph insisted that when they came home at five o'clock, his children should sit around the big table and do their homework. This was the time when he returned from his factory. The children recognised his arrival by the creaking of his boots on the stairs.

Although the family lived in Barmen, they went to the Laurentiuskirche [St. Lawrence church] in Elberfeld. It was the only church where they could make their first communion and confirmation. On the feast of St. Lawrence on 10 August, there was a beautiful procession. Barmen also had his processions.

As Rosalie testified, she and her brothers and sisters had a beautiful youth. Their parents brought them a lot of joy. There were many walks, big and small, in and out of the garden. Once their father even gave them a punch [Bowle] at Einsil's house in Elberfeld's garden, which made them very happy[506]. The girls had many friends with whom they often organised big parties [große Visitten]. Once Rosalie Drissen had even brought an organ to the house, which the girls danced and had a lot of fun on. In the afternoons, the Sartorius girls were allowed to go for a walk in the Blueberry Wood [Waldbeerenbusch], where they picked cranberries [Preiselbeere]. On summer evenings they went to Hamerschmidt's house in the Christ Wood [Christbusch[507]] to drink milk. However, even when they had an invitation, they had to go home for their piano lessons.

 

Figure 58: Saint Lawrence church in Elberfeld

 

 

Later, the Sartorius children regularly visited their grandparents Drissen. The latter had retreated to Honnef, a small water town on the banks of the Rhine, 20 kilometres south of Bonn. In the spring, several of the children spent holidays there. They first took the steamboat to Düsseldorf. They then travelled about 60 kilometres up the Rhine. Their good grandmother picked them up at the steamer landing stage in Königswinter, opposite Bonn. She gave them fruit from her garden which she had brought with her[508]. Her grandchildren would not hesitate to plunder her large and beautiful garden full of fruit trees. They had a lot of good times on this beautiful estate[509].

 

Figure 59: 1848 Christmas gift of E. Sartorius[510]

 

 

Despite the years and the deaths, the Sartorius family remained united. Thus, Adolph Sartorius and his uncle Adolph Ludwig continued to care for the orphaned children of their uncle and brother Ludwig. Their names were Julie, Hugo, Heinrich, Maria and Ottilie. One of their maternal uncles, Nolden, was their guardian. Since 1848, Adolph Ludwig had a debt of 500 Thaler against his brother Ludwig[511]. In 1860, with compound interest, it amounted to 813,17 Thaler. After consultation with his sons and nephew Adolph Ludwig, Adolph Ludwig decided to donate it to Ludwig's children. He gave 125 Thaler to Julie[512], who was already married to a Mr. Johann Müller, landlord in Borgentreich[513]. He gave the same amount to Hugo[514], who was about to turn 23[515], 150 Thaler to Heinrich and the remaining 413,17 Thaler to the last two children, Maria and Ottilie. The corresponding sums were partly paid to the beneficiaries and partly invested. For the last two, they were entirely invested in commercial paper[516].

 

*

 

 

In 1862, Adolph Sartorius joined forces with the merchant Sigismund Störtländer to found Störtländer & Sartorius, based in Barmen[517]. Less than two years later, he was struck in the prime of life by liver and bladder disease[518], which he died of within three weeks[519]. However, he had taken the waters twice in Carlsbad, which brought him relief[520].

In the morning, you drunk 3 to 6 glasses and the mineral water, steam, and mud baths from the Franzensbader marshland are used with great success[521].

 

Figure 60: Carlsbad in the 1850's

 

 

After having received the sacraments of the Church several times, he died at midnight on 3 February 1864, at the age of 44[522]. He was remembered as an upright man who had a sense of duty and acted as a Christian in all circumstances of life. His marriage to Rosalie Drissen had been so happy and his death so sudden that his obituary notice included the famous verse from the epistle of Saint Paul to the Romans:

How incomprehensible the Lord's decisions are and how impenetrable his ways are[523].

Adolph Sartorius was buried in the Barmen cemetery. . On his way to Elberfeld in 1903, his son Carl was able to visit his father's grave in Elberfeld in 1903. He placed tulips and daffodils there[524].

 

Figure 36 : the Sartorius's in Barmen

 

 

He was barely survived by his uncle Adolph Ludwig, who died in Düsseldorf on 3 March 1866[525].

 

*

 

Rosalie Drissen found herself a widow with eight children, the eldest being 18 years old and the youngest a year and a half old. She took her daughter Rosalie to boarding school in Münstereifel for general and domestic education, to learn the piano and to learn manual work. The lively atmosphere in Münstereifel soon restored Rosalie's weakened strength and she was able to visit one of her cousins Sartorius, a priest in the Eifel, who lived with her mother and sisters[526]. After a year she left the boarding school in tears. Anna also went to boarding school in Aachen to prepare for a teaching exam. Helene was placed in another school, the Calvarienberg, where Anna had already been[527].

With the death of her husband, Rosalie Drissen became co-owner of the Störtländer & Sartorius business. The partners agreed to keep the company, but Rosalie was not allowed to represent or sign for it and she had to take over her share of the assets and liabilities[528].

In November 1865, Rosalie Drissen moved from Barmen to Boppard on the Rhine near Koblenz[529]. There she made good friends. In September 1866, her ten-year-old daughter Elisa died of typhoid fever. She was a gifted little girl with great promise.

 

Figure 62: Boppard

 

 

In November 1867, the golden wedding of the Drissen grandparents gave rise to great festivities that brought the whole family together[530]. Anna and Helene had left their boarding houses for the occasion. They and Rosalie arrived in Königswinter the day before and were picked up by the grandparents' discovery car. Peter Drissen, despite his 85 years of age, and his wife were still alert. On the day of the party, Carl, then five years old, had to open fire and recite a poem:

I am the youngest of your grandchildren's troupe, and I bring my best wishes to the couple celebrating their jubilee, and so on.

At lunch, the biggest and most beautiful apples and pears from the garden adorned the table. Under his plate, everyone found a picture of the grandparents. There was a variety of entertainment. There were songs about episodes from the grandparents' lives. In the evening, the younger generation fired fireworks. Rosalie Drissen, her sister, Mrs Compes, and Miss Friedericke Beines, their mother's companion, had organised everything to perfection.

Once the party was over, Anna and Helene returned to their respective boarding houses. Later they became teachers. Rosalie stayed with her mother and the last two, Maria and Carl, in Boppard. Ferdinand and Adolph, who had been trained in business, left for France and then England[531]. We will find Ferdinand and Carl in the following chapters. As for Adolph, he later left for the United States[532], before returning to Hamburg as a fabric commissioner[533]. One might have expected that Adolph Sartorius's sons would have taken over from their father in the Störtländer & Sartorius business. This was not the case. Was business bad? Did the crisis triggered by the American Civil War (1861-1865), which interrupted the supply of the Wupper Valley with cotton, its main raw material, play a role? Was Störtländer a difficult partner? Was he abusing the situation[534]? This, combined with the fact that the mother and daughters had to work, suggests that the family certainly suffered a setback when the father died. This impression is reinforced by Carl's reflection at the grave of the father he had barely known:

 

Figure 63: Ferdinand, Adolph, and Carl Sartorius

 

 

I spent half an hour at the grave and thought about everything that happened because of Daddy's untimely death[535],

And by this sentence of Rosalie Drisse's mortuary picturen:

What sustained her in the many blows of fate was her unshakeable and never wavering trust in God[536].

 

*

 

The life of Rosalie Drissen and her daughters in Boppard was quite social. Her daughter Rosalie had many friends there. She participated in a circle of about fifteen girls. Every week, these girls organised excursions, started a choir and danced at the casino. They put on plays at 50 Pfennig the entrance, the proceeds of which went to the poor. However, Rosalie Drissen, an accomplished housewife, did not neglect to teach her daughter housework. Rosalie had to learn how to sew, mend, iron, clean and cook. She completed her training in this last area with an internship at the Laacher Hof Hotel in Cologne. During her stay in Cologne, she lived with her uncle Compes at the cloister of the Holy Apostles [Apostelnkloster[537]].

 

 

Figure 64: Rosalie Drissen about 1875

 

 

In 1870 war broke out with France. It was rumoured that the French were approaching. The Sartorius family fled to Holland to stay with relatives. The turn of events, however, enabled them to return to Boppard soon afterwards. They lived near the railway station. They saw the trains of French prisoners passing by. Once, a group of prisoners rushed to the Sartorius house asking for coffee with sugar. The French officers, prisoners on parole, joined Boppard's good society. The German heroes returning to their homeland also passed through Boppard station. They were regaled and taken back to their trains with flowers and wreaths. The winter of 1870-1871 was so cold that Rosalie's clothes froze once she brought coffee to the soldiers[538].

In 1875 the Drissen grandparents died a few months apart[539]. Then Rosalie Drissen and her three daughters Anna, Rosalie and Helene opened a boarding school in Bonn[540], Endenicher Allee, 7[541], to provide general, musical, and housekeeping training for young girls[542]. The fact that Rosalie Drissen and her daughters were obliged to earn their living is probably confirmation of the fact that they were in a difficult material situation, perhaps aggravated by the death of their parents and grandparents.

Maria, who was only fifteen years old at the time, was still studying. She also attended the Cologne conservatory. Later she was a great help to her mother. Life at the boarding school was intense and the spirit was excellent. Anna, Helene and Maria were in charge of the general education, which often called on outside teachers. The two Rosalie, mother, and daughter were in charge of the housekeeping. They were regularly attended by young boarders who had been trained for this purpose. Rosalie Drissen wanted the food to be good, to everyone's satisfaction. The boarders were entitled to many distractions. Excursions were organised. They went to concerts. They went to see a good play. Conversely, they gave performances to which we invited famous ladies. Sometimes the festivities took place in the Sartorius house itself, especially on the feast of the patron saint of the pupils and on Shrove Tuesday. The number of boarders ranged from twelve to twenty. The affair lasted eighteen years, until 1893[543].

Rosalie Drissen and her daughters then moved to Koblenz where they stayed for several years. Unfortunately, the mother suffered from rheumatism. She therefore moved to Honnef, where her parents had lived. The mild climate helped her recover. Her daughters took turns with her.

 

 

Figure 65: Bad Honnef around 1900

 

*

 

In 1893, Maria left the mother's home. She accepted a position as a tutor in France with vice-admiral Humann[544]. She thus entered French high society. On her father's side, the admiral was the grandson of a man from Strasbourg, Georges Humann (1780-1842), a businessman, deputy of the Bas-Rhin and minister of finance under the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy. His maternal grandfather, Armand Charles Guilleminot (1780-1842), was a general of the Empire and ambassador. His father, Jules Humann (1809-1857), had a career in diplomacy. He himself (1838-1914), who graduated from the Ecole Navale in 1857, campaigned in the Pacific Ocean, Syria, Mexico, Cochinchina, Korea and the China Sea during the Second Empire. He took part in the defence of Paris in 1870 and ended his career as chief of staff of the Navy and chief of staff to the minister. At the age of 45, he married Isabelle de Bouthillier-Chavigny, who was twenty years younger than him and was a descendant of Claude Bouthillier, count of Chavigny, superintendent of finance, and Léon Bouthillier, count of Chavigny, secretary of state for foreign affairs, during the reign of Louis XIII[545].

 

 

Figure 66: vice-admiral Humann

 

 

The admiral had eight children: Odette, who was 12 years old in 1896, Marie, 11 years old, Jean, 9 years old, Edgar, 7 years old, Henri, 6 years old, Joseph, 5 years old, Septime - the parents had no imagination to find a name for their seventh child -, 3 years old, and Georges, 9 months old, who escaped the name Octave[546].

We do not know if this is the fruit of the education Maria Sartorius gave them. Nevertheless, the Humann children distinguished themselves afterwards. Odette married François de Wendel, the famous forge master, president of the Committee of the Forges, regent of the Bank of France and a politician. Marie's fate is unknown. Jean died at the age of 17[547]. Edgar started the 1914-1918 war in the 28th dragon regiment and ended it as a lieutenant airman[548]. He married a Miss Béranger d'Herbemont[549] and made a career in business as general manager and administrator of tin mines in Indochina[550]. Henri, second lieutenant in the 28th dragoon regiment, died of a piece of shrapnel to the head in Artois in October 1914[551]. Joseph married Yvonne Raphaël. Septime married Isaure Marie Clémentine Le Chanoine du Manoir de Juayé[552]. Finally Georges, second lieutenant in the 60th artillery regiment, fell on the Somme in November 1916[553].

 

 

Figure 67: Saint-Méry castle

 

 

Admiral Humann lived in Paris, 15 avenue d'Antin, but he also owned the Château de Saint-Méry, not far from Melun, where the family spent the summer months[554]. It was there that Maria was struck by typhoid. She died in Melun hospital, far from her family, on 11 September 1899. Her last words were sursum corda[555]. A month before her death, she had come to Honnef to rest. She was very gifted and deeply religious. Her death was a great loss for her sisters. Her mother suffered a lot.

 

*

 

Anna was also a tutor in France. Rosalie was a companion in families where the mother was missing. She also played the organ in two convents where she also did needlework. Helene took care of her mother's home and looked after her. She also gave private lessons. In 1902, the three sisters celebrated their mother's 80th birthday with dignity[556]. In 1903, Rosalie Drissen and her daughter Rosalie were visited by their son and brother Carl, who was passing through the region. He found them in good health. He left them a portrait of his son Erich, who was five years old at the time. This gift gave them great pleasure[557].

 

Figure 68: Anna, Rosalie, Helene and Maria Sartorius

 

 

Until the end of her life, Rosalie Drissen remained sane and her health remained satisfactory. She was still happy to take care of household chores. She wrote letters. She played the piano and composed accompaniments for religious songs. In the last six years of her life, her daughters took her for a ride in their pretty Heidelberg car [Heidelbergerwagen], which brought her great joy. She died after a short illness three weeks before her eighty-eighth birthday at 4 p.m. [558] on 17 January 1910 in Honnef[559]. Anna and Rosalie were with her. Helene and Carl, then far away, arrived only after her death.

 

*

 

We will find the trace of Carl, but from then on, the three sisters lived together[560]. Their nephews, Carl's children, knew them as the Honnefer Tanten [Honnef's aunts[561]]. The end of their lives was marked by hardship. They suffered the effects of old age, illness, and the consequences of the First World War[562]. In Germany as in France, the war was a source of inflation, which mainly affected small savers and pensioners. However, the phenomenon became even more widespread across the Rhine. The Allies did not lift their blockade until March 1919. Then came the levies and war reparations, the occupation of the Ruhr and the passive resistance, the internal disorders and uprisings, the conflicts on the eastern borders, the countless strikes that punctuated these events and the physical exhaustion of the workers[563]. It is likely that the modest fortune and scarce resources of the Sartorius sisters melted into the turmoil. In February 1919, they had to abandon their home. They moved to the convent of St. Elise and St. Philomena [Elise-Philomenenstift] in Honnef[564]. Anna died shortly afterwards in April 1919[565] from liver and gallbladder disease. She was buried in Honnef in the Linzerstraße cemetery, where the three sisters had bought a plot for them[566].

 

Figure 69: the Elise-Philomenenstift

 

 

Bad Honnef still experienced the crises that shook the Weimar Republic. In 1923, separatists who wanted to found a Rhenush republic came from Koblenz, occupied the city and, among other things, destroyed the casino (Kursaal). The population organised an armed militia. In November 1923, the two sides clashed on the Aegidienberg, in what the opponents of the separatists called a battle, which they glorified. There were several deaths among the separatists, before the French occupying forces intervened the next day and took the separatists by force[567].

A long life had brought the Sartorius sisters of bourgeois ease to the threshold of misery. They had forgotten themselves to devote themselves to others. Without bitterness and strengthened by her faith, Rosalie wrote in 1920:

 

 

Figure 70: Bad Honnef seen from the Drachenfels

 

 

So, Helene and I are slowly moving towards death. Here at the convent, we can prepare ourselves well for it. Our dear sisters and our good rector are faithfully assisting us. As our God has well disposed[568].

Rosalie died in Honnef on 25 March 1930 and Helene on 13 August 1932[569].

 

*

 

 

 

Chapter five

 

 

 

A PRUSSIAN IN FRANCE

At

 the death of his father, the eldest son of Adolph Sartorius, Ferdinand was only 18 years old. He was destined to become a merchant. In 1867 or 1868, he left for France and England[570]. He probably stayed in Manchester, either then or later[571]. Thanks to the import of Indian cotton, Manchester had developed considerably since the beginning of the 18th century. It had become the largest textile centre in the world[572]. It has also been seen, with regard to Engels, that there were links between Barmen and Manchester manufacturers[573]. It is therefore quite natural that Ferdinand Sartorius stayed there. In fact, during the first half of the 19th century, the sons of good social standing German families went for business and industrial training in England with friends and correspondents[574]. The German presence in Manchester was also considerable: in 1800, 9 of the 12 foreign firms in Manchester were German-owned. They were 97 out of 100 in 1840 and still 153 out of 420 in 1870. And at the end of the 19th century, there were 10 000 Germans there[575]. The cream of this community met every evening at the Schiller Anstalt [Schiller Institute] in Oxford Street. This institute was established in 1859 to provide the German community with a meeting place and cultural comfort for those who were homesick. By the mid-1860s it had 300 members, a library of 4,000 books, a bowling alley, a billiard room, a gymnasium, a well-stocked reading room and an extraordinarily rich programme of events, concerts, lectures, shows, etc[576].

In any case, it is certain that in 1869 Ferdinand Sartorius moved to Paris and worked there for a trading house. The war between France and Prussia broke out the following year. Ferdinand had been discharged from the Prussian army for being short-sighted in September 1869. He did not have to take part in the war. However, his situation as a German in France became untenable[577]. When war was declared on 19 July 1870, any citizen of a country at war with France could continue to reside there as long as his conduct did not give cause for complaint. At the same time, Germans who wanted to return to their country were forbidden to leave. The necessary safe-conduct was only issued on individual application and only to those over 40 years of age, who were thus released from military obligations. In Paris, from 4 August onwards, Germans had three days to go to their local police station and obtain a residence permit. Anyone without one would be treated as a prisoner of war[578]. Under the terms of an order of the military governor of Paris of 28 August, any non-naturalized French person belonging to one of the countries at war with France was required to leave Paris and the department of the Seine and to leave France or withdraw to one of the departments beyond the Loire, on pain of being referred to the military courts[579]. German subjects had to go to the embassy in charge of their country's interests, that of the United States in the case of the Prussians, to be granted safe conduct and to have their passport stamped with the words bon pour sortir[580].

In the case of Ferdinand Sartorius, his trading house sent him to Belgium and the Netherlands at the right time. He remained in these two countries for the duration of the conflict, both for business and pleasure[581]. In Belgium, he was able to stop off in Liege at the home of his aunt Ferdinande Sartorius, who lived there with her husband Peter Drissen. In the Netherlands, he certainly visited his cousins Drissen and Prinzen who were living there. He may even have found his mother and sisters who had taken refuge there at the beginning of the hostilities[582]. He is said to have founded a textile business in the latter country, but he did not get along with the natives and left them[583]. In any case, when peace returned, he settled in Roubaix in 1871 and never left[584].

 

Figure 71: Manchester from Kersal Moor by William Wild, 1857

 

 

Roubaix and its neighbour Tourcoing were then experiencing a lightning development. They were however at the beginning of the century only simple villages. Thanks to accelerated industrialisation, by 1875 they had established themselves as the French wool metropolis, the Manchester of the North, the largest wool centre in the world. Faithful to their tradition, the industrialists had constantly sought to improve the techniques they used. The invention that ensured the triumph of wool over cotton here was the mechanical combing machine introduced in Tourcoing in 1847 and in Roubaix in 1851. The growth of Roubaix is the most striking. Its population went from 8 300 inhabitants in 1800 to 124 661 in 1901. The value of its production rose from 4 million francs in 1801 to 800 million francs in 1890. In 1861, between combing, spinning, and weaving, just under 5 000 tonnes of wool were processed. By 1908, the total was 19 000 tonnes. On the eve of the First World War, Roubaix accounted for nearly 60% of French woollen fabric production. In 1913, Roubaix, Tourcoing and their close suburbs, Croix, Wattrelos, Halluin, etc. gave work to 20 000 workers in 87 spinning mills and 23 000 people in 93 weaving mills. Another 20 000 worked at home. And we are not talking about the combing mills, finishing factories, carpet factories etc. Yet the great economic crises of the century, especially that of 1885, had eliminated the weakest competitors. But, alongside those who had disappeared, the great textile families stood out, even stronger than before. In Roubaix, the number of woollen spinning mills fell from 71 to 38 between 1860 and 1900. At the same time, the exports of fabrics went from 9 000 to 40 000 tons[585].

Ferdinand Sartorius worked as a négociant [merchant] or négociant en tissus [cloth merchant[586]]. As the woollen activity developed, industrialists in Roubaix felt the need to specialise. Upstream of the chain were traders who bought the raw wool on international markets, such as Australia, South Africa, or Argentina, and simply combed it or had it combed by others. Then came the spinners and weavers. Finally, downstream, there were a few specialised traders who sold the fabrics and articles from Roubaix, in France and abroad[587]. In the last third of the 19th century, certain commission houses played a major role in the sale of Roubaix drapery. Ferdinand Sartorius belonged to the latter category, alongside the Bossut father and son, the Daguin-Bulteau, the Lestienne brothers and the Voreux[588].

 

k

Figure 72: a factory in the department of Nord about 1870

 

 

In a deed dated 29 August 1878, Ferdinand Sartorius joined forces with a young man from Roubaix, Oscar Leburque, to set up a general partnership, Sartorius et Leburque, with a capital of 40 000 francs, located in Roubaix, 45 rue du Pays, for a period of nine years[589]. The purpose of the partnership was to buy and sell all kinds of fabrics[590]. At the time of the subscription for the poor of Roubaix opened by the Journal de Roubaix for the winter of 1879-1880, Messrs Sartorius and Leburque jointly gave 50 francs[591]. However, less than four years later, on 16 December 1882, Ferdinand Sartorius requested the dissolution of the company, of which M. Leburque was appointed sole liquidator[592]. It is true that Leburque was mainly concerned with travel and geography, to the point where in 1886 he became a member of the board of the Société de géographie de Lille (Lille geographical society[593]). Ferdinand Sartorius then created his own business, rue Pauvrée, in 1883[594].

One can only wonder why Ferdinand Sartorius moved to France and especially why he returned there after the War of 1870. The latter remained violently Germanophobic. It was inclined to see any subject of the Kaiser as a potential spy. During his time at the War ministry in 1886 and 1887, general Boulanger also undertook an inventory of all foreigners residing in France. In the event of mobilization, it was planned to arrest all the people on this list, known as the carnet A [A notebook], and to intern them as prisoners of war or deport them[595]. However, we tend to forget that France at the turn of the century was already known for its large number of foreign residents. The number of foreign residents rose from 741 000 in 1872 to 1 116 000 in 1911. At the same time, the number of naturalisations rose from 15 300 to 252 000 per year. The share of Germans, which was 17% of all foreigners in 1861, fell naturally after the war of 1870 and then stabilised at 8%. Indeed, cooperation between the two countries had not only resumed but had even increased considerably. Their economic and financial relations had become closer and more extensive at the same time as the two governments were becoming increasingly antagonistic[596]. Thus, the number of Germans living in the Nord department varied between 1,000 and 1,500, half of them in the district of Lille, during the period between the 1870 and 1914 wars, with the total population rising from 1.5 million to 1.8 million over the same period. The number of people in employment was 232 in Roubaix and Tourcoing in 1894 and 1895[597].

 

*

 

After living in Roubaix for almost ten years, Ferdinand Sartorius met Emma Blanpain, a young orphan from Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, a suburb of Brussels, at the Conférence de Saint Vincent de Paul[598]. Through the intermediary of Brussels friends, the Martha's, one of whom was a notary and the other a doctor, the introductions were arranged. The wedding took place in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 7 February 1880[599]. It was a curious marriage, because everything separated the spouses: age of course - he was 33, she was 19 - but also social status. He was the offspring of a good bourgeois family. She came from a very modest background of small workers who had become building contractors. Perhaps this is enough to explain why Emma Blanpain was welcomed fairly freshly into her in-laws[600]. Rosalie Drissen had nevertheless travelled from Bonn to Brussels to attend the wedding[601].

 

 

Figure 73: Roubaix, la place du Trichon

 

 

After a honeymoon in Nice[602], Ferdinand and Emma Sartorius settled in Roubaix, first 39 rue d'Inkermann, then Place du Trichon and finally 34 rue Pauvrée. It was in one or other of these three houses that their ten children were born, Fernand in 1880, Pierre in 1881, Emile in 1883, Marie in 1885, Hélène in 1887, Adolphe in 1888, Henri in 1889, Louise in 1893, Jean in 1895 and Rose-Anne in 1897. Pierre died young, in 1895[603].

 

Figure 74: Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Blanpain

 

 

In any case, it seems that Ferdinand Sartorius easily fitted into the mould of the solid and diversified structures of the aristocracy of the businessmen of the Nord, naturally and substantially paternal or paternalistic, as one might wish. Their taste for order, their sense of authority, of family and business, but also the simplicity they brought to human relations, everything about them commanded this attitude. This industrial aristocracy always remained faithful to a broad and cordial hospitality, where the child was king[604]. In truth, these industrial families of the North constituted a remarkably homogenous environment. They were numerous and closely linked by marriage. In terms of faith, they adhered to a fervent Catholicism. In politics they were conservative. In a secular and republican France, these orientations constituted the foundation of a true particularism and a cement of unity[605].

 

 

Figure : house of the Sartorius family rue d'Inkermann

 

*

 

At the end of 1893, after twenty-four years of residence in France, Ferdinand Sartorius was well settled. He owned 150 000 francs, earned 30 000 francs a year and enjoyed public esteem. He applied for naturalisation, to benefit from the advantages it entailed. Behind this stereotypical formula, it must be seen that his wife, who was Belgian, and his children, all born in France, had no reason to want to settle in Germany one day. Moreover, for the boys, the question of military service would soon arise[606]. Finally, the law of 8 August 1893 on the residence of foreigners in France and the protection of national labour seriously complicated things for those who wanted to work there. Any foreigner who was not admitted to the country had to make a declaration of residence at the town hall within eight days of his arrival, proving his identity, entered in a register, on pain of sanctions which could go as far as being banned from French territory. The period granted to foreigners already exercising a profession, trade, or industry when the law was promulgated expired on 1 December 1893[607]. Ferdinand Sartorius made his declaration at Roubaix town hall on 22 September. Although he was far from being the only German in Roubaix, his status as a merchant placed him clearly above most of his compatriots, nurses, mechanics, housekeepers, maids and chambermaids[608]. In short, it became easier to apply for naturalisation.

But the case was not self-evident. Ferdinand filed his application with the prefecture du Nord in December 1893. It took more than a year to process the case. It saw two antagonistic points of view, that of the prefect of the Nord and that of the ministry of justice. On 26 April 1894, the prefecture acknowledged that Ferdinand seemed to have lost all spirit of returning to his country but slipped this perfidious remark into his political opinions in a deeply secular and republican France: he was believed to be reactionary. The reasoned opinion signed by the deputy secretary general of the prefecture clearly concluded:

The prefect of the Nord is of the opinion that Mr. Sartorius' request should be rejected.

At the beginning of June 1894, an official of the ministry of justice summarised the prefect's opinion for the attention of his superiors:

The applicant is of Prussian origin and reactionary. His entire family lives in Germany. Unfavourable opinion of the prefect[609].

The recent French law of 26 June 1889 on naturalisation set out the procedures for acquiring French nationality for children born in France to foreign parents born abroad, which was the case for Sartorius children. It stipulated that young foreigners born in France and who, at the time of their majority, would be domiciled in France would be French, unless they declined French nationality in the year preceding their majority. The 1889 law was conceived in the wake of the 1871 defeat and the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. In a spirit of revenge on Germany, it further relaxed the conditions for naturalisation laid down by the previous law of 1851, to increase the number of French citizens and therefore soldiers. It also aimed to put an end to the resentment of young French people towards young foreigners residing in France who escaped military service, which lasted three years at the time[610].

The apostille from the highest hierarchical level of the ministry of justice is clearly situated in this perspective of a France which was then going through a demographic crisis which placed it in a weak position vis-à-vis Germany, particularly in the military field:

What is the refect basing his rejection opinion on? The applicant has 8 children, including 5 boys, all born in France, whom it would be interesting to make irreversibly French.

On 4 June, the decision-making authority indicated:

Ask the prefect to specify the reasons for his opinion to the contrary: he [Ferdinand Sartorius] is believed to be reactionary, the report says. This formula is vague and insufficient.

The prefect of the Nord replied on 29 June 1894:

It results from the enquiry which I have had carried out that Sartorius Pierre Ferdinand, a German subject who is applying for naturalisation, has never shown hostility towards the government of the Republic; but he is believed to be reactionary because of his relations; moreover, because of his nationality he inspires no confidence; moreover, it is not known what he did during the campaign of 1870-1871.

The ministry of justice official who was investigating the case made this comment in the margin of this reply:

The prefect of the Nord persists in his unfavourable opinion for the very vague reasons set out herewith. [Ferdinand Sartorius] was dismissed for myopia in September 1869. The certificates show that during the war [of] 1870, he was sent by his trading house to Belgium. Favourable information on conduct and morals. Proposal with a view to subsequent naturalisation, to ensure the status of Frenchman for the eight minor children.

On January 5, 1895, his superior supported:

24 years of residence. No facts reproachable in any way. Negative criminal record. Assumptions that are not supported by anything. Same proposition.

The minister of justice apostilled the report of one approved the same day[611]. Ferdinand Sartorius was thus naturalised as a French citizen by decree of the President of the Republic of 25 February 1895[612]. The Dreyfus affair, which was still only a case of espionage for Germany, had started four months earlier[613].

 

*

 

Ferdinand travelled abroad on business. He often went to London, as the following anecdote shows:

A cloth merchant in the Rue Pauvree, Mr Sartorius, was, on Saturday [1st December 1900], the victim of a swindler who extorted a sum of 20 francs from him by the following means:

The swindler introduced himself to Mr Sartorius, saying that his name was Constant Becquet, that he was a commercial employee in London and that he had met Mr Sartorius a few years ago in that city. When the presentation was over, the individual recounted that his wallet containing 12 pounds sterling and two cheques, one for 325 francs and the other for 525 francs, had been stolen. Feeling pity for the unfortunate man, who seemed to be on the pavement without a penny or a stitch, Mr. Sartorius gave him 20 francs, which his visitor had asked for.

However, as the visitor's allegations were found to be false, Mr Sartorius lodged a complaint with Mr Grimaldi, police commissioner of the 5th district, who put his officers on the lookout for the swindler[614].

In December 1891, Ferdinand Sartorius undertook a great business trip through Switzerland and Italy to Sicily. The late 19th century German had inherited a wandering mood from his Germanic ancestors. And then he had to travel a lot to do business. In Germany there was not, as in France, a Paris where everything had to be dealt with. You had to go from Düsseldorf to Cologne, from Stuttgart to Bremen, from Munich to Berlin to prospect, to negotiate, to check, if only to keep in touch and see what was being done elsewhere. The German businessman was always on the road, between two cities. Everywhere in the world one met the Germans, great travellers before the Eternal One. But they were best found in Italy. From time immemorial they had crossed the Alps, emperor Henry IV to go to Canossa, but also Frederick II to settle there permanently, Dürer or Goethe to look for inspiration. They were all attracted by the glory of the sun, the sweetness of life, the chianti, the juicy fruits, the ancient remains, the Renaissance painting[615].

Luckily, some of the letters Ferdinand Sartorius wrote to his wife at that time have come down to us. They reveal a rich personality[616].

First of all, we can see that Ferdinand was fluent in French. He had a gift for languages and spoke four or five of them[617]. No sooner had he arrived in Italy than he could write:

I have already made good progress in Italian during these few days. I understand what they say and as I am learning my little book in my hand all the time, I will speak well or fairly well when I return compared to the short time [I will have spent in Italy].

He had travelled a lot, by the way. References to Paris, Nice, Brussels or England are numerous under his pen. He was very friendly and chatted with all his neighbours. On the train between Basel and Lucerne he spoke with the foreman of a Belgian glass factory. Between Milan and Rome, he talked with a patriotic Milanese, magnificent of pictorial words and parables, when speaking of Italy, his country.

Curious about everything, he faithfully reported to his wife his conversations, his impressions, the landscapes he had travelled through, the atmosphere of the cities. He described his itinerary from Basel to Lucerne, from Lucerne to Milan through the Gotthard tunnel, from Milan to Rome and from there to Naples and then by boat to Sicily. Historical reminiscences are frequent in his letters. He recalls the story of William Tell as he walks along the lake of Lucerne. The visit to the Colosseum inspired him to consider the influence of excessive wealth, the abuse of pleasure and circus games in the decadence of Rome[618]. Like any good German, he had to explore Italy, Baedeker in hand, conscientiously, methodically, in a way that we French would consider a little ridiculous[619]. He visited everything, in Milan the Duomo and the Campo Santo, in Rome the Vatican, many churches, the Forum and the Pantheon and in Naples the ruins of Pompei.

He was an attentive observer of the crowds he met and described them in a concise but always very telling manner. Few toilets, few female figures but few good Italian types still here, he wrote in Milan. Men's types were not very pronounced, too English [sic], women's types sucked, too brown Brussels women, he says, probably with a touch of irony towards his wife, about the crowds that frequented the gardens of the Pincio in Rome. What beauty in the sap of this people, what decadence in the populace of the city, he says of Naples. But the picturesque was waiting for him in Sicily, during a stop on the road: I had a famous lunch among people who look like half-brigands without much beard, and to continue: they are a false people, distrustful, deceiving everyone but sober and living by little[620].

 

Figure 76 : the trip of Ferdinand Sartorius to Italie

 

 

Music lover Ferdinand Sartorius organised Sunday concerts with his children, each playing a different instrument[621]. In Italy, therefore, he never missed an opportunity to go to the opera. In Milan,

they gave Carmen. They sang quite well and played very well. The people were born here as musicians. Endless encores, 3 or 4 times.

In Palermo he will listen to

in the evening William Tell at the Opera with Maurel de Paris, the famous baritone, and above all Tamagno, the first living tenor who finally for the first time in my life satisfied me. He is simply stunning in voice, strength, art and appearance. He is almost a giant[622].

The conclusion drawn by Ferdinand Sartorius from this journey must not have been very different from the one that a Frenchman, a fine connoisseur of Germany, lends to our neighbours:

[In the end] one is only at home, among oneself. It is not chauvinism; it's a predilection for physical, social and moral comfort, as the German bourgeoisie knew how to organise it[623].

 

 

 

Figure 77: Maurel and Tamagno

 

 

This is not a case of pure intent. Ferdinand Sartorius faithfully recorded his remarks about the material conditions of his journey. The cuisine in the restaurants in Milan is excellent and very cheap. The hotel is simple, southern, i.e. cool, and there are no English style lobby in Rome. In Palermo, the Hotel de France run by a gentleman from Cologne is very good. Ah, as soon as you meet up with Germans, or even Rhinelanders ...

Ferdinand Sartorius probably did not remain insensitive to feminine charm. In any case, he made this amusing remark in Milan:

I would get first prize for baldness here. So, I think I would give little in the eyes of the fairer sex and would mourn my vanity if I still had to do it or if I were single.

Incidentally, he did not seem inclined to metaphysical speculation. His visit to the catacombs of the Capuchin convent in Palermo only inspired him to this reflection:

I saw an enormous convent cellar where there are 800 dry, skeletal, fully clothed dead looking at you. The impression is very interesting, but it did not leave me with the horror that some people find there. It takes a year for a dead person to be stored in specially ventilated cellars; then there is no smell, everything is dry. That is death. You think when you go out that it is quite simple to die[624]

 

 

Figure 78: the Friars catacombs in Palermo

 

 

Nevertheless, the main purpose of his trip was still business. He alludes to this. In Milan, for example, he had seen all the customers and caused new things to be done for this country. In Palermo he had met his agent, a certain Mr. Becker, a German if one judges by his name[625].

Ferdinand Sartorius had entered the business world of the Nord without any apparent difficulty and his affairs were going well. However, the Sartorius family was reminded of their foreign origins. Worse still, they came from the enemy country par excellence, Prussia. At the very chic Notre Dame des Victoires college in Roubaix, where they continued their studies, Adolphe and Henri[626] were pursued by their comrades to the cries of ugly Prussians. Emma Blanpain, in particular, suffered greatly from this[627].

 

 

Figure 79: Emma Blanpain and her children in 1900[628]

 

 

Ferdinand Sartorius died of heart disease in Roubaix on 2 December 1901, at the age of 55, after having been bedridden for a year[629]. His death marked the separation of the German and French branches of the family. A quarrel between Rosalie Drissen and Emma Blanpain was not for nothing. The two women fought over a pension that Ferdinand, as a good son, paid to his mother, but which Emma refused to continue paying to her mother-in-law. In Emma Blanpain's defence, it must be said that the disappearance of her husband placed her family in a difficult situation[630].

 

*

 

Rather than a long speech, we shall conclude this chapter on two tables and a picture to establish a bridge across the 20th century.

 

Figure 80: the children of Ferdinand Sartorius

 

 

 

Figure 81: the descendants of Adolphe Sartorius

 

 

Figure 82: Sartorius family gathering in the department of Nord in October 1984

 

*

 

 

Figure 83: map of Roubaix showing the Sartorius facility (centre)

 

 

Chapter six

 

 

 

FROM A WAR TO ANOTHER

T

he death of Ferdinand Sartorius left Emma Blanpain in a delicate situation. At only 41 years of age, she found herself a widow with nine children, the oldest of whom was just 21, and a business to run. The eldest, Fernand, courageously took matters into his own hands. On 25 February 1903 a new company, Veuve Ferdinand Sartorius et fils [Widow Ferdinand Sartorius and sons], was created with a capital of 250 000 gold francs, whose purpose was the commission on fabrics[631]. After Fernand's marriage, Emma Blanpain continued to live at 34 rue Pauvrée with her eight other children, assisted by a cook, Marie Rogui, and a chambermaid, Marie Bury, both Belgian[632].

We will now try to follow the five Sartorius brothers over the period up to the Second World War. All five were small, even for that time. Fernand and Emile measured 1.66 m, Adolphe 1.63 m, Henri 1.60 m and Jean only 1.59 m[633]. By comparison, over the period 1900-1920 the average height of the conscripts was 1.65 m[634].

All of them made summary studies[635]. During the school year 1901-1902, Adolphe and Henri were in the same fifth grade class at Notre Dame des Victoires. We do not know whether this was due to pragmatism or to a lack of interest in classical studies. In any case, they were following the path of modern education and not the prestigious Latin courses. In any case, they were awarded one prize and four runners-up prizes and one prize and eight runners-up prizes respectively[636]. The following year, Adolphe, in eighth grade, was awarded second prize in ornamental drawing. His studies led him to the primary school certificate[637]. Only Jean pushed a little further, up to the level of the brevet supérieur[638]. On the other hand, the five brothers, especially the two older ones, had to take advantage of their father's training, especially in foreign languages.

The youth of the Sartorius brothers was marked by military obligations. These followed the variations in French military policy, which was still dominated by the spectre of an inevitable war with Germany.

Fernand therefore did his military service under the law of 15 July 1889. This reduced it from five to three years, but abolished the dispensations granted to teachers, students of the grandes écoles and clergymen. The service was extended by seven years in the active army reserve, six years in the territorial army and nine years in the territorial army reserve. Even those exempted in any capacity had to complete one year of active service before they could benefit from their exemption. Among the cases of exemption was that granted to the eldest son of a family of seven children (3° of article 21[639]). Fernand was therefore called up for service in the 43rd infantry regiment, in Lille, on 14 November 1901, one month before his father's death, but was released in September 1902 and assigned to the reserve as a cyclist in the 1st section of the secretaries of staff and recruitment[640]. While completing his military service, he took over the management of the family business which provided the daily bread[641]. In 1905, he married the daughter of a doctor, Germaine De Gandt[642], and moved to Rue Pellart in Roubaix. He still had to complete military periods of three weeks in 1907 and fifteen days in 1910[643].

 

 

Figure 84: Emile Sartorius in his Racing club de Roubaix football uniform

 

 

Emile had started working as a designer of fabrics for dresses[644]. In this capacity, he benefited from the provisions of article 23 of the 1889 law, which provided that young men exercising certain professions could, in peacetime, be sent on leave to their homes after one year of presence in the armed forces. The third part of this article was specifically aimed at young people working in the art industries, who are nominated by a departmental state jury made up of workers and employers[645]. Engaged on 28 October 1903, he was therefore released as soon as September 1904[646]. He then resumed his job as a fabric designer or art fabric worker[647]. He was above all a great sportsman, whose exploits were regularly reported in the local press[648]. Parallel to his professional activities, he led a career as a top-level footballer in the Roubaix Racing Club[649], of which he had been a member since 1900[650]. He was the first team-mate of his club and won the French championship title with it five times. He also played five times as an international in the French team between 1906 and 1908 and scored two goals. He also took part in the 1908 Olympic games in London. He played only one match but distinguished himself by scoring the only French goal in a disastrous match against Denmark (17 to 1[651]). His sporting exploits earned him the Cape d'honneur of the Racing in 1906. From then on, he took an active part in the management of the club[652]. In 1907, he became secretary of its football section[653]. In 1911, he played his fifth international match against England[654]. He also occasionally took part in tennis[655] competitions. On 22 May 1911[656], on the eve of his marriage to Marie Andrée Lepez, the daughter of a businessman from Lille[657], he was appointed as a general partner in the Widow Ferdinand Sartorius and sons company[658].

As a child, Adolphe Sartorius had caught diphtheria and almost died from it[659]. He was an avid coulonneux [pigeon fancier]. From the age of 12[660] or 14, when he was still at school[661], he practised pigeon racing[662]. From the 19th century to the Second World War, pigeon racing was extraordinarily popular in the Nord. In 1902, Roubaix counted 65 pigeon fanciers circles and 10 000 pigeons[663]. The department of the Nord counted 22 000 pigeon fanciers out of 30 000 for the whole of France[664]. Initially, this craze was a form of revenge on the Ancien Régime where the right of pigeon loft was a feudal privilege. It quickly found its reason in competitions over long distances. The pigeons, released several hundred kilometres away from their loft, were flown back to the race. The time of their return to the dovecote was recorded by a time clock. These races quickly gave rise to bets. They also contributed to the improvement of the race, by selecting the strongest or fastest individuals[665]. Adolphe Sartorius quickly became, by himself and thanks to exceptional gifts, a champion, whose opinions and advice were always greatly appreciated[666]. As early as 1911, he had become head of the equipment of the pigeon fancier circle Le Progrès of Roubaix[667]. He was not devoid of musical talent either, since during the annual banquet of the pigeon fancier circle L'Union, at the Pandore brewery, 5 rue Pauvrée, on 9 November 1912, where the most frank cheerfulness reigned, he was applauded, playing the cello, accompanied on the piano by Mademoiselle Pardoen[668].

In October 1909, he was called up for military service with the 84th infantry regiment, stationed[669] at Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Le Quesnoy and Landrecies[670]. He did so under the Berteaux law of 1905, which abolished the drawing of lots, replacements and exemptions. The service was reduced from three to two years, but became personal, equal and obligatory[671]. Six months later Adolphe obviously found himself a pigeon fancier in the 1st engineer regiment[672] at the barracks of the Petites Ecuries in Versailles[673]. He remained there until September 1911[674]. During this period, he completed an training at the military dovecote of Vaugirard, in Paris, from 1 April to 7 May 1910, before being detached to the military dovecote of Reims[675]. At that time when radio transmissions were still in their infancy, the engineer battalions included detachments that still used the primitive means of carrier pigeons to ensure communications[676]. When he was released, Adolphe was awarded a silver medal and a diploma from the minister of war for services rendered[677]. He did a further period of exercise from 16 June to 9 July 1913[678].

Henri was a gifted cellist[679]. In 1911, during his sister Hélène's wedding mass, he performed Handel's Largo and Lalo's Chants russes[680]. He followed the same military regime as Adolphe. An administrative document of the time curiously states that he was the son of a foreign father born in Belgium, but there are some mistakes that it was better not to try to correct. He did his two years of military service from October 1910 to September 1912 as a pigeon fancier in the 1st engineer regiment[681]. Assigned to the military dovecote of Belleville, in Paris, he distinguished himself there because on his liberation, he too obtained from the minister of war a silver medal with diploma for the good and loyal services he had rendered to the military dovecote[682], which was reported in the local press[683]. When he returned to civilian life, he occasionally took part in the same tennis competitions as his brother Emile[684].

Jean, finally, experienced a different conscription regime, that of the Barthou law of 1913. In the face of increasing danger, this law extended military service to three years. The census of conscripts was carried out at the age of 19 rather than 20. The age of enlistment was lowered from 21 to 20 and the 1913 class, that of Jean, was enlisted in 1913 and not in 1914[685]. At the board of revision, however, Jean was exempted for epilepsy[686]. He then intended to pursue a career in agriculture since, the same year, within the framework of the Federation of Catholic youth of Roubaix, he was giving an agricultural talk at the parish of Saint Martin de Roubaix[687].

 

*

 

When war was declared in 1914, Fernand was mobilised in a territorial infantry regiment. As early as November 1914, he was classified as auxiliary service by a reform commission and then maintained in this position in July 1915 for heart disease. Finally, in September 1915, he was transferred to the territorial army reserve as a father of six children. After spending some time in Wimille[688], where his daughter Colette was born on 29 August 1915[689], he settled in Paris, 11 avenue Montaigne, in December 1916. From June 1918, he stayed in Paramé, in a villa on the seafront on boulevard de Rochebonne[690]. It was there that his son Jacques was born on 14 June[691]. Fernand did not return to Roubaix until the end of 1919[692].

As for Emile, he was mobilised on 2 August 1914 in the 19th train squadron[693], whose 35th company, under the orders of lieutenant Hennessy, managed the interpreters assigned to the French military mission to the British army[694]. The 19th train squadron enjoyed a very special reputation. Stationed in Paris, it supplied motorists and secretaries of staff. It comprised a maximum of planqués [concealed], elegant, pretentious, much envied and considered, often rightly so, because of their powerful relations which were familiarly called the piston[695]. It must be said that among the sergeant interpreters were figures as original as the writer André Maurois or the famous Boniface de Castellane, a dandy ruined after his divorce from a very rich American woman, who had enlisted at the age of 47. It is true that both of them spoke perfect English[696].

Many interpreters perished in the first weeks of the war. Their madder trousers and kepi made them easy to spot in British units dressed in khaki and wearing caps or flat helmets. They therefore quickly adopted the British, and later American, uniform, while sewing on the buttons and sphinx-headed collar tabs, their distinctive badge in the French army, and keeping the kepi. Interpreters met the daily communication needs between the French military authorities and the British forces, but also between the latter and the local population for housing, fodder or subsistence purchases or requisitions[697]. During the disastrous retreat in the summer of 1914, Emile probably had to accompany the British officers in charge of letting the local population dig trenches[698].

He was appointed brigadier on 1 November 1915 and then sergeant on 16 April 1917. On 7 October 1917, he joined the American military mission[699], attached to the large American headquarters in Chaumont, Haute-Marne[700]. He was attached as an interpreter adjutant to the staff of the 42nd American division[701], which arrived in France in November 1917. He took part with them in the summer of 1918 in the final days of the battle of the Aisne and the second battle of the Marne[702]. On 15 July 1918, he was seriously wounded by shrapnel at Vadenay, east of Reims. He will keep a 5 centimetre shortening of his right foot and a stiffness in his toes[703]. This case earned him the following French quotation:

Has shown one of the most beautiful qualities of courage and devotion by searching himself in a violently bombed village for shelters for American soldiers. Was seriously wounded[704].

The American quotation is slightly different and less restrained :

For extraordinary heroism in action at Vadenay, north of Châlons-sur-Marne, France, July 15, 1918. During the shelling of Vadenay on the morning of July 15, 1918, he voluntarily left a place of safety to conduct American troops to shelter under a heavy fire of major-caliber shells and was severely wounded[705].

 

 

Figure 85: Emile Sartorius convalescing in Chaumont

 

 

These citations were accompanied by the award of the French Médaille militaire [Military Medal] and the American Distinguished Services Cross[706].

 

*

 

Mobilised on 3 August 1914[707], Adolphe took the train at La Madeleine freight station to join the 1st engineer regiment at Versailles[708]. The Versailles reform commission classified him as auxiliary service on 22 February 1915[709] and directed him to the military dovecote at Vaugirard. The 5th reform commission of the Seine maintained him on auxiliary service in September 1915, with this annotation: exempt from antityphoid vaccination, permanent contraindication[710]. He was appointed corporal on 17 February 1916.

 

 

Figure 86: an automotive military pigeonhole

 

 

The military pigeon fancier organisation in France soon proved to be unsuited to the type of war that was emerging. It had been designed for a siege war. The military pigeon fanciers, which were installed in the strongholds of the East and the North, were only intended to ensure the connections with the interior of the country in case of investment, as it had been the case in 1870[711]. The First World War was very different. Pigeons proved their usefulness in trench warfare. They were very effective over short distances, and accomplished their mission through bombardments, smoke, projectiles, fog and dust, where telephone lines were cut, dispatchers were delayed or killed and optical signals were inoperative[712]. They still had to be taken to the front.  This is where Joseph Leroy-Béague enters the scene. This textile industrialist, passionate about pigeon racing, was president of the Lille club La Concorde. In 1905, he had founded the national federation of the pigeon fanciers of France, of which he was the president until his death in 1931. Aged 38, father of eight children, he had not been mobilized in 1914. Nevertheless, he joined in February 1915 for the duration of the war and was appointed head of the pigeon fancier service of the Northern army group, commanded by Foch, in Cassel. He then moved to the Grand Quartier Général (GQG) and ended the war as a captain. He then took up the idea he had had since 1913 of creating mobile pigeon fanciers by transforming Parisian double-decker buses. The lower part of these buses, made by Berliet and nicknamed arabas, served as accommodation for the attendants and as a food reserve for the pigeons, which were on the upper deck. At the end of the war, the French armies had 400 of these vehicles and 30 000 pigeons, of which more than 15 000 were trained in the mobility of pigeon fanciers[713].

In his undertaking, Leroy-Béague was usefully assisted by Adolphe Sartorius, who helped him manage the forty or so military dovecotes, particularly at the time of the battle of Verdun[714]. The use of pigeons was particularly intense from front to rear. They were often the only link between the front lines and the command[715]. The job of military pigeon was not without risk. History has retained the name of the pigeon Cher Ami. He was released by a unit that was in an enemy zone, cut off from its rear and ran out of ammunition. No dispatch rider had managed to cross the German lines. Only pigeons remained. All were killed except one, Cher Ami, who escaped shells and rifle fire. He managed to reach the headquarters 40 km away in 25 minutes. When he landed, it was discovered that a bullet had passed through his chest and he had lost a leg.

A little earlier, on 4 June 1916, in the Verdun area, the defenders of fort de Vaux, surrounded by the Germans and at the end of their resources, had released their last pigeon, le Vaillant, serial number 787-15. Inconvenienced by the asphyxiating gases used by the enemy, the pigeon did not manage to fly away and rise above the toxic cloud. He returned to land in front of the command post. After a while, he finally took flight and returned to his dovecote with his message. He was badly affected by the gases and remained several days between life and death. He will finally heal thanks to the good care given by the dovecote's sappers in Verdun[716].

Adolphe joined the 19th train squadron in June 1917, curiously the same unit where his brother Emile was posted. On 7 June 1917, he was directed to the 3rd army[717] and was promoted to sergeant on 1 August 1917 by decision of the chief of staff of the 3rd army[718]. He was appointed adjutant on 11 July 1918 by decision of the chief of staff of the 9th army[719], which was operating in the Epernay region[720]. He ended the war as a pigeon fancier teacher in Montereau[721]. He gave lectures to officers on the practical use of pigeons in the lines, in order to obtain important information[722]. Although officially mobilised until July 1919, he was in fact returned to civilian life on 10 April as a cloth merchant for his house in Roubaix[723].

 

*

 

Mobilised as a corporal on 3 August 1914[724], Henri Sartorius was assigned to the 22/3 engineer company, from the 1st engineer regiment and attached to the 3rd colonial infantry division. The 264 men of the company left Versailles on 10 August. They disembarked at Revigny station, in the Meuse, on 11 August and marched towards the Belgian border. On 19, the company built a boat bridge over the river Chiers at Brouennes, near Montmédy. The division crossed the Belgian border on 22, but immediately clashed with the Germans and had to withdraw. On 26, under heavy bombardment, the 22/3 company defended the Jaulnay forest, located in a loop of the Meuse near Stenay, with barbed wire and felled trees. In the following days, they dug a few trenches and organised the defence of a few villages. It then retreated to Revigny, her starting point, which it reached on 4 September. The next day it was transported by train to Chavanges, north-east of Troyes, then by bus to Blaise-sous-Arzillières, near Vitry-le-François. Under a violent bombardment, it organised the woods north of the village. At the end of the battle of the Marne, the German retreat began on 11 September. Company 22/3 then advanced as far as Malmy, on the edge of the Argonne forest. There they built four footbridges over the Peat, a small tributary of the Marne. Then the front stabilised. Company 22/3 then organised the sector of its division defensively. On 15 October, it began the construction of buried shelters for the infantry. On 25, it opened the first elements of a system of saps by digging galleries under the first enemy line. This work was completed on 7 December. On 20 December, the 3rd colonial division successfully attacked the enemy positions. The engineers were then tasked with turning over the conquered German trenches, i.e. integrating them into the French network[725].

Fighting continued fiercely in this sector, due to the willingness of the German command to set foot on the road from Reims to Châlons-en-Champagne[726]. During one of them, at the Bois de la Gruerie, on 31 December 1914, Henri Sartorius was taken prisoner[727]. Ironically, he was interned in Germany in Meschede, the country of his ancestors[728]. The Meschede camp had been built in 1914 on a ten-hectare plot of land north of the town and was gradually expanded. At the end of the war it was huge. It had 102 buildings which housed 12,000 French prisoners and 15,000 Italian prisoners, guarded by 500 Germans. A thousand prisoners are said to have died there during their captivity[729].

We do not know the conditions under which Henri Sartorius was captured. On the other hand, we do have the account of a sapper from the 2nd engineer regiment, Marcel Charrier, taken prisoner in the Oise on 21 December 1914 and interned in the Meschede camp, from which he managed to escape in September 1915. Here is what he tells us:

After [being captured and] following some trenches, we come to a gorge and enter an underground quarry that serves as a shelter. We leave our bags behind us, then we enter a tunnel and reach a large room. An officer is there. He makes us form a circle, sits in the middle of us and congratulates us on our resistance: You are brave men, he tells us, you do not have to be afraid of being hurt. The German soldiers around us are no less correct. They are even accommodating; they offer us cigarettes and cigars. After an hour's rest. we leave our shelter and take back our bags; they have been searched, it is true, but they have kept their contents intact; they only took the ammunition we had left. Then, with an escort of uhlans started the march towards Noyon. A one-hour stop at the town hall and the station. Around nine o'clock in the evening we were loaded into cattle wagons. The train leaves at midnight, passes through Namur, Liège, Aachen and stops in Cologne. The journey took twenty-five hours. During this journey, our food consisted of a bowl of roasted barley and a piece of brown bread. [...] We continued our journey and got off at Meschede in Westphalia on 23 December [1914] at three in the evening, after a forty-eight-hour journey. So, I am a prisoner! At least I am alive!

Meschede lies at the confluence of the Henne and Ruhr rivers. It is a pretty little town with four thousand inhabitants, surrounded by pine forests. Although it [Meschede] is protected from the north winds, the temperature was very cold during our stay; the snow was thirty to forty centimetres high. The cold is fifteen to twenty degrees below zero. The prison camp is located on a hill overlooking the town. It is a rectangular square: two plank barracks, each for about a hundred prisoners, different buildings serve as shops, kitchens, quarantine station and accommodation for the guards, soldiers, and officers in charge of the camp. All around there are several rows of barbed wire, very dense and extremely high.

Then a life of deep misery began for us. Our shirts were rags, our shoes had holes or no soles. I only had lattice trousers. The food was insufficient and disgusting. The bread was a chipboard of vegetable waste, potato peelings, oatmeal, barley, corn, seasoned with sawdust ... The pigs would not have wanted it! The coffee was made from barley and roasted acorns. The sugar was just a vile infusion of animal bones. The ration was very thin. In the morning, a small bowl of koffi (coffee). At noon, a dinner service with an unspeakable broth. In the evening, a slice of cheese or a nasty sausage the size of a five-franc piece.

 

 

Figure 87: the war prisoner camp of Meschede

 

 

Hygiene was unknown, cleanliness was impossible. We had been given one litre of water for three days. It hardly quenched our thirst and did not allow us to wash our underwear, the only ones we had. The latrines were also miserable. They consisted of a ditch one metre deep and one metre wide, closed with a board. After a few days they were a giant cloaca, a disgusting abyss, producing worms and lice. Soon the vermin attacked our straw bags, blankets and clothes.

For one hundred and eight days our losses were particularly heavy. We had to feed on turnip bark, bones and the greasy remains of the cans thrown away by the guards... So we were in a great state of weakness. Nevertheless, we were forced to extract stones from a hillside quarry and roll them in wheelbarrows to the camp. The climb was difficult and the path, which had just been built, had become impassable. It was a galley job. Some prisoners who could no longer work were beaten with rifle butts or bayoneted. Many of us were also taken to hospital for debilitation and soon ... to the cemetery. The Meschede cemetery bears witness to the large number of French soldiers who died between the end of 1914 and March 1915.

[From mid-1915] a transformation! A main road, cross lanes with cement pavements had been built. Water supply with taps and drinking fountains, shower rooms, water boilers for laundry were installed, as well as largely clean toilets. New barracks, spacious and aligned, offer a certain comfort. The infirmary consists of six large barracks. A plank chapel rises in the middle. Why so many changes? Probably to impress the foreign commissions charged with visiting the prisoners.

The camp guard was powerfully organised. A powerful protective fence had been erected all around. First of all, a large wooden fence, four metres high, which formed an enclosure, plus another three metres of barbed wire fence. At the four corners of the camp and higher than the fence, watchtowers more than eight metres high were erected, on which the watchmen stood guard. Seventy-one field howitzers were stationed on the hills around the camp and in the countryside, clearly visible; strong electric lamps illuminated the camp and the surrounding area at night >[730].

It is not known how long Henri spent at the Meschede camp. Probably he fell ill. In any case, he ended the war interned in Switzerland, at Bex, near Montreux[731].

As early as the autumn of 1914, the International committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) had approached the French and German governments to organise the exchange of seriously wounded prisoners, i.e. those who were so seriously enough affected that their return would not increase the number of enemy combatants. At the same time, the idea of hospitalisation in Switzerland for the least wounded gained ground. As early as February 1915, an agreement between France and Germany provided, on a reciprocal basis, for the internment of the wounded whose condition could be improved by a stay on Swiss territory. For its part, the ICRC proposed to the governments concerned the internment in Switzerland of officers and non-commissioned officers less seriously afflicted by other illnesses or injuries.

The internment of the least wounded began on 26 January 1916 in Davos, Montana and Leysin with the dispatch of 200 tuberculosis patients (100 French and 100 Germans) for whom there was hope of rapid improvement. Two weeks later, 1 267 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers (883 French and 364 Germans) arrived on Swiss territory, particularly in the Bernese Oberland and near Lake Lucerne. Each government covered the hospital costs of prisoners of its own nationality. The Swiss government was responsible for the material installation, food and medical care against reimbursement of expenses determined according to the number and rank of the internees.

From March 1916 onwards, itinerant commissions made up of Swiss doctors travelled to France and Germany to nominate candidates for internment, whose choice could not be left to the arbitrary decision of the camp commanders. The internees received pay, uniforms, coats, underwear and shoes from their countries of origin. They were housed in establishments whose owners received 6 Swiss francs a day for an officer and 4 francs for a soldier. The hoteliers did not take much advantage of these guests, but in fact tourists were scarce. Correspondence between internees and their relatives was allowed. Close relatives could even stay at their own expense in the vicinity of the patient. Swiss charities took care of the physical, material (bleaching and mending of linen) and intellectual well-being of the internees.

In the German camps, the Swiss commissions were very closely monitored. They were forbidden to talk to the prisoners. They were struck by the pitiful dress of the French prisoners. A French soldier interned near Bern describes the arrival of French prisoners from Germany in January 1917:

This morning another convoy arrived: 76 here; well, since I have been here, I have never seen such miserable people: we barely had the courage to look at them. The cries that we used to make when new comrades arrived stayed in our throats, we could not do it in the face of so much misery. They are living skeletons. Even the Swiss in the region, although they are friendly to Germany, could hardly hide their emotion at this spectacle. From the first days of the internment, several deaths occurred. In Interlaken, there is one almost every day.

On 1 August 1916, the internment benefited 11 689 Frenchmen, both military and civilian, and 3 629 Germans. This number hardly increased afterwards. On 1 May 1917, there were 13 640 French prisoners interned in Switzerland, including 672 officers, and 6 773 Germans, including 183 officers.

The opinions of the French internees are too varied to give an overall impression of the reception they received from the Swiss population. It seems, however, that it was better in French-speaking Switzerland than in German-speaking Switzerland. In any case, as a French soldier wrote:

Most of us are in a much more satisfactory material situation than before the war; those who are married can bring their families [...] many internees no longer remember the war [...]. It is good to live in this hospitable country, it is like living in France! The table and the gîte are more than comfortable.

In fact, the major risk for the internees was idleness, which was dangerous for morale and discipline. Moreover, internment in the German camps had had a harmful effect on the prisoners' state of mind: forced into harshly repressed servitude in case of refusal, they had a certain reluctance to acknowledge the authority of the higher ranks. Swiss doctors also pointed out that too many internees lived from day to day; well fed and well housed, they became ankylosed without working and without the appropriate treatment for their case.

Work was therefore made compulsory for soldiers and optional for non-commissioned officers. The difficulty was to give the able-bodied prisoners back the habit and the taste for work, without putting them in competition with the Swiss. Nevertheless, at the end of the war, 3 000 French soldiers, nearly a quarter of the internees, remained unoccupied. Some of them were able to attend vocational schools. There were even courses to prepare for competitive examinations at the military schools of Saint-Cyr and Saint-Maixent. Swiss charities helped the internees to organise cultural, literary, theatrical and musical activities... In December 1916, the Symphony Orchestra of Allied Internees (OSIA[732]) was created, in which Henri Sartorius took part.

The war had sounded the death knell for the orchestras of Lausanne and Montreux. Despite some initiatives, poverty had reigned in the field of symphonic music in French-speaking Switzerland since 1914. It was in this context that the OSIA came into being. We owe the initiative to the French musician Auguste Sérieyx. A disciple of Vincent d'Indy, professor at the Schola Cantorum, Sérieyx lived in Veytaux, near Montreux, at the eastern end of Lake Geneva. In charge of an official mission to monitor the internment of French soldiers in Switzerland, he had found some of his former pupils, in particular the young chef Marc de Ranse, during the journeys inherent to his function[733]. Wounded near Ypres in November 1914, a prisoner in the Güstrow camp in Mecklenburg, Marc de Ranse had fallen seriously ill and was interned in the Montreux region in July 1916[734]. It was not long before Sérieyx, with the support of the French embassy in Bern, the Belgian legation and the internment office for prisoners of war, set about forming an orchestra composed of French and Belgian musicians, both professional and amateur, interned in Switzerland.

As early as November 1916, a commission composed of the great Swiss conductor Ernest Ansermet, president, Auguste Sérieyx, Marc de Ranse and the music lover Octave Maus, attached to the Belgian legation, proceeded to audition the candidates. Having been informed of the project, the ministry of fine arts in Paris granted it its official patronage. Through Sérieyx, the OSIA was able to move into the Carlton Hotel in Grandchamp, near Villeneuve, next to Montreux. As early as March 1917, the OSIA, under the direction of Marc de Ranse, was able to present itself in a private hearing before the French ambassador who had come specially to see the results obtained[735].

 

 

Figure 88: two posters of OSIA concerts

 

 

The OSIA gave about fifty concerts in 1917 and 1918. Its first public concert took place in Geneva on 1 April 1917, in aid of an Allied sanatorium. The following day, the orchestra performed in Montreux in aid of the French Red Cross. From then until September 1918, it performed not only in French-speaking Switzerland, but also in Basel, Bern, Interlaken, Lucerne, Thun and Zurich. Montreux received it sixteen times, Vevey, seven, Lausanne, four, Geneva, three, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Villeneuve, twice each. He also played once in Aigle, Blonay, Caux, Fribourg, Neuchâtel, Territet and Villars-sur-Bex.

The OSIA's staff ranged from sixty-five to seventy-five musicians. There were frequent fluctuations due to the repatriation of internees or the arrival of new convoys. It has not been possible to establish a complete nominal record of the ensemble. Among the names that have come down to us are those of violinists Paul Cuelenaere, Paul Desreumaux, Hubele, Gaston Marissal, Misserey and Georges Soland, cellists Paul Kessler, Michel and Henri Sartorius, clarinetists Chericoni, Lecomte and Pinel, and trombonist Carette[736]. The presence of Henri Sartorius in the midst of professional, if not talented, musicians shows in any case the level of his art.

Eminent French, Belgian and Swiss artists lent their skills to the OSIA on numerous occasions, such as the violinists Emile Chaumont, professor at the Brussels conservatory, André and Emile de Ribaupierre, the pianists Ludovic Breitner and Jean Canivet, Edouard Risler and Blanche Selva, the organists Alexandre Denéréaz, from Lausanne, and Louis Vierne, from Notre-Dame de Paris, the singers Renée Béchard-Leschaud, Alice Chareire, Claire Croiza and Germaine Lubin, the baritone Albert Valmond and the composer Henri Rabaud[737].

Marc de Ranse managed to put together seventy-eight works in the space of eighteen months! Although overtures and symphonic poems made up the bulk of the programmes, symphonies, suites and concertos were not neglected. As a result of the war, French composers took the lion's share. German composers were reduced to the small share.

Of course, the OSIA could not compete with an orchestra that had long been trained to work together. The frequent changes in its ranks could not ensure the desired homogeneity. Moreover, its members were not all professionals, and the amateurs admitted to membership, however gifted they might be, could not claim the skill of specialists, even if they redeemed their technical insecurity by their hard work and their taste for music. These are the remarks that critics who were called upon to report on the concerts did not fail to make. However, the chroniclers were unanimous in their opinion that the miracle achieved by Ranse in such a short period of time was extraordinary, namely the cohesion of an orchestra composed of musicians who were playing together for the first time and whose abilities were so different. As the severe Geneva critic Aloys Mooser noted,

It would be both wrong and unfair to make comparisons between the OSIA and the renowned orchestras which sometimes perform in our city. The latter are in a much more privileged situation than this one, consisting of stable elements, used to playing together for many years, whereas the association led by Marc de Ranse is constantly disorganised by the departure of musicians called back to their homeland, who have to be replaced as best they can, most often at the very moment when they were beginning to get used to the discipline of the orchestra. Despite this serious disadvantage, the OSIA, under the leadership of an energetic and skilful conductor, achieved excellent results. If the overall sound can be made even more pure and cohesive - and let us not forget that these performers remained for months, even years without touching their instruments - the ensemble is quite remarkable and is a testimony to a very consistent work.

At the end of the summer of 1918, repatriations became more numerous and the very existence of the orchestra was compromised. It gave a few more concerts in September, on the 3rd in Montreux, the 7th in Entre-deux-Villes, and the 24th in Villeneuve. This was his swan song. On 14th October, Ernest Ansermet went to the Carlton Hotel to propose to the remaining musicians to join the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande in training[738].

The Swiss population's infatuation with internees in 1916 was followed by growing reservations about them. The economic situation in Switzerland was worsening. Demonstrations against the high cost of living multiplied in a country which had no responsibility for the origin of the conflict. The federal government feared a shortage of supplies, recriminations by the civilian population, and international complications. In April 1917, under its pressure, the ICRC therefore launched an appeal to the belligerents asking them to consider repatriating as many prisoners as possible, starting with those who had been in captivity the longest. Proposals and counter-proposals followed one another, but neither side wanted to give in on its principles. It took a year to reach an agreement between the French and German delegations on 26 April 1918. Further difficulties arose. Finally, it was on 17 June that the first convoy of French prisoners left for the Germans on 25 June to be repatriated home[739].

Henri Sartorius was repatriated on September 27th 1918, coming from Chillon, near Lausanne [740], and was released from his military obligations on 14 March 1919 [741].

 

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Jean Sartorius was exempted at the board of revision in 1913, but was kept exempt by another board of revision in Boulogne-sur-Mer in October 1914[742]. However, from the beginning of the war, the high level of human losses led to a review of the cases of those exempted and those adjourned. The measures adopted with regard to them became ever more demanding. After measures which only concerned the 1914 and 1915 classes, the law of 20 February 1917 required the re-examination of the case of all those who had been reformed and exempted from the pre-war period. Of the 388 966 men summoned, 148 040 (38%) were taken to civilian life. In fact, just over half of these (80 449) were assigned to the auxiliary service[743]. In the case of Jean Sartorius, the special commission in Boulogne classified him as being on armed service on 22 March 1917, with this observation to be put under observation for nervous disorders. He therefore arrived on 25 May 1917 as a medic in the 83rd heavy artillery regiment (RAL[744]), then billeted in the Reims area, then in Epernay and Châlons-en-Champagne at the end of the year[745]. When the regiment was split on 1st October 1917 into an 83rd and a 283rd RAL, he probably followed the 283rd[746]. The latter regiment operated in Flanders at the end of 1917, in the Château-Thierry region in February 1918, then in the Oise on 22 March to stop the enemy's march after the British front had broken down. At the beginning of June, it was north of Compiègne. On 9th June, at midnight, the enemy launched one of its last major offensives on a 40-kilometre front between Montdidier and Noyon[747]. We do not know to which battery of the 283rd Jean Sartorius was assigned. In any case, he must have experienced what the Journal des marches et opérations of the 23rd Battery reports:

9 June: Between 00.00 and 05.30 am the battery fires 16 shots at the same objectives [German dugouts west of Canny-sur-Matz]. Between 05.30 and 07.50, the battery fires 16 shots at dugouts 38⁵-31⁵ (Canny s/ Matz). From 7.30 to 9.30 am, the guns fire 75 shots at the village of Gury. At 9.30 am, order to evacuate the position and blow up the guns. Three incendiary grenades are placed in each tube. Five shelters are set on fire. All the telephone, topographical and optical equipment and all the battery documents had been evacuated at 8.15 am by a tractor. The entire battery personnel evacuated the position, went through the woods to the village of Le Plessier and then to the echelon at Baugy[748].

Under enemy fire and in an atmosphere invaded by gas[749], Jean Sartorius had helped save the telephone equipment of his battery. This action earned him the Croix de guerre, with this commendation to the order of the regiment on 28 January 1919:

A telephone operator full of drive and bravery. Spent countless hours in very perilous circumstances to repair telephone lines cut by the bombardment. On 9 June 1918, in liaison with the infantry, remained at his post until the last moment and joined his battery, which was being hit by the enemy, taking with him the telephone sets for which he was responsible[750].

 

Figure 89: Jean, Henri, Adolphe and Emile Sartorius in 1919[751]

 

 

Once reconstituted, the 283rd RAL took part in the victorious counter-offensive of the French armies. After the armistice, it was concentrated in the Beauvais region. In January 1919, it was directed to Vic-sur-Seille, in Lorraine, where it took part in the transport service of the liberated regions, until its return to Vincennes[752]. Jean Sartorius was released in July 1919[753].

When peace returned, the three youngest Sartorius brothers, who were still single, got married. The French internees in Switzerland had not lacked success with the local female population. A number of permitted marriages, contracted under Swiss law and after obtaining a permit in accordance with the military laws of the country of the internee, had been concluded during the war. In the correspondence of July 1917 alone, 17 marriages or plans for marriage were announced and 15 plans for September[754]! Henri Sartorius, for his part, waited for peace to return before marrying Jeanne Testaz in Bex, in the canton of Vaud, in August 1919[755], the daughter of a doctor[756] he had known during his internment[757].

In February 1921, Adolphe married the daughter of a Sedan industrialist, Suzanne Henrion[758]. For the occasion, Henri took up his cello again to perform several pieces during the religious ceremony[759]. Finally, six months later, Jean married a Belgian woman, Marie Louise Mariage, in Hacquegnies, on the other side of the border. For the occasion, the path from the future wife's home to the church was decorated with false doors in Belgian and French colours[760].

 

a

 

Back in Roubaix, Fernand and Emile took over the management of the business founded by their father[761], which became Fernand and Emile Sartorius[762]. As it was a trading business, it had probably suffered less from the war than industrial companies which had had to suffer destruction and looting of their equipment. After a few years of laborious reconstruction, France experienced a period of strong growth from 1924 onwards. It was, however, marked by the impact of the development of machinery on local employment and by a succession of economic crises until the Great Depression of the 1930s, which hit the North hard. A third of the inhabitants of Lille were in poverty in 1935[763]. For the Sartorius, business was going well. In 1932 the Fernand and Emile Sartorius establishments were still looking for well introduced representatives for all regions of France for ladies' articles[764]. The two brothers gradually distanced themselves from the day-to-day running of their business, which they entrusted to a proxy, Achille Gadenne[765].

 

 

Figure 90: Germaine and Fernand Sartorius

 

 

As a good tradesman, Fernand was interested in questions of customs duties, particularly with the United Kingdom. In 1924, exchanges took place between industrialists from Bradford and Roubaix-Tourcoing with a view to facilitating trade between these two woollen centres. When the delegation from the Roubaix and Tourcoing chambers of commerce went to England, Fernand represented the fabric merchants there with Charles Florin, president of the fabric merchants' union and the society for encouraging the sending of commercial trainees abroad[766].

Nevertheless. In the face of the 1929 crisis, the various European governments took protectionist measures. In 1931, there were three million unemployed in the United Kingdom. In September 1931, the abandonment of the gold standard led to an immediate 25% fall in the pound against the dollar. This naturally favoured British exports, but hampered imports into the British Empire, which at that time accounted for a third of the world's population. This was compounded by customs measures that led to a 10% increase in tariffs on agricultural and industrial imports in 1932[767]. These measures were a source of great concern to the industrialists of the North. When British customs duties were planned to be increased to 50% ad valorem in 1931, Fernand Sartorius called for a resumption of dialogue between France and the United Kingdom, as reported in the Journal de Roubaix:

Mr. Fernand Sartorius, the sympathetic trader of the rue Pauvrée, is one of those who, in our place, deals with Great Britain with the largest turnover. He gives us this interesting information that out of the total production of French woollen goods as regards the article for the lady, at least 40 % go to England. We hardly ever supply it with luxury items. They are, in general, medium-priced articles, intended for the customers of large consumption or for the clothing industry and especially worked in the English taste. Most of these items are consumed in England, which does not produce them and is not equipped to produce them. In Roubaix, on the contrary, we are very organised for this kind of business, at all stages of production: combing, spinning, weaving, dyeing. So, our centre [Roubaix-Tourcoing] will be particularly affected by the British measure. And it is unfortunate that this is happening at a time when unemployment is already rampant. However, on a cold examination of the situation, we can admit, first of all, that this strong tariff of 50% is established to prevent English buyers from taking on too much, in the wake of the depression in the pound. It is also to be hoped that during the study of the final tariff, certain articles may be revised. For example, the woollen goods that we used to export to the average customer, they still need them, and England cannot produce them. And then, all the countries supplying Great Britain will defend themselves and it cannot live without trade. Mr. Sartorius also has the distinct impression that there has been dissatisfaction in England with France's implementation of the new duties. In the end, we are faced with this dilemma: either the possibility of trade or economic war. In Roubaix we saw clearly. For two years, we could feel the storm coming. The great evil now comes from the fact that England did not quickly decide to stabilise the pound, which drags many other currencies along with it. Mr Fernand Sartorius concluded by expressing the wish that the French parliamentarians could urgently contact the production centres and see, in agreement with them, if it would not be possible to find a common ground before the final English tariff is drawn up.  It is in the interest of nations to exchange their products: they must therefore be given the opportunity to do so. As regards Roubaix in particular, which has always lived by exports, trade with England is its strength, for there are, so to speak, no other important external outlets for our product. We must therefore hope that the governments will cause[768].

In 1926, Fernand was elected judge at the commercial court of Roubaix[769]. His experience in international trade led him to be appointed French foreign trade advisor in 1936, for a period of five years[770]. He was also a member of the fabric trade union chamber[771]. In addition, since the mid-1920s, he had been a member of the Cercle artistique et littéraire, 7 rue Volney, in Paris[772]. He was also involved in pigeon racing and was president of the club Le Pigeon blanc of Roubaix[773].

Handicapped by his war wound, Emile gradually distanced himself from business and devoted himself to his great passion, sport. He took an active part in the management of the Roubaix Racing-Club and became its president of the athletic sports section in 1926[774]. The kind and distinguished president of the section[775] was elected vice-president of Racing in August 1933[776], but three months later, at the age of 48, he succumbed in a few days to septicaemia caused by his war injury[777].

His funeral in the Saint Jean Baptiste church in Roubaix was impressive. It made the front page of the Journal de Roubaix of 28 November 1933. They gathered a considerable crowd including most of the industrial and sporting notabilities of the region:

Rarely did we see such a crowd into the Saint-Jean-Baptiste church where the number of testimonies of painful sympathy received by the family of the late departed proved the esteem in which Mr. Emile Sartorius was held, as much by his colleagues from the world of trade and industry as by his peers from the worlds of athletics and sport.

The catafalque disappeared under the flowers. In front of it, a senator, a former deputy, a former town councillor, the president of the industrial and commercial federation of Roubaix-Tourcoing, the president of the Northern League of football, the honorary president and the active president of the Racing-Club of Roubaix, leaders of the local press, members of the RCR and various football clubs, the president of the pigeon fanciers' federation of the 1st region, the president of the former non-commissioned officers, the general secretary of the Fraternelle des combattants, representatives of the association Les Mutilés. Wreaths had been offered by many sports associations. The flag of the Médaillés militaires and a cushion bearing the decorations of the deceased preceded the procession to the cemetery. The cords of the stove were held by three of Emile's personal friends as well as by the honorary president of the RCR, by Achille Gadenne, the attorney of the Sartorius company, by a representative of the Military Medallists, by a representative of the Northern League of Athletics and by a representative of the Northern League of Football Association. Finally, the burial in the cemetery gave rise to many speeches recalling the personal, professional and sporting qualities of the deceased, the first of which was given by Achille Gadenne, the proxy holder of the F. et E. Sartorius company[778]. All the RCR teams mourned for a month[779].

 

a

 

The birthright remained alive in the textile dynasties of the Nord[780]. As the two elders took over the family business, the cadets had to look for work elsewhere. For his part, Jean was released as a farm machinery operator with Paul Six, a farmer in Lys-lez-Lannoy[781]. At the end of 1920, he moved to Verneuil-sur-Avre, to the Poëlay farm[782]. He was still there at the end of 1922[783]. In 1923, he founded an insurance office in Herseaux, Belgium[784], before moving to Luingne in 1933[785]. For ther part, in August 1919, Adolphe and Henri created a limited partnership for the operation of a clothing business, 27 rue de la Fosse aux Chênes, in Roubaix, of which they were the responsible managers[786]. It seems that the business pre-existed this legal operation since Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, in its issue of September 18, 1919, announced that Adolphe and Henri Sartorius' clothing business would be restarted on 15 September[787]. In 1922, one of their workers, Georges Desrumeaux, had an accident at work and was off work for a fortnight[788].

We do not know how long the two brothers' association lasted. Nevertheless, Henri left for Paris in 1922, first for 6 rue Victorien Sardou, then, from 1924, for 28 rue des Sablons[789]. His wife, who was bored in the Nord, joined his mother who had left Switzerland to settle there after her widowhood[790]. Le Figaro of 12 August 1923 announced Henri's arrival in Varengeville-sur-Mer, near Dieppe[791], and that of 2 September following his return to Paris[792]. On 30 July 1929, the same newspaper announced the arrival of Madame Henri Sartorius in Samois, near Fontainebleau[793].

Adolphe's great passion remained his pigeons. His offices were also used as headquarters for his activities in the pigeon fanciers' societies. In 1920, the members of the societies affiliated to the Fédération du Nord were invited to collect their membership cards from him, in his capacity as general secretary, 27 rue de la Fosse aux Chênes[794].

From 1919 and for twenty years, Adolphe Sartorius was president of the training section of the Pigeon federation of the first region. There he prepared the young men for the pigeon fancier speciality to ensure the pigeon fancier contingent of the army and the navy[795]. The services rendered in this function earned him the vermeil medal of the National Pigeon Federation of France[796].

From 1929 to 1938, he was the secretary of the important pigeon fanciers' circle L'Union de Roubaix[797], of which he became vice-president. There he met his brother-in-law Henri Wibaux and his brother Fernand, who were the presidents. This circle organised an annual banquet at the Café Pasteur in Roubaix. During a dinner, the menu of which was very well composed, a symphony orchestra played which gained a great success. After the toasts concluded with a warm vivat sung in honour of the president of the club and the prize-giving ceremony, the evening ended with songs in the most frank camaraderie[798].

Pigeon racing was not just a pretext for a few agape feats. It also required participation in competitions to be recognised. In the twenty years between the two wars, Adolphe distinguished himself by his resounding successes[799]. By 1920, he was ninth on the list of La Concorde, with 13 prizes[800].

In a competition, conveyors took the pigeons in cages to the place of release. The birds then flew back to their pigeon loft, where their owner officially registered their return with the help of a time stamp, which made it possible to establish the classification. The job of conveyor went further than simply accompanying and releasing the pigeons, as shown in this account of a competition between Survilliers, in the Oise, and Roubaix, in 1936:

Everyone liked to recognise the skill of the attendants [...] who released the pigeons at the right moment, thus avoiding a disaster that could have occurred an hour later, a storm of wind and hail descending on our region at that time.

The losses could be considerable. In 1934, 5 909 pigeons released in Barcelona were still unaccounted for. Two years later, at the competition of Libourne, the release of which had been postponed because of bad weather, only two travellers came back[801]. As for a competition organised between Algeria and the North, it ended in terrible losses due to a storm that surprised the poor animals[802].

 

 

Figure 91: conveyors leaving for Orléans

 

 

Adolphe Sartorius therefore took part in many pigeon competitions, such as the ministerial competition of Bordeaux in 1924, where he finished 162nd, or the International Exhibition in Kortrijk in 1924, where he finished 49th[803]. On 28 July 1934, he participated again in the competition of Bordeaux. The conveyor released his 575 pigeons at 5.30 in the morning. Adolphe noticed his first pigeon at 3.40 pm,

realising ,as reported by L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, a dream he had been cherishing for a long time, that of winning a first prize. Indeed, this pigeon fancier of choice was always close to this envied place without being able, according to his expression "to unhook the kettledrum". This time, his desires are fulfilled, but it seems that he has a surprise in store for us at the Special Youth Competition in Angoulême, of which he has become a specialist [804].

In 1933, he was named chevalier du Mérite agricole [knight of Agricultural Merit] for his pigeon fancier activities [805]. During the monthly dinner of the members of the circle L'Union at Café Pandore on 1st June 1933, the vice-president took the floor to congratulate the distinguished secretary of the circle on the honorary distinction that the government had just granted him.

[The vice-president] recalled in the most laudatory terms the devotion that Mr. Adolphe Sartorius has been giving for more than ten years to the pigeon fancier cause.. Then, to the applause of all, he presented him with a magnificent souvenir on behalf of the members of the Circle. The newly decorated warmly thanked the audience and assured the company of his full support and dedication as an instructor during the military preparation course. The evening ended happily[806].

In 1934, Adolphe Sartorius was approaching the apogee of his art. He held a number of positions in colobomphilic societies. He had just been elected secretary of the pigeon fanciers' federation of the first region[807]. He was also treasurer of the Grand cercle colombophile du Nord in Lille, member of the pigeon fanciers' circles La Concorde and Le Progrès. He was holder of several extraordinary performances such as the first prize in the international competition of Tours in Dottignies which counted 4 000 pigeons at the start. He had also won several first prizes in long and medium distances[808]. In June 1935, he distinguished himself again in the important competition in Châtellerault, organised by the pigeon fanciers' federation. A journalist from L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing reports :

We had the pleasure to meet [...] the champion Adolphe Sartorius, who won the lion's share in this competition, which was so open. [...] As we congratulated him, he did not hide his joy at the result:

- I am very happy with my pupils who distinguished themselves so brilliantly. The 1st and 3rd ranked pigeons arrived together and could have provided the first two. 15 seconds are quickly lost and that is why a third pigeon separated them. But rest assured that I am fully satisfied.

Mr. Sartorius, the eminent president of the military training section of the 1st region continues:

- You should make a merciless propaganda in favour of widowhood, because it is the only real way to make prices! How ridiculous are those who want to separate widows from the natural ones. You should walk with progress and disregard the past! ... Everybody can practice widowhood, from the greatest to the smallest amateur. Widowhood is the only true thing! ...

[...] At this moment, the coulonneux roubaisien was surrounded by two of his war comrades, one of whom congratulated the winner of Châtellerault, while the other asked his former chief for some eggs. We did not insist, especially as M. Sartorius seemed very happy to share his triumph and promised some youngsters to his former pigeon fancier pupils[809].

His colleague from the Journal de Roubaix writes in similar terms:

He is a fervent "coulonneux", who is an authority in the pigeon fancier world and who, for thirty-five years, has occupied his leisure time training homing pigeons. The champion from Roubaix owns an important dovecote populated by elite pigeons, which has earned him many successes in major competitions. He is the active as well as the sympathetic secretary of the pigeon fancier circle "L'Union de Roubaix", which is one of the oldest and most important groups in the Nird. Mr. Sartorius is also president of the training section of the National Pigeon Federation of France and president of the training qection of the first region, the most important in France, since, he explained to us, there are 22 000 pigeon fanciers in the Nord out of 30 000 in France. He is also secretary-treasurer of the great pigeon fanciers' circle of the Nord which gathers all the pigeon fanciers of the region. Very devoted to these various groups, he was frequently chosen as their spokesman in the big meetings held in Paris. During the war, Mr. Adolphe Sartorius was, with the rank of chief warrant officer, attached to the military pigeon fanciers, where his great competence enabled him to render the most precious services to the allied armies. For some years now, he has been a knight of the Agricultural Merit as a pigeon fancier. It should be noted that our champion won fourteen prizes at the Echo du Nord competition, ten of which were in the first hundred. In fact, he explained to us, during a visit that we made to congratulate him on behalf of our newspaper on his brilliant success, I almost won the two first prizes because I had two pigeons arriving together. The time to note the arrival of a pigeon in his compartment and the arrival of the second placed in another compartment, it took sixteen seconds, which allowed a competitor to be placed second[810].

Le Grand Echo  the North of France was not to be outdone:

Mr. Sartorius is far from being unknown in the pigeon fancier sphere in France and in the 1st region, he has on many occasions made his great qualities in pigeon fanciers appreciated. From there to be the champion of several companies, nothing could be more natural, and this is only the just reward of his efforts. Mr. Sartorius is also the active and devoted secretary of the "Union" circle of Roubaix, at the same time as he is the secretary treasurer of the "Cercle du Nord" which groups the pigeon fancier elite of the region. This sympathetic-faced amateur has already known great successes for a long time. It is true that he has a model pigeon loft in Rue [de la] Fosse-aux-Chênes, which is home to some very classy pigeon fanciers. Sartorius's name was rarely absent from the results, both in the speed and in the long-distance races, although he seems to have a predilection for the latter, since it is always there that he achieves his best results. At the last competition in Châtellerault organised by the "Grand Echo", it was him who took the first prize out of a very large number of competitors. Since then, he has not stopped winning other victories over the members of his company, who do not hold it against him, on the contrary, and can only congratulate him warmly, as we can see from the prize list that we publish below. Mr. Sartorius is laureate and super laureate in several competitions organised by the "Union" Circle with 130 prizes above Paris; 37 in the first three entered, and holder of a challenge for the first three entered in four competitions above Paris. It is already, he feels, a very nice result. But that is not the end of his prize list, and there is not enough room to list all the prizes he has won in the other competitions he has taken part in[811].

But there were not only pigeons in life. Adolphe's business took a bad turn at the beginning of the decade. We do not know whether his difficulties can be attributed to the crisis of the 1930's or to his pigeons, which captured all his energy[812]. In December 1935, he still had his offices in rue de la Fosse aux Chênes[813]. However, from January 1935, he defined himself as a salesman[814] and in June he was already qualified as a former garment maker in Roubaix[815]. He had to resolve to sell all his famous dovecote on 8 December 1935[816]. It represented an important investment since at his marriage in 1921, his dovecote, with its pigeons and equipment, was already valued at 15 000 francs, i.e. about 17 000 euros today[817].

Adolphe then bounced back in a surprising way. He had had to get rid of all his old pigeons, but he had kept the young ones[818]. With them he won his greatest glory in the following years. In 1937, he won the bronze medal at the pigeon fancier day at the Lille trade fair[819]. On 12 June 1938, the devoted and friendly secretary of the Cercle Union won again the first prize at the great national competition of Châtellerault, where 1 202 pigeons had been released by their conveyor belt at 5.25 am. His first pigeon, Petit Macot, a two-year-old subject, had covered the 470 kilometres separating it from the Nord in 8 hours and 50 minutes. Adolphe also placed one pigeon in 15th place and six others in the race's prize list. This brought to about sixty the number of prizes he had won since the beginning of the year[820]. That same year 1938, he was awarded the first prize of the super prize-winners of the club L'Union, as well as the title of emperor, awarded to the person who had won the most prizes in all the competitions[821]. In 1939, he won the first two in a competition in Morcenx, in the Landes, with the pigeons Courageux and Pilou. They had covered nearly 800 kilometres in 17 hours. This is undoubtedly a feat that has never been achieved until now and which confirms the value of Mr Adolphe Sartorius's dovecote, the Journal de Roubaix did not hesitate to assert[822].

Emma Blanpain had died in her seventy-seventh year, on 22 February 1937[823]. Her funeral was celebrated in the church of Saint Martin de Roubaix, her parish, on the 25th[824].

 

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After France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 2 September 1939[825], Fernand left the Nord to settle in a villa he owned in Saint-Quay-Portrieux, Brittany[826].

Jean left Belgium in September 1939 to come to Roubaix, rue Pauvrée. As the phoney war dragged on, he returned home to Luingne in December. In May 1940, faced with the German advance, he took refuge in Brittany. He landed at the home of a Mr. Gourion in Bréhec en Plouha, in a cove by the sea, near Saint-Quay-Portrieux, where he met his elder brother[827].

Henri left Paris to settle in Héricy, on the banks of the Seine, between Fontainebleau and Melun, opposite Samois where his wife had come to stay ten years earlier[828].

Adolphe and his family left their house on the avenue Jean Jaurès in Roubaix to settle in La Mettrie, the malouinière owned by his mother-in-law near Saint-Malo[829]. At the end of May 1940, Adolphe and his wife visited Fernand in Saint-Quay-Portrieux. On 1 June, they were in Lisieux at the home of their brother-in-law and brother Paul Henrion, himself a refugee from Sedan. They then returned to La Mettrie. The Germans were approaching. On 9 June, preparations for departure were made by loading luggage and bicycles onto a Peugeot 402. On 10 June, at 5 o'clock in the morning, Adolphe's car left La Mettrie.

The family arrived in Tulle the next day, 11 June at 7 o'clock in the morning, after a few hours rest at the entrance to Tulle. On 20 June, they stayed at the château du Peuch[830], in the home of business relations of the Henrion family[831]. They were well treated but was nevertheless housed in a room with six people, including Adolphe and his two sons in the bathroom. The weather was fine and the heat overwhelming. The children took the opportunity to bathe in the neighbouring Corrèze.

At the beginning of August, the family returned to Brittany. The weather was superb. Life was still pleasant. We used to swim on the Guimorais beach. They went to see some friends from the Nord who had taken refuge in Dinard. They fished for mackerel at the mouth of the Rance. In September 1940, Adolphe and his family found themselves alone in La Mettrie with their impotent mother-in-law. They could not return to Roubaix, where their house was occupied by Germans, after being looted by civilians. Nevertheless, in October, Adolphe went to Roubaix to recover what could have been looted[832].

After the armistice of 22 June 1940, the Germans had made the departments of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais a forbidden zone, attached to the military government in Brussels. This zone was closed to the return of its French inhabitants in fact until December 1941 and in law until March 1943[833]. Fernand moved to Paris[834]. Adolphe stayed in Brittany. On the death of his mother-in-law in December 1941[835], La Mettrie fell to one of his sisters-in-law. So he had to move and settled not far from there, in a villa called Les Roches Montigny, in Saint-Ideuc, near Paramé[836].

 

 

Figure 92: the exodus, 10 June 1940

 

 

Fernand died in Paris, rue de Bassano, on 8 January 1943[837]. The Journal de Roubaix summed up his career in this way:

Head of the fabric trading house "Fernand et Emile Sartorius", rue Pauvrée, the deceased was well known on the Roubaix market place where he occupied an important position. He had made the house he ran one of the very first export houses in the town. His authority in this matter was great and the government had recognised his rare competence by appointing him in 1936 as conseiller du commerce extérieur [foreign trade adviser]. He was one of the good auxiliaries of local industry, bringing the fabric of Roubaix to the farthest corners of the world. Mr. Fernand Sartorius had also been a judge at the commercial court for several years and was a member of the fabric trade union chamber. Deeply attached to the land, he was interested in many local societies and had acquired a real popularity in the pigeon fancier world, a sport in which he excelled[838].

Meanwhile, Adolphe and Suzanne Sartorius, driven out of Brittany by the approaching landing, had withdrawn to Versailles, to a house located 65 rue d'Anjou, in the Saint Louis district[839].

On the morning of 24 June, 1944, Adolphe Sartorius left his home for an appointment with his dentist in Paris[840]. At 8.20 a.m., just as he arrived at the gare des Chantiers and many people were on their way to work, two trains were crossing paths. All of a sudden you could hear the tremendous roar of the American super-fortresses that were coming to bomb this important point on the railway lines that served the Normandy front, less than three weeks after the Allied landings. There had been no alert. Versailles had indeed been detached from the general alert network of the Seine-et-Oise at the request of the Luftwaffe staff stationed at Villacoublay, who wanted to ensure a certain tranquillity for its crews exhausted by incessant missions. The population was therefore not warned of the imminence of the most terrible bombardment that the town had had to endure. In a dreadful crash the bombs exploded, sowing death. There was general panic, the cries of the wounded filled the air. A cloud of acrid dust enveloped the whole station. Help was organised. Arms and legs bathed in huge pools of blood. Passengers were sitting on the platform steps, dead, their lungs shattered by the blast. Human remains were lying on the roof of the station. Crazy horses were galloping towards the city. Then another wave of bombers arrived, from a different angle. The bombs burst, leaving a bloody trail over the city. Twenty-five streets were hit. Entire buildings collapsed. On the evening of 24 June, 251 persons were killed[841], including Adolphe Sartorius[842]. Meanwhile, his wife, who had heard the sound of the explosions, was not worried about anything, convinced that she was convinced that her husband had taken the train to another station, Versailles Rive-Gauche[843]. It was her brother-in-law Jean Rousseau who took on the difficult task of identifying the body. Like those of all the victims, he had been gathered in the main courtyard of the Hoche high school[844]. The body of Adolphe Sartorius had no apparent wounds[845].

 

 

Figure 93: the Chantiers station after its bombing

 

 

The news of Adolphe Sartorius' death reached the Nord a week later. But censorship was watching. It was forbidden to mention the allied bombings. Le Réveil du Nord of 2 July 1944, modestly referred to an accidental death, reporting the death of the famous "coulonneux" Adolphe Sartorius[846]. A mass in his memory was celebrated in the church of Notre Dame de Lourdes in Roubaix on 8 July 1944. The mourning was led by Jean Sartorius, who had returned to the Nord. In spite of the circumstances, the presence of a senator, the presidents and vice-presidents of many pigeon fanciers' circles of the Nord, a former burgomaster of Dottignies and two representatives of the Racing Club of Roubaix was noted in the audience[847].

Of the five Sartorius brothers, only Henri and Jean survived the war. Henri died in Paris on 27 April 1953[848] and Jean died in Luingne on 12 October 1960[849].

 

*

 

 

 

Chapter seven

 

 

 

GERMAN ... AND AMERICAN RELATIVES

O

ne day, while corresponding during 1997 with some sixty Germans bearing the name Sartorius, I had the surprise and joy of running into a real cousin, Hans Sartorius. He had an excellent memory. But the connection between us was not easy to establish. I had only sent him a list of my direct ascendants up to Franz Anton Sartorius. The names of Barmen and Wilhelmine Capito, mentioned in my letter, had struck him. Wilhelmine Capito, who the attentive reader was careful not to forget that she was the wife of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius, born in 1757, happened to be his great-great-grandmother. Similarly, Hans Sartorius remembered that next to Ferdinand Joseph, our direct ancestor, this couple had another son, Ludwig Philipp Gerlach, his own great-grandfather.

We saw that Ludwig Philipp Gerlach Sartorius had had five children. It does not seem that they remained very united. In any case, Hans Sartorius did not know that his grandfather, Hugo Sartorius, had brothers and sisters[850]. Just do we know that the eldest sister, Julie, was married to Johann Müller, a farmer [Gutspächter] in Borgentreich, who in 1859 applied for the auction of real estate in Barmen, which she owned jointly with her brothers and sister and which was valued at 7 685 Thaler[851].

This Hugo Sartorius, born in Barmen in 1837, seems to have been a curious character. The date of his death is unknown. But there is more curiosity. In Germany, country of a Concordat, official documents mention the religion of the people. It is therefore certain that at his birth Hugo Sartorius was baptised in the Roman Catholic religion in the church of Sankt Antonius in Barmen. But his marriage certificate in Cologne in 1883 with Hubertine Randenrath indicates that he was a Protestant. His grandson Hans Sartorius remembers hearing his father say that his own father was a Protestant, but that he would have returned to the Roman Catholic religion before his death. Hans Sartorius notes, however, that at the time, the Roman Catholic Church prohibited mixed marriages between Roman Catholics and Protestants. Moreover, Hugo's in-laws, the Randenraths, were of a very strict Catholic faith. In any case, Hugo Sartorius and Hubertine Randenrath had five children, a son Max, two boys who died in infancy and two girls, whom Hans Sartorius never met.

Max Sartorius, son of Hugo and Hubertine Randenrath, was born in Cologne in 1884 and was baptised in the Roman Catholic religion. He became a bank clerk. He died in Cologne in 1934. From his marriage to Margarete Fuchs, he had a son, Hans.

Hans Sartorius was born in 1915 in Essen. He was a teacher and school headmaster in Cologne, before becoming head of the school administration in Mülheim an der Ruhr near Essen. In 1943 he married Maria Rödder, from whom he had a daughter and two sons. Only the elder of the two boys, Bernhard, born in 1949, is married. His two sons, Mathias and Thomas, born in 1981 and 1984 respectively, are the last bearers of the name in this branch[852]. Hans Sartorius died on September 21, 2009[853].

 

Figure 94: the German branches of the Sartorius family

 

 

However, it was at the end of 1997 that I experienced my greatest surprise, but also my greatest satisfaction. During the course of the year, I had continued to write systematically to bearers of the Sartorius name in Germany. The response rate was very low. However, one day in December I received a letter from a correspondent unknown to me, Mrs Marion Leihener. This lady explained to me that she had just received the letter I had written to her father, a Mr. Sartorius, who had died three years earlier! But, she continued, he had taken a great interest in the history of the Sartorius family and she had inherited all his papers. These included many extracts from baptism and marriage certificates. There was also a Familienbuch [family book], of which she told me nothing more. There was even a certificate from 1709. It seemed to her, in any case, that we were related. She ended by promising to copy me in a few weeks what I might be interested in. This lady scrupulously kept her word. Two months later I received about sixty sheets of photocopies of documents. In August 1998, I had the pleasure of meeting this charming woman, who was a great fan of art history and Greco-Roman archaeology. She showed me the ruins of Wildenburg, Friesenhagen and the Hatzfeldt castle in Crottorf. She also showed me the Familienbuch held by her ancestor Adolph Ludwig, a large notebook with a green leather cover marked in gold A letters. Sartorius in gold letters. In it he kept notes on his ancestors, his children and his belongings. A pocket attached to the back cover contains some original documents about the Sartorius family. I have made extensive use of all this in the previous pages. I will therefore limit myself here to completing the history of the branch of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius, the eldest of the three Sartorius brothers, dyers in Barmen.

 

 

Figure 95: French-German meeting in Friesenhagen in August 1998[854]

 

 

We remember that Adolph Ludwig Sartorius had married a Lutheran, Julie Bargmann. Their five children, Clara, born on 22 January 1825, Adelheid, born on 21 June 1826, Alex, born on 25 June 1829, Otto, born on 13 July 1831, and Moritz, born on 12 May 1834[855], became Lutherans, as did their descendants[856]. Mixed sponsorships seemed to be well accepted. Alex, who died of measles at the age of ten months, had his maternal uncle, the Protestant Wilhelm Keller, as Godfather and his paternal aunt, the Catholic Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, as Gofmother.

Adolph Ludwig Sartorius lost his wife under unusual circumstances. On September 15, 1861, they both began a pleasure trip with their granddaughter Julie Martinengo, Clara's daughter, to the Upper Rhine, the Palatinate, Heidelberg and so on. On 17 September, they took the train from Remagen to Mainz, where they stopped at the Rheinischer Hof Hotel at the home of the widow Hänlein. On the night of 17 to 18 September an illness that had long been dragging Julie Bargmann, woke up with great violence. She had been suffering from it periodically for years. She had been forced to lie in bed for varying periods of time. All the means, thermal cures, uvale cures, etc. had not brought her any lasting improvement. The family was therefore not worried. We had already succeeded so often in controlling the disease, if not in curing it definitively! The family doctor, Dr. Wittmann, was brought in from Düsseldorf. A nurse was hired, and all the necessary arrangements were made for treatment. However, the illness was again violent. Julie Bargmann died at 4 p.m. on October 7. She had had no idea that her end was near. In Mainz, her body was placed in a double coffin made of zinc and wood and sealed. On 10 October Adolph Ludwig Sartorius brought his wife's coffin by train from Mainz to Düsseldorf. His daughter and son-in-law accompanied him. The burial took place in the Düsseldorf cemetery on the 11th[857].

In 1862, Adolph Ludwig associated his two sons Otto and Moritz with his business, A. Sartorius & Co. in Düsseldorf[858], which was dedicated to the dyeing of cotton yarn in Turkey red, pink and scarlet. In 1880, the firm employed 100 workers and sold in Europe, Asia, and America, in other words worldwide at that time[859]. The company's activities were probably redirected, since on 5 December 1895 Moritz joined forces with a Mr. Varenkamp, a lawyer in Düsseldorf, to found the company A. Sartorius & Co GmbH with a capital of 1 200 000 Mark. The purpose of the company was the development and sale of land which was jointly owned by the members, as well as the purchase and sale of other land for the same purpose[860]. Moritz occupied a prominent position in Düsseldorf. In 1861 and 1862, at the age of less than 30, he was already a member of the Düsseldorf wool market committee [Wollmarkt]. He sat at the commercial court [Gewerbegericht] in Düsseldorf as a deputy judge at least from 1870 to 1883[861]. Finally, he was a member of the Düsseldorf municipal commission [Stadtausschuβ] from its establishment on 1 July 1888 to 1893. This commission was composed of notables and chaired by the mayor[862]. In 1865 Moritz had married a Miss Friederike Schlieper[863], from an important industrial family in Elberfeld[864]. He lost his wife in 1903[865]. He died on 20 November 1912. In his will he bequeathed 30 000 Mark in Prussian loans at 3,5% to the city of Düsseldorf for the establishment of a foundation, the Moritz und Frieda Sartorius-Stiftung. Half of the interest on the capital was to go to holiday camps and the other half to support needy schoolchildren[866].

Otto, Moritz's elder brother, had preceded him as deputy judge at the Düsseldorf commercial court from 1865 to 1870[867]. He died in 1889. His wife, Bertha Post, had six children, Alexander, Otto, Wilhelm, Hedwig[868] and two daughters, Helen Maria and Anna, whose birth dates of 1867 and 1870 we only know[869]. We will briefly mention Alexander, Wilhelm, and Hedwig before returning to Otto.

 

 

Figure 96: 100 000 Mark voucher issued by the Mühlenthaler Spinnerei & Weberei signed by Alex Sartorius

 

 

Alexander, known as Alex, studied at the municipal grammar school in Düsseldorf [städtisches Realgymnasium mit Gymnasialklassen zu Düsseldorf], which he left in 1884. He became a merchant in Düsseldorf[870]. In 1899 he was appointed member of the board of the Verein zur Wahrung des Interessen der Färberei- und Drückerei-Industrie von Rheinland und Westfalen [Association for the protection of the interests of the dyeing and printing industry of Rhineland and Westphalia[871]]. He also shifted the focus of his activities in 1896 by taking a shareholding in the Mühlenthaler Spinnerei und Weberei AG [Mühlenthal spinning and weaving company] in Dieringhausen[872]. This company, which in 1887 had only 53 workers, employed 520 in 1914[873]. In 1923 Alex was still involved in the company, as the above document shows. This voucher, signed in his hand, was a parallel currency issued by the company to make life easier for its workers in the context of hyperinflation in Germany at that time[874].

From Wilhelm I only knew that he had settled in Nuremberg[875]. In October 2014, my cousin Chantal Sartorius informed me that she had just received a letter from a German lawyer who had been asked to find the heirs of a certain Hermann Sartorius who died in Nuremberg in 2012, without leaving any known heirs[876]. The lawyer enclosed a picture with the letter, which showed that Hermann Sartorius was the grandson of the aforementioned Wilhelm Sartorius[877]. Wilhelm had probably broken with his family because he had a curious marriage. In 1910 he married a 26-year-old Lorraine woman, Katharina Burri, the daughter of a farmer from Bettborn in Moselle, in the then German city of Strasbourg[878]. This was in fact a regularisation because the young lady had given birth to a son, Wilhelm Hans Hermann, in March 1908[879]. I forwarded the file to Mrs. Leihener as the closest relative of this Wilhelm, but I do not know what she did with it.

Hedwig married a lawyer, Dr. Carl Varenkamp, probably the partner of her uncle Moritz, who left her a widow in 1908 with four children[880]. She later moved to Basel, Switzerland[881].

Otto Sartorius, the second of the name, was born in 1872[882] and died in Dieringhausen in 1944[883]. He left the textile industry by taking a stake in a foundry, Carl Kind & Co, in Bielstein near Dieringhausen[884]. This company was founded in 1888[885] by Carl Kind from two former forges which he had bought[886]. These forges used water from the Wiehl, a tributary of the Agger, as a source of energy for the manufacture of stoves, shovels, and knives. With the help of his eldest son, Walter, as sales manager, Carl Kind successfully moved into the production of tools for the mines, of which there were many in the Berg region. It was Walter's untimely death that brought Otto Sartorius into the company, both as a shareholder and as sales manager in January 1910. In view of the growing need for quality steels for the manufacture of machines and tools, the company expanded rapidly. Under the leadership of Carl Kind Jr., who died during World War I, the company made major technical investments. In the 1920s, the company continued to invest under the technical management of another son, Paul Kind, who also became a shareholder[887]. Today the company Kind GmbH & Co, KG in Wiehl-Bielstein specialises in special steels [Edelstahlwerk[888]]. Although a representative of the Kind family was still in charge of technical management in the 1980s[889], it seems that Otto Sartorius's son became the main, if not the only, shareholder[890].

From his marriage to Emmy Wollenweber[891], Otto had four sons. The eldest, Willi, fell in World War I in 1918. Another, Hans-Gert, fell in Russia during World War II in 1944. A third, Rolf-Guido, went to the United States and his family never heard from him anymore[892].

The life of Otto Sartorius was very bourgeois. He lived in a large house in the middle of a park in Dieringhausen and had a chauffeur-driven car. His brother Alex lived in a house across the street[893].

The last of Otto's sons, also named Otto[894], born in 1909 and died in 1994[895], took over his father's steelworks[896]. He was particularly interested in the family's origins. His research in the spring and summer of 1939, which was repeated after the war, has given us the history of the Sartorius administrators today. As soon as the war ended in August 1945, by chance, the fortune of genealogists, he was brought into contact with a Mr. Ritgen, the husband of a distant descendant of Franz Anton Sartorius[897]. While Otto Sartorius had focused his research on Wildenburg, Otto Ritgen did his own research in the Meschede region. In addition, Ritgen had been able to consult information about the Sartorius family in the archives of the Hatzfeldt house in Trachenberg, Silesia, before they burned down in 1945[898].

 

 

Figure 97: Otto Sartorius and his wife, née Emmy Wollenweber

 

Figure 98: Willi, Rolf-Guido and Otto Sartorius in front of the house of their parents in Dieringhausen

 

*

 

It is thanks to an original combination of circumstances that I got to know other German cousins.

On Easter Day 2001, two German brothers were discussing the search engines they were using on the Internet. The younger one told the older one that he mainly used Google, which did not yet have the dominant position it has since acquired, for its speed. He offered him a demonstration and asked him what he should look for. Genealogy Sartorius answered his brother, a passionate genealogist. They soon came across the Internet version of the book that was then available. After recognising the names of some of his ancestors, the eldest felt his heart stop beating. He knew that he had just found Ferdinand aus Roubaix [Ferdinand from Roubaix].

The two brothers are called Wilfried and Hartmut Sartorius. They are the grandsons of Carl Sartorius, Ferdinand's younger brother, who was only two years old when his father died and who had stayed in Germany with his mother and sisters. His children and grandchildren had nevertheless kept the memory of an uncle who had left for France, even though they had lost track of him. Today, contact has been re-established and we know Carl's fate[899].

After his studies at the royal high school in Bonn[900], Carl Sartorius stayed in Roubaix with his brother Ferdinand in 1883[901]. In 1885 and 1886 he worked in Würzburg. Twice in 1886 and 1887 he tried to emigrate to the United States. He left Bonn for the first time at the end of 1886[902]. The second time he left Le Havre on the SS Bretagne and arrived in New York on 31 January 1887[903]. He also stayed in Norway[904]. He finally returned to Germany where he settled as a merchant in Gera, Thuringia. In 1892 he married the daughter of a merchant, Clara Bachof[905]. From this marriage he had a daughter, Gertrud, in 1894[906], and a son, Erich, in 1898[907]. Carl Sartorius died in Gera in 1926[908] and his widow in 1941[909].

 

Figure 99: the SS La Bretagne

 

 

In 1920, their daughter Gertrud Sartorius married a teacher named Schenk[910]. She died in Weimar in 1980[911]. She had a son and two daughters, Waltraud Schneider and Hannelore Schenk, both living in Stuttgart. Born in 1923[912] and 1925 respectively[913], they are the last holders of the family's oral history. Their brother Jürgen, born in 1929[914], was a pastor in the former East Germany. He died in 2001[915].

Erich Sartorius was mobilised during the First World War and fought on the Verdun front[916]. He became an engineer [Diplomingenieur] and moved to Brandenburg, 55 kilometres west of Berlin[917], where he worked in the design office of the aircraft manufacturer Arado[918]. A widower without children from a first marriage[919], he married in the spring of 1940 Klara Berberich, a Roman Catholic woman from Ottersweier in Baden[920]. From this second marriage he had three children, Ortrud in 1940, Wilfried in 1942 and Gerhild in 1944[921]. The Red Army was then advancing towards Berlin, which it completed rhe encirclement of on 23 April 1945[922]. The family fled to neighbouring Mecklenburg[923], still held by the Wehrmacht[924]. They took refuge in the small village of Ganzlin. A few days after the German surrender, on 19 May, Erich Sartorius was found shot dead on the way from Twietfort to Ganzlin. The circumstances of his death remain unknown[925]. His wife, five months pregnant, gave birth to a son, Hartmut, in September 1945. She then sought to return to Ottersweier to resume her teaching profession. Since 1946 the family has lived in the south of Baden and since 1961 in Freiburg im Breisgau[926], a university town, where it moved when the children began their higher education[927].

 

 

Figure 100: meeting with the children of Erich Sartorius in Gundelfingen in August 2002[928]

 

*

 

Earlier in this chapter, we let Rolf-Guido Sartorius emigrate to the United States. When she told me about her uncle, Mrs Leihener told me that her family had lost contact with him. She was all the more sad because her father, who had only had daughters, had made her promise to pass on his family papers, including the precious Familienbuch, to her brother Rolf-Guido, the last name bearer in this branch[929].

So I set out to find him. Sending about fifty letters to American Sartorius proved to be completely unsuccessful. The messages I posted on genealogical forums on the Internet remained unanswered. However, by searching the US Social Security file available on the Internet, I was able to obtain a copy of Rolf-Guido's and his wife's records. According to these documents, he was born in 1904, arrived in the United States before 1 December 1936 and settled in Montclair, Newark, New Jersey. He married Jean Clare Hecht, born in West Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1905. Rolf-Guido died in Montclair in January 1975 and his wife in October 1985[930].

I had been stuck at this stage for two years when I was surprised one morning to find an e-mail from an American named Mark Bjelland who told me that he had married a granddaughter of Rolf-Guido Sartorius[931]. In the spring of 2005, I received another surprise: I received an e-mail from Barbara Sartorius, Mark Bjelland's wife, telling me that her husband, who was on a sabbatical, she and their children were spending the school year in Wales, that they would be coming to spend a few days in Paris and that they wanted to meet me on that occasion. So they came to dinner at home and brought me a CD with family photos with oral commentary, not least by Barbara's father himself[932].

A certain mystery seems to have always reigned in the family about the causes of Rolf-Guido's emigration, especially as contact was lost between him and his German family. At that time, the means of communication were not what they are today. The international telephone was in its infancy and the Internet did not exist. Then came six years of war that cut the United States off from Germany. Rolf-Guido only returned to Germany once or twice[933]. However, I can now reconstruct his journey quite well.

At the end of the 1920s, Rolf-Guido went to Stuttgart University for post-graduate studies. He was a member of the Teutonia Corps, one of the student bodies with deep roots in German culture, and participated in one of its gatherings in 1933[934].

 

 

Figure 101: 73rd anniversary of the Corps Teutonia in 1927[935]

 

 

In a Germany plagued by inflation and turmoil[936], Rolf-Guido showed early on an American tropism. In January 1928, he embarked in Hamburg on the SS Albert Ballin, which brought him to New York on 13 January[937].

 

 

Figure 102: the SS Albert Ballin

 

 

In April 1929 he made a second trip from Bremen to New York on the SS München[938]. His final settlement in the United States seems to have been at this time. Although still a German national, he had already settled in East Orange, New Jersey, in 1931, the year he made a trip to Germany, from which he returned on the SS Bremen in July[939].

 

 

Figure 103: the SS München

 

 

He made another trip to Europe at the end of 1933[940], from which he returned in January 1934, still aboard the Bremen[941].

 

 

Figure 104: the SS Bremen

 

 

Whatever the reasons for Rolf-Guido's departure, he certainly did not appear to be a poor emigrant to the United States, even though it is not known exactly what he did there. He can be seen here playing tennis or sunbathing on the beach. In 1937, he already owned a Dodge and lived in a residential suburb of New Jersey[942]. In 1935, he entered a bourgeois family by marrying Jean Hecht[943], daughter of Dr. Maximilian Hecht[944]. In the summer of 1936, he made his honeymoon to Germany to introduce his wife to his family[945]. They both returned to Bremen and landed in New York on 15 July 1936[946].

 

 

Figure 105: Rolf-Guido and his wife on honeymoon trip in Germany[947]

 

 

Rolf-Guido made two more trips to Europe after the war, one in September 1947 and the other with his wife and their son in August 1955, from where he returned in first class via Rotterdam on the Westerdam[948].

Rolf-Guido had only one son, Rolf Edward, born in Montclair[949] on 25 August 1939[950]. In September 1956, Rolf-Guido took a cruise to Europe on the M/V Hellenic Sailor[951]. He attended Montclair high school and the University of Pennsylvania. At the age of 25, he received a Ph.D. in philosophy from Princeton University as a Woodrow Wilson fellow. At Princeton, he devoted himself to his lifelong interest in philosophy of law, political philosophy, and applied ethics. He taught these subjects and wrote extensively on them[952]. He is the author of Individual conduct and social norms (2009[953]). He taught at Wayne State University from 1964 to 1966, Case Western from 1966 to 1969 and the University of Minnesota from 1969 to 1984. He then retired as an emeritus professor of philosophy[954]. In 1960, he married Catherine McCormick, of whom he had a son, Rolf Harold, and a daughter, Barbara, born in Princeton in 1964[955]. After retirement, he and his wife moved first to Lutsen, Minnesota and then to Hilton Head, South Carolina. They were active members of the Superior National Golf Course. Rolf became an amateur radio operator. He was also a serious stamp collector and built model ships and trains. He died of lung cancer at Hilton Head on 15 June 2014[956].

 

 

 

Figure 106: Rolf E. Sartorius

 

 

Rolf Harold, the last male representative of this branch, lives in Reston, a suburb of Washington D.C.[957]. From his marriage to Patricia Hanscom, he has a daughter, Caroline[958]. They both run Social Impact, a 100-person company they founded around 1996 and which had sales of $ 22 million in 2013. Their initial idea was that international aid programmes are too often imposed rather than being integrated into the culture of the host country. Social Impact therefore provides large international aid funding agencies, such as USAid, the World Bank and the United Nations[959], with consultancy and training services in project planning, ùanagmeent of non-governmental organizations and management[960]. Rolf has an M.A. in international public administration from the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota. Patricia, who worked for the U.S. State Department for many years, has a master's degree in public policy from the JFK School of Government at Harvard University[961].

 

Figure 107: Pat and Rolf Sartorius

 

 

Pat and Rolf also adopted a boy, Rolf Jacob Sartorius[962], born in 2002, who became a social network celebrity under the name Jacob Sartorius. At the age of 13, he started a singing career by posting his first videos on the Internet. On May 3, 2016, he released his first album Sweatshirt, which quickly made it into the Hot 100 in the United States and Canada. In 2017, he embarked on a concert tour around the world[963].

 

 

Figure 108: Jacob Sartorius

 

 

Rolf Harold's sister Barbara spent part of her youth in Cuernavaca, Mexico, before returning to Minnesota. With degrees in art, ancient history and theology, she travelled to Italy to see the frescoes by Fra Angelico. She has also taught ice skating to children from around the world in Canada[964]. She now lives in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she is chaplain at the Pine Rest Christian hospital[965]. She has two children from her marriage to Mark Bjelland, my pen pal[966], an environmental engineering consultant from 1988 to 1994, a professor of geography at Gustavus Adolphus college in Saint Peter, Minnesota from 1998 to 2013, and Calvin college in Grand Rapids since 2013[967]. Mark is particularly interested in studying the links between environmental degradation, economic distress and social injustice[968].

 

 

Figure 109: Barbara and Mark Bjelland and their children

 

*

 

Before closing this chapter, let us give a very quick overview of the descendants of Philipp Schnier, known as Hühnerhans, to whom we know more than 30,000 descendants[969]. His two sons, Conrad and Dietrich, number just over 22,300 and 10,800 respectively[970].

It is curious, even if it is too simplistic, to compare the social evolution of these two branches over four centuries. Conrad's descendants largely remained in the Meschede region and linked to the land until well into the 20th century. Probably driven by poverty, a number of them participated in the great emigration movement of Germans to the United States in the 19th century. Today, there are more than 5 800 Americans of Conrad's descent[971].

We remember that Dietrich, for his part, had two sons, Anton and Johann Wilhelm. The descendants of Anton, the eldest, heir to the Lambertshof, have on the whole had a destiny comparable to that of their cousins, descendants of Conrad. There are about 4 400 of them, including almost 2,000 Americans. Among their singular journeys, we should mention a granddaughter of Dietrich Schnier who married a Volmer de Mosebolle. Their descendants were followed in the Remblinghausen region until the 1860s[972]. One of their descendants, Wilhelm Volmer, settled in Aachen, and his descendants can be found in the vicinity of Essen until the 1960s. However, one of his grandsons, Johann Josef Volmer, moved to Punta Arenas in the far south of Chile, where he owned a general shop. His descendants can be found today in Chile itself, in Argentina and as far away as California[973].

Dietrich's youngest son, Johann Wilhelm, has about 1,900 descendants. As we have seen, the sons of Georg Anton Franz began their industrial adventure at the dawn of the 19th century and their descendants have remained in this world[974]. The branches of his half-sisters, daughters of Franz Anton Sartorius and his first wife, Maria Regina Weller, are also of interest. Their representatives have largely remained in Germany, where they have resolutely turned towards intellectual professions and have held sometimes high positions in administration or higher education.

Although Franz Anton Becker's life was marked by failures, many brilliant minds are to be found among his descendants from his marriage to Anna Maria Sartorius[975]. Many of them followed academic careers. Among the men are many doctors and university professors. As for the women, many have married people of a certain notoriety, when they did not have their own. Among the descendants of Anna Maria Sartorius and Franz Anton Becker or their spouses, no fewer than twenty-eight persons are entitled to an article in the Deutsche Biographie, the Österreiches biographisches Lexikon or Wikipedia:

w Karl Ferdinand Becker (1775-1849), philologist[976] ;

w Adolph Trendelenburg (1802-1872), philosoph, professor at Berlin University[977] and associate member of the Académie française des sciences morales et politiques[978] ;

w Karl Müllenhoff (1818-1884), médiévist[979] ;

w Justus Roth (1818-1890), professor of geology[980] ;

w Carl Becker (1820-1897), banker and consul of Hessen-Darmstadt in Amsterdam[981] ;

w Friedrich Adler (1827-1908), architect and archzologist[982] ;

w Adolf Michaelis (1835-1910), archeologist[983] ;

w Adolf Pansch (1841-1887), anatomist and anthropologist, who left his name à to a cape of Shannon island in Groenland[984] ;

w Hermann von Stahl (1843-1909), mathematician, disciple of Weierstrass[985] ;

w Professor Doktor Friedrich Trendelenburg (1844-1924), distinguished surgeon at a time when Berlin was considered as the world center of medical science and its teaching and who left his name to a position, a symptom, an operation an a sign[986] ;

w Eduard Buchner (1860-1917), Nobel prize of chelistry in 1907[987] ;

w Karl Sartorius (1865-1945), lawyer, without any known link to our family[988] ;

w Hans Schreuer (1866-1931), lawyer[989] ;

w Otto Michaelis (1875-1949), protestant theologian[990] ;

w Carl Heinrich Becker (1876-1933), orientalist and minister of religion in Prussia[991] ;

w Wilhelm Trendelenburg (1877-1946), physiologist[992] ;

w Ernst Trendelenburg (1882-1945), secrztary of State[993] ;

w Paul Trendelenburg (1884-1931), professor of pharmacology and toxicology[994] ;

w Ferdinand Trendelenburg (1896-1973), director of the central research laboratory of Siemens[995] ;

w Wolfgang Trillhaas (1903-1995), protestant thelogian[996] ;

w Max Wendl (1904-1984), painter and author of stained-glass windows[997] ;

w Hedwig von Restorff (1906-1962), psychologist and paediatricia[998] ;

w Rudolf Buchner (1860-1917), historian[999] ;

w Hellmut Becker (1913-1993), lawyer and attorney at law[1000] ;

w his wife, Antoinette Becker, née Mathis (1920-1998), author of children's books[1001] ;

w Rudolf Mors (1920-1988), director ad componist[1002] ;

w Ullrich Trendelenburg (1922-2006), pharmacologist[1003] ;

w Nicolas Becker (born 1946), criminal lawyer[1004] ;

w and his wife, the German-American writer Irene Dische (born 1952[1005]).

As for the line stemming from Charlotte Sartorius and Josef von Stockhausen, it stood out in the legal and administrative functions in the service of the elector of Cologne, then of the King of Prussia and finally of the successive Reiche[1006]. This was particularly the case with one of their grandsons, Ludwig Holle (1855-1909), Prussian minister of religion[1007], and his son Alexander Holle (1898-1978), general of the Luftwaffe[1008].

Caspar Sartorius can safely be credited with the fact that the descendants of his nephew Johann Wilhelm have definitively left the land. Caspar had risen above the mass of the inhabitants of Remblinghausen by holding judicial and fiscal positions and had gained access to other horizons. His nephews Anton and Wilhelm, sons of his brother Dietrich, benefited fully from this rise. The latter benefited even more. His position as a cadet deprived him of the Lambertshof inheritance. He therefore joined the Hatzfeldt family, thus severing the link with the rural world of Remblinghausen for good and opening up new horizons.

 

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*

Figure 110: map of Germany

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANNEXES

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1- Baptismal certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius in Meschede on 30 November 1711 (2nd act from the top of the page). It is the oldest original document we have on the Sartorius family. It is still in Latin, whereas in France, since the ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts made by François I in 1539[1009], French was used in all public acts. It reads: On 30 November Franz Anton Sartorius was christened from parents and spouses Wilhelm Sartorius and Anna Margareta Janvars. Godparents Anton Sartorius and the wife of the judge in Schmallenberg Janvars.

2- Will of Johann Caspr Sartorius (17 June 1718) and his codicil (2 March 1719) [cf. note 198].

3- Marriage certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius and Maria Regina Weller. The marriage was celebrated in Friesenhagen [cf. note 254]. The act was recorded on 27 April 1745 in the registers of the church Sankt Marien in Siegen, the wife's parish. The text can be found on page 56 and the translation note 254.

4- Baptismal certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius in Friesenhagen on 19 January 1757 (2nd act from the top of the page) [cf. note 300]. The text can be found on page 60 and the translation in note 300.

5- Lutheran marriage certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and Wilhelmine Capito in Kirchen on 24 May 1784 (1st act under the date 1784) [cf. note 310]. The text can be found on page 62 and the translation in note 310. In contrast to the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church kept its registers in the vulgar language, German in this particular case.

6- Baptismal certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius in Friesenhagen on 11 January 1792 (bottom of the left column and top of the right column) [cf. note 321]. The text can be found on page 63 and the translation note 321. France has been undergoing a revolution for two and a half years but Germany still uses Latin.

7- Apprenticeship contract of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius in house F. A. and Chr. Jung in Elberfeld drawn up by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius on 10 February 1807 (3 pages) [see note 386]. The translation of this text can be found on page 72.

8- Excerpt from a handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family drawn up by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius between 1816 and 1819 [cf. note 225]. The first lines read: Mein Grossvater Wilhelm Sartorius, Beamter in Willdenburg. Grossmutter Theresie Joanvars von Attendorn ... [My grandfather Wilhelm Sartorius, administrator in Wildenburg. Grandmother Theresie Johanvars von Attendorn].

9- Death certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius in Kirchen (Sieg) on 23 February 1819 (last act at the bottom of the page) [cf. note 345]. It is still in Latin. The register from which it is taken is in fact merely a list of burials. The deceased is indicated only as Antonius Sartorius. Curiously, his date of birth (+ 19.1.1757) has been added afterwards above his name, which makes it possible to confirm the identity of the figure despite the summary nature of the act. Civil status as we know it in France only slowly penetrated during the 19th century into a Germany still divided into 39 sovereign states[1010].

10- Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp in Barmen on 25 March 1819 (2 pages) [cf. note 335]. At the end, one can note the signatures of the spouses (Ferd. Joseph Sartorius and Gertrud Heydkamp) and among the witnesses is that of Adolph Sartorius, brother of the groom. Twenty years of French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine (1793-1813) and seven years of occupation of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813) had brought the Napoleonic code and the French-style civil status to this part of Germany[1011]. The act, both in its pre-printed and handwritten parts, is in Gothic script. It is only in July 1941 that Hitler will officially make it disappear in favour of our Latin script[1012].

11- Birth certificate of Adolph Sartorius in Barmen on December 23 1819 [cf. note 414]. Note the signature of his father (Ferd. J. Sartorius).

12- Excerpt from the diary of Wilhelmine Capito [cf. note 318]. The first two lines read: 1798 den 18 März bin ich von Wildenburg nach Kirchen gezogen [On 18 March 1798, I moved from Wildenburg to Kirchen]. Under the year 1819 it also reads: 1819 den 24 Febr. ist mein Mann gestorben [On 24 February 1819 my husband died] and further on: 1819 den 19 Juli bin bey meinem Sohn Ferdinand in Barmen eingezogen [On 19 July 1819 I moved to my son Ferdinand in Barmen].

13- Circular announcing the creation of the firm Keller & Sartorius [cf. note 445]. The translation is as follows:

 

 

Elberfeld, 1 August 1831

Sir

We have the honour to announce the creation of a Turkey red yarn company under the name of

Keller & Sartorius

The dyeing plant previously operated in Barmen by Adolph and Ferdinand Sartorius under their names latter will from now belong to the new firm. Its liquidation will, however, be carried out under the responsibility of the current firm by the two participants.

Wilhelm Keller, hitherto partner of the firm Wilhelm Keller & Comp., informs you in a special circular about the dissolution of this business and we ask you to transfer the trust you have shown in our relations so far to the new firm. We shall make every effort to continue to deserve it.

Please be assured of our high esteem.

                                                                                          Keller & Sartorius

Signature of Wilhelm Keller        Keller & Sartorius

       "        "    Adolph Sartorius

       "        "    Ferdinand Sartorius

 

 

 

14- Death certificate of Wilhelmine Capito, widow of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius, in Barmen on 31 December 1833 [cf. note 431].

15- Marriage certificate of Adolph Sartorius and Rosalie Drissen in Rheydt (today Mönchengladbach) on 22 May 1844 (2 pages) [cf. note 423]. One can notice the signatures of the spouses (A. Sartorius and R. Drissen), their fathers (Ferd. Sartorius and Pet. Drissen), their mothers (Frau [Mrs] Sartorius and Frau [Mrs] Drissen) and among the witnesses Robert Sartorius, brother of the groom (R. Sartorius).

16- Birth certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius in Barmen on 10 April 1846 [note 490]. Note the signature of his father (Adolph Anton Sartorius).

17- Death certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius in Barmen on 5 December 1854 [cf. note 475]. The deceased is wrongly reported as being born in Kirchen. His father, Georg Anton Franz, is called there Oekonom.

18- Announcement of the death of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius. The German text reads: Death notice. Relatives and friends concerned, we make the painful announcement that our good husband and father Ferdinand Sartorius, from Cleves, was called to a better life this afternoon, around half past three o'clock, here at his home, after a short illness and after having received the Holy Sacraments for the dying, in the 64th year of his almost completed life. Barmen, 4 December 1854. The survivors.

19- Death certificate of Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, widow of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius, in Kleve on 21 October 1862 [cf. note 479]. The death is declared by his son-in-law Joseph Hopmann, royal notary in Kleve, who signs (Hopmann).

20- Mortuary image of Anna Gertrud Heidkamp.

21- Death certificate of Adolph Sartorius (registered as Anton Adolph Sartorius) in Barmen on 5 February 1864 [cf. note 522]. Note the signature of his brother Oswald (Oswald Sartorius).

22- Mortuary image of Adolph Sartorius, died in Barmen on 3 February 1864 [cf. note 522].

23- Invoice from the firm Störtländer & Sartorius to a Spanish client, Dupla Bros. in Zaragoza, dated 26 June 1866. The supplies are available from Mr. Lorenzo Freret, in Bayonne, to whom they are delivered through Mr. Klobert, 3 rue de Rocroi, in Paris. The currency of settlement seems to be the gold franc. 1 770 gold francs is equivalent to 10 000 euros today. The supplier is German, the customer Spanish, but the invoice is in French.

24- Mortuary image of Emma Hopmann, born Sartorius, died in Kerpen on 25 February 1893 [cf. note 476]. Small trade at the scale of a continent: that of pious images. It will be noted that the image of Christ comes from 25 rue Saint Sulpice in Paris.

25- Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Blanpain in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 7 February 1880 [cf. note 586]. Belgium had been successively Burgundian (1369-1477), Austrian (1477-1517), Spanish (1517-1713), Austrian (1713-1794), French (1794-1814), then Dutch (1814-1830), before being independent. Here too, as in Rhineland, the twenty years of French occupation had left the Napoleonic code and vital records à la française[1013].

26- Extract from the letters written in Italy by Ferdinand Sartorius in December 1891 [cf. note 616]. It reads in the first lines: Milan, 9 déc[em]bre 1891. Ma chère Emma, Je suis arrivé hier soir 8 heures, ayant manqué le train à Bâle ; j'ai voyagé avec M^r Guggenheim et sa belle-sœur de Suisse ... [Milan, 9 December 1891. My dear Emma, I arrived last night at 8 o'clock, having missed the train in Basle; I travelled with Mr Guggenheim and his sister-in-law from Switzerland...].

27- Share of the Mühlenthaler Spinnerei und Weberei AG, with the signature of Alex Sartorius.

28- Mortuary image of Maria Sartorius, died in Melun on 11 September 1899 [cf. note 529].

29- Death certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius in Roubaix on 2 December 1901 [cf. note ]. At that time, the German empire is still only a confederation of sovereign states. The deceased is therefore said to have been born in Prussia, since the latter had annexed Rhineland since the congress of Vienna in 1815[1014].

30- Death certificate of Rosalie Drissen, widow of Adolph Sartorius, in Honnef on 18 January 1910 [cf. note 559].

31- Mortuary image of Rosalie Drissen, died in Honnef on 17 January 1910 [cf. note 536].

32- Mortuary image of Anna Sartorius, who died in Honnef am Rhein on 15 April 1919. Ferdinand Sartorius and his sisters had been separated for almost 40 years. The First World War had not been over for six months. However, links still existed between the German and French branches of the family. This picture, in the possession of one of Ferdinand Sartorius's granddaughters, is proof of this.

33- Announcement of the death of Emma Blanpain.

 

*

Annexe 1

 

Acte de baptême de Franz Anton Sartorius

 

 

Annex 2

 

Will of Johann Caspar Sartorius[1015]

 

 

 

In the name of the Most Holy Trinity, amen!

I, Caspar Sartorius, alderman of justice of the prince elector at Remblinghausen and testator, make known and acknowledge here that I have long understood that every man, according to the law of nature, must leave the Earth through temporal death and enter eternity. Also, so as not to be surprised when the unknown hour of my death comes, I would like to protect all mine beforehand from the disputes and errors that would follow from my death about my temporal possessions and goods, which the Almighty God blessed me with and which he has given me and ordained. Therefore, since, praise be to God, I am in good condition and of sound mind, I have made, ordered, and laid down the provisions of my will or last will, I make, do, order and dispose of all things without constraint and pressure in the best way, with force, as it is written hereafter.

First, when the most strong God in his unshakeable will calls me from this earth to eternity, I commend my soul in humbly prayer that by the merits full of grace and bitter sufferings and death of Jesus Christ our Saviour, my God and Judge, will in his infinite mercy, receive and accept my soul in grace and give it to enjoy the infinite joy of God, through the intercession of the glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, my holy patrons Saint Gertrude and Saint Matilda and all the saints of the Good Lord.

Secondly, my corpse is to be placed in the vault of my ancestors, in all humility and recollection, according to Catholic custom end that of this parish, and at the burial a few Holy Masses are to be celebrated for the consolation of my poor soul.

Then, in the third place, I order, and desire that immediately after my death thirty-two Thaler be paid out of my estates by my executors or heirs to the Capuchin fathers in Rüthen, to the Franciscans in Attendorn, to the Minorites in Brilon, and to the Dominicans in Soest together, and that each convent of the fathers must, for the eight Thaler received, immediately say the Holy Mass in good and due form for the consolation of my poor soul.

In fourth, I bequeath to my niece Anna Margaretha Hanses at Einhauß 200, in letters two hundred, Reichsthaler of my certified claims at Siedlinghausen or Gellinghausen.

In fifth, I bequeath to my nieces Wrede ten Reichsthaler.

In sixth, I bequeath to my old maid Anna Maria ten Reichsthaler.

In seventh, I also bequeath to my maid Brigitte ten Reichsthaler.

In eighth, I bequeath to the children of my blessed sister in Belecke the remaining thirty Reichsthaler, whom they or the owners of their property owe me with all the remaining pensions and Christina, the granddaughter of my blessed sister Margarethe, is to have half of it and the rest must be divided between the heads and the people.

In ninth, I bequeath to the child of my blessed half-sister called Donner in Remblinghausen jointly and severally twenty Reichsthaler, and this above bequest may be fulfilled with bonds.

In eleventh[1016], in order to promote the glory of God with the money and goods I have saved, I give and bequeath for the foundation of a family vicariate [Bluths Vicarey] the following bonds and the outstanding capital sums specified below, but the remaining pensions, such as those that will become due in the current year of my death, fall due to my inheritance:

1. to the whole community of Bödefeld                                          230 Rthlr.

2. at the widow Knipschild                                                             40 Rthlr.

3. at the bourgmestre Becker                                                         20 Rthlr.

4. to those who owe tithing in Niedersfeld                                     250 Rthlr.

5. at the syndic of Drasenbeck                                                     145 Rthlr.

6. at the syndic of Wulstern                                                            74 Rthlr.

7. at the house of Baldeborn                                                        300 Rthlr.

8. at Hermans in Mosebolle                                                           30 Rthlr.

9. Schäfers Johan in Enkhausen                                                     20 Rthlr.

10. Göckeler in Ramsbeck                                                             30 Rthlr.

11. Herr von Cloedt in Remblinghaußen                                         20 Rthlr.

12. the heirs of Bergmeisters in Meschede                                      60 Rthlr.

13. Albert Pöttgen in Meschede                                                      50 Rthlr.

14. Brillman in Meschede                                                              20 Rthlr.

15. Dreigscherer in Meschede                                                       30 Rthlr.

16. Ferdinand Hirenstein and his ecclesiastical son                      110 Rthlr.

17. his brother-in-law in Warstein                                                  20 Rthlr.

18. Herr Doctor Weise in Arnsberg                                              200 Rthlr.

19. at the judge Winter or his heirs in Siedlinghausen                   100 Rthlr.

in such a way that a secular vicar of my kinship draws and has as salary the annual pension due on the capital specified above of 1 449, I write one thousand four hundred and forty-nine, Reichsthaler with the obligations specified above. And I bequeath to the church of Remblinghausen a pension of 200, I write two hundred, Reichsthaler, on the capital indicated for the ornaments, light, wine and hosts above and on which the sacristan will also be paid.

Then I bequeath to the school of Remblinghausen the remaining hundred Reichsthaler of the above bonds, so that the schoolmaster of the moment recites daily and in perpetuity with the pupils five Our Father and five Hail Marys for the salvation of my soul and that of mine in honour of the five wounds of Christ, in return for which the schoolmaster of the moment must have 9 Mariengroschen monthly on the interests of these one hundred Reichsthaler and the rest of all quarters must be shared between the pupils, so that they remember to pray the Lord God for me in the same way.

Now, as far as the foundation of the vicariate is concerned, it is my last will and firmest order that the following points and clauses be observed:

1.mo After my death, my nephew Wilhelm, or his eldest son, if his father is dead, shall be the patron and collator of the vicariate founded by me, and shall also confer it upon a relative of mine.

2.do In case of extinction of this line, the right to appoint and confer this vicariate shall be vested in the descendants of my nephew Anton.

3.tio When this vicariate is vacant and neither of my relatives claim it, then, it shall be served by an alien ad Interim usque dum [until].

4.to But if all my relatives should die out, I desire and order that the right of patronage shall fall and remain with the possessor of the moment of the farm which I now possess and named Lamberts Gut, to confer this vicariate according in his opinion.

5.to The vicar of the moment must be obliged, as I also oblige him here, to say the first mass every Sunday and feast day. Then, on a weekly basis, to say three masses for the salvation of my soul and that of mine for the greater glory of God, namely the Tuesday of St. Anthony of Padua, St. Anne, and St. Joseph, on the Thursday of the Blessed Sacrament, Saturday of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which masses may be said otherwise, if the vicar is absent due to the need of his business.

Then, in order that this bequeathed capital be used for the foundation and that the vicariate be established in perpetuity, I, founder and testator, ask the lord parish priest of Remblinghausen that the vicar of the moment be not obliged in any way to perform any pastoral service, and that my lord nephew Wilhelm, the future patron, see to this mine intention, on the occasion of which, I hope that the parish will provide this vicar with the house of the former vicariate or another dwelling.

Then, as the establishment of the inheritance is an essential element and basis for a will or last will, with regard to all that will remain of my estate after the payment of the bequests specified above and the burial costs, as and where due, with the utmost confidence, I lay down, order and approve, for the whole of my inheritance, that the two sons of my blessed brother Johann Wilhelm and Johann Anton, both of them gratefully to liquidate my succession and to faithfully and carefully fill out what relates to it and to distribute it peacefully in equal sharesbetween them, yet in such a way that Johan Tönnes [Anton] has my property in Remblinghausen and Suttrop, and in return, Johann Wilhelm really has a thousand Reichsthaler, and also to do it and execute it with accuracy, but in case both of them argue about it, that the share of the one who will be in his wrong be divided among the poor.

All this, as written above, is my final, favourite and last will of Caspar Sartorius, which is to be thus executed after my death.

On the other hand, that my heirs and legatees think during their life of my soul and, although it does not have the stability of an elegant and solemn testament, I nevertheless want it to remain as a codicil or gift to the article of death or as another last will, as it may be called, according to the law and the statutes of the country, and that it be of valid power and force, and that my previous testamentary dispositions and other documents be annulled therein. That anyone who contravenes in any way my last wills or goes against them be forever expelled, against which neither civil law nor canon law can protect. For its confirmation and full affirmation, I, testator, have undersigned with my own hand and drawn my usual seal.

Thus done in Remblinghausen on 8 June 1718.

 

 

(L.S.)                                                                   Casparus Sartorius manu ppr

 

 

We hereby let know that today, on the date indicated below and in presence of the witnesses specially requested and called for this purpose and of me, public, pontifical and imperial sworn notary, appeared the very noble lord Caspar Sartorius, alderman of justice of the prince elector, still in full health and of sound mind, has appeared and handed over the present instrument into my notarial hands, explaining that his last wills were entirely contained therein, which he wanted them to be carried out after his death, and by asking to sign and confirm by signing with his own hand and printing his usual seal, to accept such explanations and to draw up the usual act as a testimony of the truth, which, as requested, we together notary and witnesses, requested and called, cannot refuse, but which on the contrary we have communicated by virtue of the signatures and the printed seals. On behalf of those who cannot write I notary have signed on these required provisions and affixed my seal below next to their cross.

Thus done in Remblinghausen 1718, on 8 June.

 

 

(L.S.)                                Antonius Hencke

(L.S.)                                Johannes Wilhelmus [Sartorius] as a witness

(L.S.)                                Hermannus Theodorus Willmer as a witness

(L.S.)                                Reinhard Dolle as a witness

As Joannes Schröder of Hirtzberg, Johann Everhard Mackel of Meschede, and Johann Jobst Hencke of Remblinghaußen cannot write and each of them drew a cross on this will, I notary required to write on their behalf and sign with my seal, so did I voluntarily.

                            Gerlacus Stoll with his own hand at the request of the witnesses

 

X Signature of Johann Everhard Macke

X Signature of Johann Jobsten Hencken

X Signature of Johannes Schröder

 

In witness whereof and to the truth of the will, I, Gerlacus Stoll, notary public of the Holy Apostolic See and the imperial Authorities, specially required for this purpose, have written and signed and confirmed by a sign not in accordance with the notarial custom ofmy own hand.

On 27 February 1728, this copy was collated verbatim from the original will of the judge and alderman of the prince elector of the justice of Remblinghausen and found to be in conformity.

In witness whereof, and upon request, Joan Herman Frantzen, electoral clerk, subscribed with his own hand.

In his codicil of 2 March 1719, Caspar Sartorius states that it was brought to his attention that the obligation to say the first mass every Sunday and feast day and three masses on certain days during the week would be too heavy and that the vicar should only be obliged, in zddition to the first masses, to celebrate two masses for the salvation of his soul that of his parents in the days he preferred.

Annex 3

B> 

Marriage certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius and Maria Regina Weller

 

 

 

 

Annex 4

 

Baptism certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 5

 

Marriage certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius and Wilhelmine Capito

 

 

 

 

Annex 6

 

Baptism certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 7

 

Apprenticeship contract of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius at F. A. and Chr. Jung's (1)

 

 

 

 

Aoorenticeship contract of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius at F. A. and Chr. Jung's (2)

 

 

 

 

Apprenticeship contract of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius at F. A. and Chr. Jung's (3)

 

 

 

 

Annex 8

 

Genealogy of the Sartorius family set up by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 9

 

Deatn certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 10

 

Marriagev certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp (1)

 

 

 

Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp (2)

 

 

 

Annex 11

 

Birth certificate of Adolph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 12

 

Extract from Wilhelmine Capito's diary

 

 

 

 

Annex 13

 

Circulare announcing the creation of the firm Keller & Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 14

 

Death certificate of Wilhelmine Sartorius, née Capito

 

 

 

 

Annex 15

 

Marriage certificate of Adolph Sartorius and Rosalie Drissen (1)

 

 

 

 

Marriage certificate of Adolph Sartorius and Rosalie Drissen (2)

 

 

 

 

Annex 16

 

Birth certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 17

 

Death certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 18

 

Death announcement of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 19

 

Death certificate of Anna Gertrud Sartorius, née Heidkamp

 

 

 

 

Annex 20

 

Mortuary image of Anna Gertrud Heidkamp

 

 

 

 

Annex 21

 

Death certificate of Adolph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 22

 

Mortuary image of Adolph Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 23

 

Invoice of the firm Störtländer & Sartorius (envelop)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Invoice of the firm Störtländer & Sartorius to Dupla Bros in Zaragoza

 

 

 

 

Annex 24

 

Mortuary image of Emma Hopmann, née Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 25

 

Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Blanpain

 

 

 

 

Annex 26

 

Extract of the letters written from Italy by Ferdinand Sartorius in December 1891

 

 

 

 

Annex 27

 

share of the Mûhlenthaler Spinnerei AG signed by Alex Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 28

 

Mortuary image of Maria Sartorius

 

 

 

 

*

Annex 29

 

Death certificate of Ferdinand Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 30

 

Death certificate of Rosalie Sartorius, née Drissen

 

 

 

 

Annex 31

 

Mortuary image of Rosalie Sartorius, née Drissen

 

 

 

 

Annex 32

 

Mortuary image of Anna Sartorius

 

 

 

 

Annex 33

 

Death announcement of Emma Blanpain

 

 

 

SOURCES

 

 

 

Public archives

 

1/ France

Archives nationales, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93

Archives nationales, F/18/1770

Archives nationales, MC/ET/LXV/458, 30 août 1782, et MC/ET/LXXXIV/615, 12 mai 1785

Archives nationales, base Léonore, dossiers 19800035/0075/9272 et LH/1324/56

Archives départementales d'Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 NUM 35213 922

Archives départementales de la Loire-Atlantique, registres de la paroisse Saint Nicolas de Nantes, 1781, 1782, 1784, 1785 et 1787

Archives départementales de la Loire-Atlantique, registres de l'Eglise réformée de Nantes, 1788

Archives départementales de la Meurthe-et-Moselle, 5 Mi 272/R2

Archives départementales de la Moselle, 9NUM/65ED1E2, 9NUM/444ED1E5, 9NUM/743ED1E3, 9NUM/446ED1E4 et 9NUM/743ED1E3

Archives départementales du Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 015, 1 Mi EC 512 R 018, 1 Mi EC 512 R 021, 1 Mi EC 512 R 024, 1 Mi EC 512 R 028, 1 Mi EC 512 R 030, 1 Mi EC 512 R 032, 1 Mi EC 512 R 061, 1 Mi EC 512 R 063 et 1 Mi EC 512 R 072

Archives départementales du Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 021, 1 Mi EC 512 R 058, 1 Mi EC 512 R 102 et 1 Mi EC 512 R 191

Archives départemantales du Nord, 3 E 15886, 3 E 15249 et 3 E 15950

Archives départementales du Nord, M 178/5

Archives départementales du Nord, 1 R 2531, 1 R 2650, 1 R 2754, 1 R 2947 et 1 R 3157

Archives départementales de la Haute-Saône, fiche Pour mieux lire et comprendre un feuillet matricule des archives départementales de la Haute-Saône

Archives départemantales des Pyrénées-Orientales, 9NUM2E1494, 9NUM2E3092-3093 et 9NUM2E3094-3095

Archives départementales du Bas-Rhin, 4 E 482/198, 4 E 482/228, 4 E 482/298, 4 E 482/323, 4 E 482/336, 4 E 482/432, 4 E 482/585 et 4E 482/587

Archives de Paris, DC⁶ 17, f° 212 r°

Archives de Paris, V4E 714, V4E 3148, V4E 3308, V4E 3321, V4E 3671, V4E 3784, V4E 6971, V4E 7039, V4E 7238, V4E 7475, V4E 8161, V4E 8166, V4E 8173, V4E 8178, V4E 8184, V4E 8194, V4E 8202, V4E 8209, V4E 8227, V4E 8628, V4E 9129 et V4E 10348

Archives de Paris, V11E 708

Archives de Paris, 5 Mi 1 639, 5 Mi 1 722, 5 Mi 1 1124, 5 Mi 1 2207 et 5 Mi 1 2261

Archives de Paris, 3D 125, 8D 187, 16D 167, 20N 270, 20M 237 et 20D 315

Archives départementales de la Seine-et-Marne, 6E 306/105

Archives départemantales de la Seine-et-Marne, recensement de la population, Saint-Méry, 1896

Archives départementales de l'Yonne, 5Mi 669/3

Archives départementales des Hauts-de-Seine, E NUM CLI285, E_NUM_PUT115 and E NUM SEV147

Archives départementales de la Seine-Saint-Denis, D2M8/55, vue 12

Archives départementales du Val-de-Marne, 4E 2043 1

Archives municipales de Lyon, 2E 1427

Archives municipales de Metz, GG 1, GG 2, GG 22, GG 25, GG 28, GG 60, GG 138, GG 150, E/c41 and 1 E/c242

Archives municipales de Nantes, registres de la paroisse Saint Nicolas, 1^E328, et registres de l'Eglise réformée, GG 508

Vital records of Bagnères-de-Luchon

Vital records of Floing

Vital records of Melun

Vital records of Roubaix

Vital records of Saint-Coulomb

Vital records of Versailles

Service historique de la Défense, 5 Ye 53360

Service historique de la Défense, Journal des marches et opérations du 83^e rég^r d'artill^ie lourde, 12^e groupe, 23^e batterie pendant la campagne du 6 décembre 1915 au [blanc] (26 N 1094/8)

 

2/ Germany

 

Sächsiches Staatsarchiv Leipzig

Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen, Münster, Herzogtum Westfalen, Landesarchiv, n° 943

Landeshauptarchiv Coblence, church books of the Catholic parish of Friesenhagen

NRWPSAR, church books of the parish of Saint Cunibert of Cologne

EKiHN, church books of Lauterbach

Evangelische Archivstelle Boppard, KB 196/1, KB 238/1, and KB 238/5

Vital records of Bad Honnef am Rhein

Vital records of Barmen, Wuppertal

Vital records of Kleve

Vital records of Eitorf

Vital records of Gera

Vital records of Ottersweier

AM Ratingen, church books of the Catholic parish

Catholic parish of Sankt Marien of Siegen, church books

 

3/ Belgium

 

AGR, church books of Tervuren and Watermael-Boitsfort

AGR, 17418/0_0371 (vital records of Liège, births, 1858), 17426/0_0317 (vital records of Liège, births, 1854), 17430/0_0468 (vital records of Liège, births, 1860), 17497/0_0005 (vital records of Liège, marriages, 1871), 17676/0_0224 (vital records of Liège, births, 1828), 17676/0_0294 (vital records of Liège, births, 1828), 17916/0_0601 (vital records of Liège, marriages, 1834), 18109/0_0004 (vital records of Liège, births, 1884) and 18167/0_0005 (vital records of Liège, deaths, 1864)

AGR, 0500_000_02319_000_0_0016, 0500_000_02595_000_0_00001, 6000_000_00229_000_0_0001, and 6000_000_00229_000_0_0323 (church books and tables of Visé)

https://search.arch.be/, vital records, Bruxelles, 27 juin 1876

Vital records of Brussels

Vital records of Saint-Gilles

Vital records of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode

Vital records of Tervuren

 

4/ United States

 

Archives of the Social Security Administration, Baltimore, Maryland, files 140-07-2523 and 155-36-0569

National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, rolls 4201, 4486, 5006, 5440, 5831, 7495, 8627 and 8744

 

Books

 

19^e escadron du train des équipages militaires, historique, guerre 1914-1918, Charles Lavauzelle, éditeurs militaires, Paris, 1921

Adreβbuch der Oberbürgermeisterei Düsseldorf nach amtlichen Quellen, Düssseldorf, Düsseldorf [s.n.], 1859-1890, 1889 et 1890

Adress-Buch der Stadt Bonn, 1885, Druck und Verlag von P Neusser in Bonn, 1885

Adressbuch der Stadt Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Schwann, 1891-1983, 1891, 1893 et 1897

Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, by Rochus Liliencron, Franz X. von Wegele, Anton Bettelheim and Fritz Gerlich, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1876-1910

Almanach national, 1793, an V, an VI et an VII

Almanach national de la France, an VIII, an IX and an X

Almanach royal, années MDCCLXXXVII, MDCCLXXXVIII, MDCCXXXIX et MDCCXC, Laurent d'Houry, éditeur

Amouroux (Henri), La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation, collection Bouquins, tome premier, Quarante millions de pétainistes, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1976, 1977 et 1997

Amtlicher Bericht über die Industrie-Ausstellung aller Völker zu London im Jahre 1851 von der Berichterstattungs-Kommission der Deutschen Zollvereins-Regierungen, zweiter Theil, Verlag der Dekerschen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin, 1852

Amts-Blatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1844, J. E. Dänzer'schen Drückerei, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amts-Blatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1846, J. E. Dänzer'schen Drückerei, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1853, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1854, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1855, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1859, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1861, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1862, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1866, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1871, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1878, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1881, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1884, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf, s. d.

Andréani (A.), Loi du 15 juillet 1889, traité pratique du recrutement et de l'administration de l'armée française, mobilisation, réquisitions militaires, écoles Polytechnique, Saint-Cyr, Navale, etc., Nice, imprimerie, lithographie et librairie J. Ventre et C^ie, 1889

Andréani (A.), La condition des étrangers en France et la législation sur la nationalité française (lois des 26 juin 1889, 22 juillet et 8 août 1893), traité pratique d'extranéité à l'usage des préfectures, mairies, ambassades, consulats, tribunaux civils, justices de paix, et des étrangers voyageant ou exerçant en France une profession, un commerce ou une industrie, Paris, Librarie Guillaumin et C^ie, 1896

L'annuaire des familles, généalogies Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Société des Annuaires, 1995

Annuaire des grands cercles et du grand monde, sports et clubs, 27^ème année, Paris, A. Lahure éditeur, 1925

Annuaire général du commerce, judiciaire et administratif de France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855

Asmuth (Margaret), Gewerbliche Unterstützungkassen in Düsseldorf: die Entwicklung der Krankenversicherung der Arbeitnehmer 1841 bis 1884-1885, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv zu Köln, 1984

Ayçoberry (Pierre) et Ferro (Marc) (sous la direction de), avec la collaboration de Jean-Claude Ailleret, Pierre Ayçoberry, Nicole Belmont, Gérard Criqui, Georges Delmas, René Descombes, F.-G. Dreyfus, Marc Ferro, Etienne François, Marie-Claire Hoock, Etienne Juillard, Marie-José Patrix, Frédéric Rapp, André Stentz, Alfred Wahl et Klaus Wenger, Une Histoire du Rhin, Editions Ramsay, Paris, 1981

 

Bach (Général André), L'Armée de Dreyfus, une histoire politique de l'armée française de Charles X à «l'Affaire», Tallandier, 2004

Barton (Susan), Internment in Switzerland during the First Word War, Bloomsbury, 2019

Baumann (Anette), Reichspersonal: Funktionsträger für Kaiser und Reich, 2003

Baur (Karl Friedrich), Forststatistik der deutschen Bundesstaaten, première partie, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1842

Bĕlina (Pavel), Čornej (Petr) et Pokorný (Jiří) (sous la direction de), Histoire des pays tchèques, traduite du tchèque par Miroslav Prada et Marie-Jeannine Salé, Editions du Seuil, 1995

Bergeron (Louis), Banquiers, négociants et manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire, Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1999

Bericht über den Stand und die Verwaltung der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Düsseldorf im Zeitraum vom 1. April 1888 bis 31. März 1889.

Bertaux (Pierre), La vie quotidienne en Allemagne au temps de Guillaume II en 1900, Librairie Hachette, 1962

Bertaux (Pierre), Mémoires interrompus, Publications de l'Institut allemand d'Asnières, 2000

Biographisches Lexikon hervorragender Ärtze des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin/Vienna, 1901

Bled (Jean-Paul), Histoire de la Prusse, Fayard, 2007

Bluche (François) (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1990

Bogdan (Henry), Histoire de l'Allemagne de la Germanie à nos jours, Perrin, 1999 and 2003

Bord (Gustave), La Franc-maçonnerie en France des origines à 1815, tome premier, Les ouvriers de l'idée révolutionnaire (1688-1771), Nouvelle librairie nationale, Paris, 1909

Bottin (Sébastien), Almanach du commerce de Paris, des départements de la France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Bureau de l'Almanach du commerce, 1837

Bourgeat et Dorveaux, Atlas historique du diocèse de Metz, 1907

Bouvier (Jean), Les Rothschild, Editions Complexes, 1983

Bredin (Jean-Denis), L'Affaire, Julliard, 1983

Bruguière (Michel), La Première Restauration et son budget, Librairie Droz, Genève-Paris, 1969

Bruhat (Jean), Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, essai biographique, Le Club Français du Livre, 1971

Bryan (Michael), Dictionary of painters and engravers, from the revival of the art under Cimabue, and the alleged discovery of engraving by Finiguerra to the present time, with the ciphers, monograms and marks, used by each engraver: by Michael Bryan, a new edition revised, enlarged and continued to the present time, comprising above one thousand additional memoirs, and large accessions to the lists of pictures and engravings; also new plates of ciphers and monograms by George Stanley, H. G. Bohn, London, 1849

Buat (Edmond), Journal du général Edmond Buat 1914-1923, préface de Georges-Henri Soutou, présenté et annoté par Frédéric Guelton, Paris, Ministère de la défense/Perrin, 2015

Byrne (William R.), A naval biographic dictionary, volume 3, 1849, reprint Andrews UK Limited, 2012

 

Cabanes (Bruno), La victoire endeuillée, la sortie de guerre des soldats français (1918-1920), Editions du Seuil, 2004

Campagne 1914-1918, Historiques des 1^er et 21^e régiments du génie, Versailles, imprimerie Jupas et Machard [s. d.]

Carpentier (Jean) et Lebrun (François) (sous la direction de), Histoire de l’Europe, préface de René Rémond, Editions du Seuil, 1990, édition mise à jour en 1992

Cartier (Raymond et Jean Pierre), La Première Guerre Mondiale, tome I, 1914-1915, Presses de la Cité, 1982

Casanova (Giacomo), Mémoires, texte présenté et annoté par Robert Abirached, La Pléiade, Gallimard, 1959, et édition du Livre de Poche, 1967

Catalogue officiel de la grande exposition des produits de l'industrie de toutes les nations, 1851, Spicer Frères, papetiers ; W. Clowes et fils, imprimeurs, 1851

Charon (Philippe) (dir.), Boche (Samuel), Caraës (Jean-François) et Le Leuch (Morgan), introductions historiques de Bernard Michon, Commerce atlantique, traite et esclavage (1700-1848), Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, [2018]

Charrier (Marcel), Notre évasion d'Allemagne, épisode de la Grande Guerre (1914-1918) par un Vendéen, Librairie L'Ecole, 1937

Chevallier (Pierre), Histoire de la Franc-maçonnerie française, la maçonnerie, école de l'égalité (1725-1789), Fayard, 1974

Chevallier (Pierre), Les ducs sous l'Acacia ou les premiers pas de la Franc-maçonnerie française, 1725-1743, nouvelles recherches sur les francs-maçons parisiens et lorrains, 1709-1785, les idées religieuses de Davy de la Fautrière, Editions Slatkine, Genève, 1994

Choron (Al.) et Fayolle (F.), Dictionnaire historique des musiciens artistes et amateurs, morts ou vivans, Valade imprimeur-libraire, Paris, novembre 1811

Collaer (Paul), Correspondance avec des amis musiciens présentée et commentée par Robert Wangermée, Mardage, Sprimont, 1996

Congressional medal of honor, the Dinstinguished service cross and the Distinguished service medal issued by the Wae department since April 6, 1917 up to and including general orders, No 126, War department, November 11, 1919, compiled in the office of the adjutant general of the army, 1919, Washington, Government printing office

Cooper (Thompson), F.S.A., Men of the Time, A dictionary of contemporaries containing biographical notices of eminent characters of both sexes, neuvième édition révisée et mise à jour, George Routledge and Sons, Londres, 1875

Corvisier (sous la direction d'André), Histoire militaire de la France, tome 3, De 1871 à 1940, sous la direction de Guy Pedroncini, par Claude Carlier, André Corvisier, Henry Dutailly, Jean-Charles Jauffret, Philippe Masson, Jules Maurin et Francine Roussane, Presses univesitaires de France, 1997

Daumas (Jean-Claude), Les territoires de la laine, histoire de l'industrie lainière en France au XIX^r siècle, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, 2004

de Bruyn-Ouboter (Hans Joachim), 1 200 Jahre Barmen, die Stadtgeschichte, Editions Köndgen, Wuppertal, 2009

Decker (Rainer), Die Hexen und ihre Henker, Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1994

Decker (Rainer), Die große Hexenverfolgung im Amt Fredeburg um 1630, in Schmallenberger Sauerland Almanach, pp. 96 à 98

Decker (Rainer), Die große Hexenverfolgung im Sauerland während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, in Dreißigjähriger Krieg im Herzogtum Westfalen, pp. 65 à 68

Decker (Rainer), Der Hexen-Richter Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß (ca. 1580-1646) aus Scharmede, in 750 Jahre Stadt Salzkotten, volume 2, Paderborn, 1996, pp. 1045 à 1060

Denizot (Alain), La Bataille de la Somme, juillet-novembre 1916, Perrin, 2002

Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, DGB 38, 1922

Dictionary of national biography, index and epitome, issued by Sydney Lee, second issue, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1906

Dictionnaire des arrêts ou jurisprudence universelle des parlements de France, tome sixième, Paris, 1727

Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, Berne, 1988

Dillenburgische Intelligenz-Nachrichten des Jahres 1785, Dillenburg

Dubasque (François), Jean Hennessy (1874-1944), argent et réseaux au service d'une nouvelle république, préface de Bernard Lachaise, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008

Duby (Georges) et Wallon (Armand) (sous la direction de), Histoire de la France rurale, tome 2, L'âge classique des paysans, 1340-1789, volume dirigé par Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Editions du Seuil, 1975

Dumont (Georges-H.), Histoire de la Belgique, Librairie Hachette, 1977

Durye (Pierre), La généalogie, 5^ème édition, Collection Que sais-je ?, Presses Universitaires de France, 1979

Dvorak (Helge), Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft, volume I, Politiker, partie 1: A-E,  Winter, Heidelberg 1996

 

Einladungschrift zu der am 25. und 26. August 1843 abzuhaltenden öffentlichen Prüfung der Schüler des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Essen, Essen, 1830-1847

Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911, volume 10

Engels (Friedrich), Briefe aus dem Wupperthale, publiées dans le Telegraph für Deutschland de mars et d'avril 1839, rassemblées in Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels, Werke, Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin-Est, 1976, volume 1

Fétis (François-Joseph), Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, Firmin-Didot, 1866-1868

Fierro (Alfred), Palluel-Guillard (André) et Tulard (Jean), Histoire et dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire, Robert Laffont, 1995

Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, n° 1681, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Essen, Die Kapitalverflechtung der Montanindustrie in Nordrhein-Westfalen mit dem Ausland , Cologne and Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1967

Foster (Joseph), The peerage, baronetage and knightage of the British empire for 1881, volume 1, Nichols and sons, Westminster, 1881

Frémont (Docteur Henri de), Généalogies de familles bourbonnaises, tome premier, Région sud, chez l'auteur à Courbevoie, 1990

Friedhoff (Jens), Die Familie von Hatzfeldt, Adelige Wohnkultur und Lebensführung zwischen Renaissance und Barock, Grupello Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2004

Frommann (P. D.), Beiträge zur Geschichte Plettenbergs, 1927

Furet (François) et Richet (Denis), La Révolution française, Hachette et Société d'Etudes et de Publications Economiques, 1965, et Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1973

Gilbey (sir Walter), bart., Animal painters of England from the year 1650, a brief history of their lives and works illustrated with thirty-one specimens of their paintings, and portraits; chiefly from wood engraving by F. Babbage, volume II, Vinton & Co., London, 1900

Girault de Coursac (Paul et Pierrette), Provence et Artois, les deux frères de Louis XVI, François-Xavier de Guibert éditeur, 1999

Goncourt (Edmond et Jules de), Mémoires de la vie littéraire, texte intégral établi et annoté par Robert Ricatte, professeur à l'Université de Paris VII, tome II, 1866-1886, Robert Laffont, 1989

Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der gräflichen Häuser, volume 49, Gotha, 1876

Goubert (Pierre), La vie quotidienne des paysans français au XVII^e siècle, Hachette, 1982

Gouguenheim (Sylain), Les chevaliers teutoniques, Tallandier, 2007

Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, Librairie Larousse, 1960

Grappin (Pierre), Grosswörterbuch deutsch-französich, Librairie Larousse, 1989

Graves (Algernon), F.S.A., The Royal Academy of Arts, a complete dictionary on contributors and their works from its foundation in 1796 to 1904, volume VII, Henry Graves & Co., Ltd., London, and George Bell and Sons, London

Großherzoglich-Hessisches Regierungsblatt auf das Jahr 1820, Darmstadt, Verlag der Großherzoglichen Invaliden-Anstalt

Groβherzoglich-Hessisches Regierungsblatt auf das Jahr 1848, Darmstadt, Verlag der Großherzoglichen Invaliden-Anstalt

 

Haberkern (Eugen) und Wallach (Joseph Friedrich), Hilfswörterbuch für Historiker, volume 1, Tübingen 1987

Hafner (Philipp), professeur, Geschichte des Gymnasiums zu Ersfeld von 1816-1876, Beilage zu dem Jahresberichts des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Ersfeld, Druck von Ed. Oehl, Ersfeld, 1904

Handbuch der Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung im deutschen Reiche, mit einer Eingabe: das Reichs-Gesetzbetr. die Gesellschaften m. b. H vom 20. April 1892, ein Hand- und Nachschlagebuch für Bankiers, Kaufleute, Industrielle, Kapitalisten, etc., A. Schumann's Verlag, Leipzig, 1898

Hartig (Georg Ludwig), Allgemeines Forst- und Jagd-Archiv, eine Fortsetzung des Forst- und Jagd-Archivs von und für Preußen, volume 6, Gotta'sche Buchhandlung, Stuttgart et Tübingen, 1822

Hefner (Otto Titan von), Stammbuch der blühenden und abgestorbenen Adels in Deutschland herausgegeben von einigen deutschen Edelleuten, Dritter Band, M-Spann, enthaltend zuverlässigige und urkundliche Nachrichten über 8680 Adelsgeschlechter, Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz, Ratisbonne, 1865

Heinsius (Maria), Wibrandis Rosenblatt (1504-1564): Die bewährte Pfarrersfrau in Das unüberwindliche Wort, Frauen der Reformation, Chr. Kaiser Verlag, Munich, 1951

Helmsdörfer (G.), Karl Ferdinand Becker, der Grammatiker, eine Skizze, Joh. Christ. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1854

Heroes all! A compendium of the names and official citations of the soldiers and citizens of the United States and of her Allies who were decorated by the American government for exceptionnal heroism and conspicuous service above and beyond the call of duty in the war with Germany, 1917-1919, Harry. R. Stringer, publisher, Fassett Publidhing Company, Washington D.C. [s. d.]

Heuschling (Xavier), La noblesse artiste et lettrée, tableau historique, C. Muquardt, Bruxelles, et Aug. Aubry, Paris, 1863

Hillairet (Jacques), Les deux cents cimetières du vieux Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1958

Hillairet (Jacques), Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, 7^ème édition, Les Editions de Minuit, 1963

Hillerin (Laure), Pour le plaisir et pour le pire, la vie tumultueuse d'Anna Gould et de Boni de Castellane, Flammarion, 2019

Historique de la compagnie 22/3 du 1^er régiment du génie, Paris-Versailles, Jupas et Machard [s. d.]

Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918), Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Groβherzogthums Hessen für das Jahr 1841, Verlag der Invaliden-Anstalt, Darmstadt, 1841

Hunt (Tristram), Engels, le gentleman révolutionnaire, traduit de l'anglais par Marie-Blanche et Damien-Guillaume Audollent, Flammarion, 2009

 

Jahrbüchlein zur Belehrung, Erheiterung und Gedächtniβhülfe, zunächst den Bewohnern des Groβherzogthums Hessen dargereicht, Erster Jahrgang, 1840, Druck und Verlag von Ludwig Pabst und Ernst Bekker. Darmstadt, 1840

Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium zu Elberfeld, Jahresbericht über das Schuljahr 1861-1862

Jeanblanc (Helga), Des Allemands dans l'industrie et le commerce du livre à Paris (1811-1870), CNRS Editions et Thierry Bouchard, Losne, 1986

Jeanblanc (Helga), Deux lettres inédites de Gérard de Nerval à Ferdinand Sartorius, Thierry Bouchard, Losne, 1986

Katalog der Provinzial-Gewerbe-Austellung für Rheinland und Westphalen in Düsseldorf eröffnet am 15. Juli 1852, cinquième édition, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voß, Düsseldorf

Killy (Walther) et Vierhaus (Rudolf), Dictionary of German biography, tome 8, Plett-Schmidseder, De Gruyter, 2005

Knapp (Johann F.), Geschichte, Statistik und Topographie der Städte Elberfeld und Barmen im Wupperthale; mit Bezugnahme auf die Stadt Solingen und einige Städte des Kreises Lennep, Wilh. Langewiesche, Iserlohn et Barmen, 1835

Königlicher preuβischer Staats-Anzeiger, 1864

Kortenkamp (Gottfried), Caspar Sartorius und die Stiftung der "Sartorianische Vikarie" in Remblinghausen, Wittlich, 1991

Kramer (Max-Adolf), Baden-Württembergisches Pfarrerbuch, Band 1: Kraichgau-Odenwald, Teil 2: Die Pfarrer, Karlsruhe, 1979

Krüning (Rüttger), Adress-Buch für Rheinland-Westphalen, zum Vortheil armer Kranken herausgegeben, Lucas, Elberfeld, 1838.

Krünitz (Dr. Johann Georg), Oekonomische Encyclopädie oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- und Landwirtschaft in alphabetischer Ordnung, 26^ème partie de Huh à Hur, Joachim Pauli, libraire, Berlin, 1782

Lamarche (Alfred), Les alliances Van der Heyden a Hauzeur-Lesoinne 1818 et 1831, Le Parchemin, recueil XXX, 1980

Langewiesche (Wilhelm), en liaison avec G. Siebel, G. Goutelle, G. K. Hötte et G. Röls, Elberfeld und Barmen, Beschreibung und Geschichte dieser Doppelstadt nebst besonderer Darstellung ihrer Industrie, einem Ueberblick der Bergischen Landesgeschichte, Barmen, 1863

La Tynna (J. de), Almanach du commerce de Paris, des départements de l'Empire et des principales villes du monde, année 1809, XII^e année, Paris, 1809

Lauber (Josef), Stammreihen sauerländischer Familien, Die Höfe im Kirchspiel Remblinghausen und ihre Besitzer im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, volume III, part 2, Kirchspiel Remblinghausen, first issue in 1977 at the author's in Fredeburg, new issue with many additions and improvements by Klaus-Jürgen Lauber, Eslohe-Reiste, 2001

Lehmann (C. E.), Wohnungs-Anzeiger und Adressbuch der Oberbürgermeisterei Düsseldorf pro 1850, at the author's in Düsseldorf

Lengemann (Jochen), Das Deutsche Parlament (Erfurter Unionsparlament) von 1850. Ein Handbuch: Mitglieder, Amtsträger, Lebensdaten, Fraktionen,  Munich, 2000

Léonard (Emile G.), Histoire générale du protestantisme, 2^ème édition revue, tome premier, La Réformation, Presses universitaires de France, 1980

Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier, Halbert’s Family Heritage, s.l.n.d. [Numa Corporation, Bath, Ohio, Etats-Unis ? 1996 ?]

Lexikon der Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgischen und Eutinischen Schriftsteller von 1829 bis Mitte 1866, second part, M-Z, Akademische Buchhandlung, Kiel, 1868

Lüthy (Herbert), La Banque protestante en France de la révocation de l'Edit de Nantes à la Révolution, volume II, De la banque aux finances, Paris, 1961

 

Maurois (André), Les silences du colonel Bramble, Grasset, 1918

McVicker (Mary F.), Women adventurers, 1750-1900: a biographical dictionary with excerpts from selected travel writings, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2008

Mélanges d'histoire économique et sociale en hommage au professeur Antony Babel à l'occasion de son soixante-quinzième anniversaire, tome premier, 1963

Mérode (Cléo de), Le ballet de ma vie, Pierre Horay, 1985

Meyer (Jacques), La Vie quotidienne des soldats pendant la Grande Guerre., Hachette, 1967

Michaud (Louis-Gabriel), Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, histoire par ordre alphabétiquede la vie publique et privée des hommes [...], nouvelle édition, tome trente-huitième, Madame C. Desplaces, Paris, et Librairie de F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1843

Michelin, guide vert Allemagne, 1995

Miquel (Pierre), La Grande Guerre, Fayard, 1983

Moriceau (Jean-Marc), Les fermiers de l'Ile-de-France XV^e-XVIII^e siècle, Fayard, 1994

Morris (Charles), The handy dictionary of biography, Henry T. Coates, Philadelphie, 1901

Moser (Johann Jacob), Staats-Recht der Reichs-Grafschafft Sayn, 1749

Müller-Westphal (Lothar), Wappen und Genealogien Dürener Familien, Hausmarken, Wappen, Notarzeichen und biografischen Daten von 7 000 Personen aus acht Jahrhunderten, Düren 1989

 

Neue Deutsche Biographie herausgegeben von der historischen Kommission bei der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1953-2017

Nouveau dictionnaire historique ; ou histoire abrégée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait un nom par des talens, des vertus, des forfaits, des erreurs &c depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'à nos jours et dans laquelle on expose avec impartialité ce que les écrivains les plus judicieux ont pensé sur le caractère, les mœurs & les ouvrages des hommes célèbres dans tous les genres : avec des tables chronologiques pour réduire en corps d'histoire les articles répandus dans ce dictionnaire, par une Société de gens de lettres, cinquième édition, revue, corrigée & augmentée de deux volumes, à Caen chez G. Le Roy, imprimeur du Roi, ancien Hôtel de la Monnoie, Grand rue Notre-Dame, 1783

 

Official catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the works of industry of all nations 1851, édition corrigée, Spicers Brothers, wholesale stationers, W. Cloves & Sons, printers, London, 1851

Offizieller Katalog der Gewerbe-Austellung in Düsseldorf, 1880, Selbstverlag des Vorstandes, Düsseldorf, second issue, 1880

Österreichisches biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950, volume 11, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, 1999

Oxford dictionary of national biography, Oxford university press, 2004

 

Pape-Spieckermann (Anton), Genealogie und Geschichte der Familie Pape im südlichen Westfalen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, mis en forme par Robert J. Sasse, mai 2005 (disponible sur http://www.rjsasse.de/)

Peters (H. F.), Jenny la Rouge, Madame Karl Marx, née baronne von Westphalen, traduit de l’allemand par Léa Marcou, Mercure de France, 1986

Pierrard (Pierre), Histoire du Nord, Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie, Hachette, 1978

Poirier (Abbé F.-J.), Metz, documents généalogiques, armée, noblesse, magistrature, haute bourgeoisie, d'après les registres des paroisses, 1561-1792, Lamulle et Poisson, libraires-éditeurs, Paris, 1899

Pouchain (Pierre), Les maîtres du Nord du XIX^e siècle à nos jours, Perrin, 1998

Recueil des actes administratifs de la préfecture du département de la Seine, n° 8, 1856

Reich (Karin), Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, Gauss zum Gedächtniss, EAG.LE, Leipzig, 2012

Renoul (J.-C.), Passage à Nantes de S. M. l'Empereur Napoléon I^er (9, 10 et 11 août 1808), imprimerie de M^me V^ve Mellinet, Nantes, 1859

Renoult (Bruno) et Leguérandais (Christophe), Versailles Kommandantur, histoire de Versailles sous l'occupation, 1944-1945, volume II, 2014

Rietstap (J. B.), Armorial général précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason, Clearfield, Baltimore, Maryland, 2003 [reprint]

Ritgen (Otto), Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, text written by Otto Ritgen and edited in 1988 by his daughter Ursula, a copy of which is in the historical museum of Arnsberg and the pages of which concerning the families Sartorius, Johanvars, Quincken, von Stockhausen and Weller were kindly communicated to me by Mr Wolfgang Kißmer (http://menden-info.gmxhome.de/)

Rodel (Charles), Les embusqués, Armand Colin, 2007

Roth (François), La Guerre de 70, Fayard, 1990

Rovan (Joseph), Histoire de l'Allemagne des origines à nos jours, édition revue et augmentée par l'auteur, Editions du Seuil, 1998

 

Sargos (Jacques), L'Esprit des Landes, un pays raconté par l'art, Horizons chimériques, Bordeaux, 2010

Sartorius (Rolf E.), Individual conduct and social norms: A utilitarian account of social union and the rule of law, BookSurge Publishing, 2009

Scherrer (Antonin), André de Ribaupierre, une famille au service de la musique, Infolio, collection Cahiers de l'Institut de Ribaupierre, 2017

Schiller (Friedrich von), Histoire de la guerre de Trente Ans, traduction française par Adolphe Regnier, XVII-527 p., Hachette, 1881

Schonlau (Bernd), Bad Iburg, Weg und Gestalt einer historischen Stadt, édité par le Heimatbund Osnabrücker Land, 1984

Shirer (William L.), Le Troisième Reich des origines à la chute, Le Livre de Poche, 1968, tome 2

Sonderland (V. P.), Die Geschichte von Barmen im Wupperthale nach der Zeitfolge der merkwürdigen Ereignisse, welche sich in Barmen von den früheren Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1821 eingetragen haben, Heinrich Büchler, Elberfeld, 1821

Sperber (Jonathan), Karl Marx, sein Leben und sein Jahrhundert, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2013

Städtisches Realgymnasium mit Gymnasialklassen zu Düsseldorf, Festschrift zur fünfzigjährigen Gedenkfeier der am 28. Mai 1838 erfolgten Begründung des Realgymnasiums, gedrückt bei L. Voß & Cie, königlichen Hofbuchdrucken, Düsseldorf, 1888

Stein (Britta), Der Scheidungprozeß Hatzfeldt (1846-1851), Lit Verlag, Münster, 1999

Stern (Fritz), L'or et le fer, Bismarck, Bleichröder et la construction de l'Empire allemand, Fayard, 1990

Stockhem (Michel), Eugène Ysaÿe et la musique de chambre, Mardaga, Sprimont, 1990

Striethorst (Theodor), Archiv für Rechtsfälle die zur Entscheidungen des königlichen Ober-tribunals gelangt sind, nouvelle suite, quatrième année, premier volume, J. Guttentag, Berlin, 1861

St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, brochure disponible dans l'église de Friesenhagen

Tappolet (Claude), La vie musicale à Genève au dix-neuvième siècle 1814-1918), Alex Julien, Genève

Thomas (Edward A.), Comprehensive dictionary of biography containing succinct accounts of the most eminent persons in all ages, countries, and professions, Porter & Coates, Philadelphie [1883]

Toepke (Gustav), Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg, sixième partie, von 1846 bis 1870 fortgesetzt und herausgegeben mit Unterstützung des grossherzoglich badischen Ministeriums der Justiz, des Kultus und Unterrichts von Paul Hintzelmann, nebst einem Anhang enthaltend: I. Vorschriften über Immatriculation 1805-1868, II. Verzeichnis der Rectoren und Protectoren 1669-1870, Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg, 1907

Traitement des maladies mentales dirigé par M. Gillet, propriétaire de l'établissement, au château de la Malgrange, près Nancy (Meurthe), sans date [après 1838]

Traizet (Michel), La fonderie d'Allichamps (1855-1990), spécialiste du cadre de piano, Pleyel, Gaveau, Erard, etc., 2024

Trenaud (Louis) (sous la direction de), Histoire d'une métropole, Lille - Roubaix - Tourcoing, Edouard Privat, Toulouse, 1977

Tuetey (Alexandre), Répertoire général des sources manuscrites de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Révoluton française, tome dixième, Convention nationale (troisième partie), Imprimerie nouvelle, Paris, 1913

Tulard (Jean), Le Grand Empire, Albin Michel, 1982

Tulard (Jean) (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire Napoléon, nouvelle édition augmentée, Fayard, 1995

Tulard (Jean) (sous la direction de), Dictionnaire du Second Empire, Fayard, 1995

Tulard (Jean), Fayard (Jean-François) et Fierro (Alfred), Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française 1789-1799, Robert Laffont, 1987

 

Van der Linden (C. G.), Le pigeon voyageur, Editions Payot, 1950

Vandevoir (Willy), avocat à la Cour d'appel de Liège, L'affaire Sartorius, un procès criminel au XVIII^ème siècle, Jean Vromans imprimeur, Bruxelles, 1941

Vapereau (G.), Dictionnaire universel des contemporains : contenant toutes les personnes notables de la France et des pays étrangers, troisième édition, Hachette, Paris, 1885

Viry (François), Maîtres de forges de père en fils [s. d., 2004]

Voß (Dr. Willi), Die Bevölkerung des kurkölnischen Sauerlandes im Jahre 1543 (Schatzungregister 1543), bearbeitet und mit einer Einleitung versehen von Wilhelm Voß, abgeschrieben von S. Tillmann 05/2005 (disponible sur http://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/historie.htm)

Voß (Dr. Willi), Fretter und seine alten Höfer, 1940 (disponible sur http://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/historie.htm)

Voß (Dr. Willi), Hof- und Familiengeschichte Funke, eine sauerländische Hof- und Sippengeschichte, Münster, 1944, mis en forme par S. Tillmann, mai 2005 (disponible sur http://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/historie.htm)

Vovelle (Michel), La chute de la monarchie 1787-1792, tome I de la Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine, Editions du Seuil, 1972

 

Wahrig (Gerhard), Deutsches Wörterbuch mit einem Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre, Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh/Munich, 1986/1992

Waldeyer (Dr. August), Programm des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Bonn, Schuljahr 1876-77, Universitäts-Buchdrückerei von Carl Georgi, Bonn, 1877

Wedekind (G. W., baron von), Neue Jahrbücher der Forstkunde, volume 4, Florian Kupferberg, Mainz, 1828

Wedekind (G. W., baron von), Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, nouvelle série, volume 13, J. D. Sauerländer's Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1847

Weffert (Herbert), Auswanderer aus Stadt und Kreis Bonn von 1814 bis 1914, Veröffentlichung des Stadtarchivs Bonn, Ludwig Röhrscheid, Bonn, 1977

Weyden (Ernst), Das Siegthal, ein Führer von der Mündung bis zur Quelle des Flusses und durch seine Seitenthäler zugleich Handbuch für Reisende auf der Deutz-Siegener Eisenbahn, topographisch-historische Skizzen nebst statistischen und naturgeschichtlichen Andeutungen, T. Habicht, Bonn, 1865

Wientzek (Dr. Horst), 600 Jahre Stadt Plettenberg, 1994

Wissener Heimatbuch, Chronik des Amtes Wissen (Sieg) (ouvrage collectif, voir notamment P. Stephan Steifen, E. Kasper, Im Schatten der Vergangenheit, Katasterdir. Müller, Der große Brand am 17. September 1788, Archiv Siegblätter, Als die Kosaken in Schönstein lagen, et Engelbert Demmer, Durch 2 000 Jahre, Schloß Schönstein et Aus der Geschichte der Schloßkapelle und der Vikarie Schönstein), Sieg-Post Druckerei, 1951

Wittmütz (Volkmar), Kleine Wuppertaler Stadtgeschichte, Verlag Friedrich Pustert, Ratisbonne, 2013

Zeldin (Theodore), Histoire des passions françaises, volume 2, Orgueil et intelligence, Editions du Seuil, 1980

 

Articles

 

Aus der Geschichte der Bergischen Stahl-Industrie, in Stahl und Eisen, 18 décembre 1924, pp. 28 et 29

Bazzanella (Sylvie), L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, été 1978

Berger (Eric), Une branche de la famille Doucet à Wansin, in Le Parchemin, n° 296, mars-avril 1995, p. 85

Boulanger (Philippe), Les conscrits de 1914 : la contribution de la jeunesse française à la formation d'une armée de masse, in Annales de démographie historique, 2002/1 (n° 103)

Bull (Ida)/, Merchant households and their networks inthe eighteenth century Trondheim, in Continuity and change, 17, n° 2 (2002), p. 223

Burghardt (Franz J.), Die Familie von Langenberg zu Waldbröl-Brenzingen und verwandte Familien, ein Beitrag zur Wiederentstehung der katholischen Pfarrei Waldbröi im 18. Jh., in Kölner genealogische Blätter, Hrft 4, pp. 49 à 59

Chamla (Marie-Claude Chamla), L'accroissement de la stature en France de 1880 à 1960 ; comparaison avec les pays d'Europe occidentale, in Bulletins et mémoires de la société d'anthropologie de Paris, XI^e série, tome 6, fascicule 2, 1964, pp. 201 à 278

Decker (Rainer), Die Hexenverfolgungen im Herzogtum Westfalen, in Westfälische Zeitschrift, n° 131 and 132, 1981 and 1982, pp. 339 to 386 (available at http://members.aol.com/Deckerpaderborn/)

Decker (Rainer), Ein Kirchenrebell in Paderborn um 1800, Neue quellen zum Fall Ferdinand Becker, in Westfälische Zeitschrift, n° 167, 2017, pp. 221 to 330 (available at https://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/txt/wz-11865.pdf

Englebert (Georges), Une famille anversoise émigrée en Autriche : les Wouwermans, in Le Parchemin, n° 301, janvier-février 1996, p. 39

Fleming (Walther), Adolf Pansch., in Anatomischer Anzeiger, volune 2, 1887

Florkin (professeur Marcel), de l'Université de Liège, Episodes de la médecine liégeoise, Josef von Sartori, in Revue médicale de Liège, tome VI, année 1951, pp. 455 à 465

Franchomme (Georges), L'évolution démographique et économique de Roubaix dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle,.in Revue du Nord, tome 51, avril-juin 1969, pp. 201 à 247

Fuchs (Prof. Dr. K.), Die Freusburg, in Jahrbuch 1976 des Kreisheimat-Verein Altenkirchen-Westerwald

Gingerich (Owen) et Westman (Robert S.), The Wittich connection, Conflict and priority in late sixteenth-century cosmology, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, volume 78, part 7, 1988, p. 10

Heyken (Hinrich), Von Bleichern, Färbern und Fabrikanten zu Richtern und Schauspielern - zur Entwicklung des Elberfelder Ostens (conférence donnée dans le cadre du Bergisches Geschichtsverein au Concordia am Werth le 6 avril 2006, texte révisé en février 2012, disponible sur http://www.stadtgeschichte-wuppertal.de, 7 novembre 2015)

Janssens (Jacques), L'abbé Sartorius était-il coupable ? in Le Miroir de l'Histoire, n° 295, novembre 1976, pp. 71 à 78

Klüsener (Edgar), Die langsame Rückkehr der Deutschen nach Manchester, 2005, (available at http://www.muzikquest.de/reportagen/deutsche_in_manchester.html

König (Mareike), Les immigrés allemands à Paris 1870/1871 : entre expulsion, naturalisation et lutte sur les barricades, in Migrance (35) : La Commune et les étrangers, Editons, Mémoire-Génériques, 2010

Kuß (Erich), Kommentierte Auszug aus Die Familie Vorster, die Geschichte eines deutschen Papiermachergeschlechtes, bearbeitet von Ferdinand Vorster, Hagen, in den Jahren 1929-1936 (disponible sur https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/, 30 décembre 2017)

Le capitaine Albert Leroy, créateur des pigeonniers de guerre français, in Bulletin historique de Lambersart, hors-série n° 2, novembre-décembre 2019

Lemke (Heinrich), Ein Besuch der direkten deutschen Ansiedlung in Mexiko, in Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, n° 8, 1901, pp. 73 and 74

 

Obtulowicz (Barbara), Luis José Sartorius, conde de San Luis: leyenda y realidad, in Itinerarions, revista de estudios lingüisticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos, n° 15, 2012, pp. 279 to 303

 

Philippe (Joseph), conservateur des musées Curtius et d'Ansembourg, Une famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VII, n° 24, 15 décembre 1952, pp. 803 à 815

Philippe (Joseph), conservateur des musées d'archéologie et des arts décoratifs de Liège, Une remarquable famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Si Liège m'était conté..., 10^ème année, n° 34, printemps 1970, pp. 15 à 23

Plessis (Alain), La Révolution et les banques en France : de la Caisse d'escompte à la Banque de France, in Revue économique, volume 40, n° 6, 1989, pp. 1004 à 1006 et 1011

Roy (Joseph-Antoine) et Lambert-Dansette (Jean), Origine et évolution d'une bourgeoisie : le patronat textile du bassin lillois (1789-1914), in Revue du Nord, tome 37, n° 148, octobre décembre 1955, pp. 199 à 216, tome 39, n° 153, janvier-mars 1957, pp. 21 à 42, tome 40, n° 158, pp. 49 à 69, et 1959, tome 41, n° 161, pp. 23 à 38

Säger (P. Palmatius), OFM, Die Residenz der Thüring. Franziskanerprov zu Friesenhagen, pp. 266 and 267, in Franziskanische Studien, volumes 52-53 (1970), Dietrich-Coelde Verlag

Sartorius (Pastor i. R. Otto), Sartorius Familienforschungen, in Ekkehard, review of the Deutschen genealogischen Abende [German genealogical evenings], 10th year, n° 3, 4, 5 and 6, 11th year, n° 1, 2 and 6, and 12th year, n° 1, 2 and 3, 1936

Savoie (Philippe), Quelle histooire pour le certificat d'études ?, in Histoire de l'éducation, 85 I 2000, pp. 49 to 72

Studnitz (Gilbert von), The German nobility, in Der Blumenbaum, vol. 9, n° 4, April-June 1992 (available at http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/germannobility.htm)

 

Valon (Alexis de), Le marquis de Favras d'après de nouveaux documents, in Revue des deux mondes, volume 10, 1851, pp. 1091 to 1135

 

Walle (Marianne), Les prisonniers de guerre français internés en Suisse (1916-1919), in Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 2014/1 (n° 253), pp. 57 à 72

Watanabe (Hisashi), Die Wuppertaler Unternehmer in den dreissigen Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts: eine Analysis des Adreßbuches von 1833 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses zwischn Baumwolle und Seide, in Hokudai economic papers, n° 3, 1972, pp. 125 to 160

 

Press

 

Affiches, annonces et avis divers ; ou journal général de France, n° 127, 7 May 1793, and n° 128, 8 May 1793

Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, n° 5, 11 January 1838

Archives commerciales de la France, 5th year, n° 72, 18 August 1878 and 8 September 1878, 30th year, n° 21, 14 March 1903, 7 June 1911, and 68th year, n° 76, 27 June 1941

Athlétic, organe officiel de la fédération française d'athlétisme, 2nd year, n° 82, 30 November 1933

 

Badische Zeitung, 30 March 2020

Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Lille (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing), 6th year, volume 4, 1st semester 1885, and 7th year, volume 5, 1st semester 1886

 

Cooks County News Herald, 8 February 2014

 

Dordrechsche Courant, 26 July 1814 and 24 April 1845

Dunkerque sports, 5 février 1910

 

Färber-Zeitung, Zeitschrift für Färberei, Zeugdruck und den gesammten Farbenverbrauch, year 1899

 

Gazette des tribunaux, journal de jurisprudence et des débats judiciaires, 14 February 1850

Gazette médicale de Paris, n° 6, 12 January 1833

 

Houston Chronicle, 12 October 2005

 

Jahr-Buch der Gesellschaft für lothringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 20th year, 1908, imprimerie de G. Scriba, Metz

Journal de Genève, 26 February 1915 and 24 June 1918

Journal des débats littéraires et politiques, 14 february 1850 and 13 May 1914

Journal officiel de la République française, n° 24, 28 January 1933, and n° 40, 17 February 1937

Journal officiel de l'Empire français, n° 237, 29 August 1870.

Journal de Roubaix, 24 December 1879, 16 December 1882, 3 December 1900, 2 August 1902, 31 July 1903, 15 June 1906, 6 April 1907, 12 May 1907, 9 December 1911, 17 September 1912 10 November 1912, 7 June 1913, 21 October 1918, 12 May 1920, 4 March 1921, 21 September 1921. 4 March 1922, 27 May 1924, 12 November 1924, 13 October 1926, 5 December 1926, 9 December 1926, 11 December 1926, 13 December 1926, 5 January 1930, 12 November 1930, 22 November 1931, 29 November 1932, 3 June 1933, 12 August 1933, 24 November 1933, 28 November 1933, 16 January 1934, 2 December 1934, 3 December 1934, 25 February 1937, 13 June 1938, 18 June 1938, 23 september 1938, 18 July 1939, 10 January 1943, 23 January 1943, 1 July 1944 and 8 July 1944

 

Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 21 April 2006

 

La Dépêche de Brest, 13 May 1914

La Dépêche du Berry, 29 December 1916

La Gazette de Lausanne, 30 December 1922

La Gazette des tribunaux, 7 August 1907

Le Cri du Nord et des régions libérées, 18 September 1919

Le Figaro, 12 August 1924, 2 September 1924 and 20 July 1929

L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 21 September 1920, 16 July 1922, 3 July 1924, 29 July 1924, 27 December 1924, 2 June 1925, 5 December 1932, 23 January 1933, 2 July 1934, 19 June 1935, 22 May 1936, 2 July 1937, 27 November 1937, 8 December 1937 and 23 Septembre 1938

Le Gaulois, 13 May 1914

Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 20 July 1906, 12 June 1913, 27 July 1919, 18 September 1919, 21 November 1919, 3 September 1920, 11 December 1920, 26 September 1922, 2 June 1923, 4 June 1923, 19 May 1925, 14 October 1931, 24 November 1933, 25 November 1933, 28 November 1933, 18 June 1935, 13 September 1935, 2 December 1935, 8 December 1935, 5 April 1937 and 10 February 1936

Le Matin, 5 April 1932

Le Messin, 23 July 1893

Le Jacquard, journal de l'industrie lainière, 1882 and 30th year, n° 6, 30 March 1903

Le Monde, 18 September 1981, 11 June 1982, 1st November 1982, 9 Novembre 1982 and 30 December 1983

Le Petit bulletin des tribunaux, 30 June 1881

Le Petit Journal, 7 August 1907

Le Réveil du Nord, 2 July 1944

Le Voleur illustré : cabinet de lecture universel, 6 April 1877

L'Express, 7 to 13 February 1981

L'Homme libre : journal quotidien du matin, 9 March 1925

 

Paris Match, 5 March 1992

Point de Vue-Images du Monde

Pourquoi Pas ?, 23rd year, n° 972, 17 March 1933

 

Revue du Nord, volumes 37 (1955), 39 (1957), 40 (1958), 41 (1959) and 51 (1969)

 

Signale für die musikalische Welt, Leipzig, n° 27, 8 May 1868

 

The Journal News, 6 November 2002

The Washington Post, 22 July 2013

 

Vorwärts, Magazin für Kaufleute, Illustrierte Mittheilungen, Abhandlungen und Schilderungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Handelsthätigkeit, unter Mitwirkung von Dr. Ed. Amthor, Direktor der Handelschule und kaufm. Hochschule in Gera, Ritter, u.s.w., new series, first volume, Wilhelm Nübling, Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1865

 

Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 26 September and 31 October 2009

 

Private archives

 

Archives of the Becker family, Offenbach am Main (avaialble at http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 26 December 2017):

·         Julie Becker, Autobiographie

·         Heinz Knab, Zum Inquisitionsprozess Ferdinand Beckers 1798 (Prüfungsarbeit am Pädagogischen Institut Weilburg, 1951

·         Heinz Knab, Das kurze Leben des Ferdinand Becker

·         Minna Pansch, Erinnerungen an ihre Eltern Carl Ferdinand Becker und Amalie geb. Schmincke, bearbeitet von Bert Böhmer

Archives of Mrs Mark Bjelland, née Barbara Sartorius:

·         CD of Rolf E. Sartorius

Archives of Mrs Guy Dagnas, née Huguette Sartorius:

·         travel book of Ferdinand Sartorius

·         miscellaneous letters

·         excerpt of the naturalisation decree of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius issued by Roubaix town hall

·         military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius

·         marriage contract of Adolphe Robert Sartorius and Suzanne Marie Emilie Henrion

Archives of Mrs Etienne Delloye, née Colette Sartorius:

·         excerpt of the naturalisation decree of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius issued by Roubaix town hall

·         note on Emma Blanpain

Archives of Mrs Marion Leihener, née Sartorius:

·         extracts of the church books of Friesenhagen

·         correspondence Otto Ritgen-Otto Sartorius

·         handwritten note by Otto Sartorius

·         certificate of 29 March 1709 by the baroness of Hatzfeldt

·         genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius

·         private agreement of 22 July 1802

·         family book held by Wilhelmine Capito

·         family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius

·         draft contract of apprenticeship of 10 February 1807

·         circular of 1 August 1831 announcing the creation of the firm Keller & Sartorius

·         letter of 18 February 1848 from Ludwig Philipp Gerlach Sartorius to Adolph Ludwig Sartorius

·         undated handwritten note by Moritz Sartorius

·         genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius

·         handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Otto Sartorius

Archives of Mrs Marcel Nollet, née Madeleine Wibaux:

·         memento of Frau Wittwe Notar Joseph Hopmann geb. Sartorius

·         memento of Maria Sartorius

Archives of Mrs Chantal Sartorius:

·         letter without date [October 2012] from Dr. Matthias Schneider

Archives of Mr Francis Sartorius:

·         genealogy of the Sartorius family from Langenschwalbach (1932)

Archives of Mr Paul Sartorius:

·         memento of Adolph Sartorius

·         letter of Mrs Fernand Sartorius

Archives of Mr Robert Sartorius:

·         speech delivered by Jean Sartorius at the silver wedding of his brother Fernand in 1934

Archives of Mr Wilfried Sartorius:

·         Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius [Biography of Rosalie Sartorius]

·         Reisetagebuch von Carl Hermann Sartorius [travel journal of Carl Hermann Sartorius]

·         death notice of Erich Sartorius

 

Correspondence and interviews

 

Correspondence with Mrs Albina Sartorius, Mr Axel Sartorius, Bistum Archiv Trier, Mr Martin Arnegger, Mark Bjelland, Vincent Brangbour, Mrs Alfred Danner, née Gerhild Sartorius, Bertrand Delattre, née Gaëtane Delloye, Helga Dette, Mr LeRoy Ferguson, retired pastor Hans Fritzsche, Mr Philippe Gendry, Christian Gödde, Mrs Janka Hartmann, Mr Julian Isphording, Martin Kipping, Mrs Magali Le Bras, Marion Leihener, née Sartorius, Louis Larzillière, Ortrud Meier, née Sartorius, Mr Albert Sartorius, Mrs Beate Sartorius, widow Brigitte Sartorius, Chantal Sartorius, Mr Edwin Sartorius, Dr. Fen Sartorius, Mr Hans Sartorius, Hartmut Sartorius, Joel Sartorius, Joseph (Joe) Sartorius, Juan Jacobo Sartorius, Jürgen Sartorius, Paul Sartorius, Rolf E. Sartorius, Wilfried Sartorius, Willy Sartorius, Gerd Schlang, Mrs Judith S. Seixas, Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister and Mrs Debbie Varenhorst

 

Interviews with Mr and Mrs Mark Bjelland, Mrs Louis Gripoix, née Louise Sartorius, Mr Antoine Ménard, Father Pierre Roquebert, S. J., Mrs Adolphe Sartorius, Mr Guy Sartorius, Robert Sartorius, Roger Sartorius, Wilfried Sartorius and Etienne Wibaux

 

Internet and minitel

 

Chapter 1

 

forum http://genorum.genealogy.com/sartorius/messages/9.html

forum sauerland-l@genealogy.net

forum de.sci.genealogie

forum soc.genealogy.german

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Arbeitsarmee, Auguste von Sartorius, August Sartorius von Waltershausen, Balthasar Sartorius, Christian Sartorius, Deutsche Beteiligung am Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg, Dietrich Sartorius, Edwin Piscator, Erasmus Sartorius, Ernst Sartorius, Georg Cantor, Georg Friedrich Händel, Georg Friedrich Sartorius, Gerhard Mercator, Heinrich Sartorius, Hermann Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, Herzogtum Westfalen, Joachim Sartorius, Karl Barth, Karl Sartorius, Kurköln, Luis Jose Sartorius Tapia, Martin Bucer, Martin Luther, Moritz Cantor,  Otto Sartorius (Politiker), Otto Sartorius (Theologe), Philipp Melanchton, Pommern, Russlanddeutsche, Schlesien, Soldatenhandel unter Landgraf Friedrich II von Hessen-Kassel, Vest Recklinghausen, Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, Wolgadeutschen and 95 Thesen

https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Euston Sartorius, Francis Sartorius, Francis Sartorius Jr., George Frideric Haendel, George Sartorius, Georg Friedrich Sartorius, John Sartorius, John Francis Sartorius, John Nott Sartorius, Norman Sartorius, Reginald Sartorius and Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen

https://es.wikipedia.org/, art. Luis José Sartorius, Fernando Sartorius Chacón and Nicolás Sartorius

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Angelo de Sorr, Arsène Houssaye, cimetière Saint-Louis de Paris, Cristallerie de Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche, Edit de Versailles, Expédition du Tonkin, Georg Cantor, Georg Friedrich Haendel, Gérard Mercator, Jean Conrad de Kock, Karl Barth, Marie-Caroline d'Autriche, Martin Bucer, Martin Luther, Moritz Benedikt Cantor, Nantes, Norillag, Norilsk, Quai de la Fosse, Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras, Philippe Mélanchton, Tonkin and 95 thèses

http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte & Geschichtliches, Kernstadt Meschede Geschichte, Kreuzbrüder

https://www.wkgo.de/cms/article/index/pfarrerbuch-königreich-württemberg (pastors named Sartorius)

https://lagis-hessen.de/ (Sartorius in Hesse)

https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, :052014, :311612, :1585920, :3367788, :1920250, :3205071, arntholz, arthurtrammell, bauerweigel, hellmumirus, davidgrunig, gbacker, hartmanohiode, islandqueen, jeffrey344, joberacker, p355williampitt, rbacker, robtbehra, seert and siessfamily (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf, Fahrenbach and Hohenstein, Sartorius von Waltershausen, Alsatian, American and English Sartorius)

https://www.familysearch.org/, ancestral files, 1C6X-HP6, XQ5H-02 and Z9GWX-BM, Arizona, Payson, obituaries, 1948-2008, Arkansas, county marriages, 1837-1957, batch number B 000540, B 002611, B 004312, B 007500, B 012855, B 021577, B 025246, B 052022, B 067640, B 067642, B 750282, B 750362, B 869490, B 938341, C 000505, C 001725, C 002070, C 002266, C 002312, C 003999, C 006398, C 007201, C 007203, C 007533, C 012753, C 017619, C 018453, C 018977, C 021576, C 021577, C 023367, C 026568, C 030249, C 030250, C 031157, C 032330, C 044535, C 049060, C 050269, C 050298, C 052083, C 738766, C 750272, C 750289, C 868622, C 911336, C 923356, C 924873, C 925571, C 926452, C 926512, C 930532, C 931992, C 931995, C 931996, C 931998, C 931999, C 932006, C 942602, C 946362, C 953751, C 954302, C 954304, C 955121, C 959011, C 957663, C 966601, C 966605, C 970272, C 972354, C 972355, C 972356, C 973781, C 978863, C 978864, C 981328, C 982491, C 982492, C 983362, C 983368, C 984456, C 986211, C 986235, C 989401, C 991893, C 991894, C 992222, C 994001, C 994763, C 944764, C 996921, C 996942, I 008745, I 010452, I 010454, I 010851, I 010852, I 010856, I 014802, I 022055, I 027713, I 027721, I 027769, I 038592, I 049995, I 054123, I 056231, I 057450, I 065063, I 070653, I 894690, J 931997, J 931998, J 942653, K 931998, K 942653, K 942654, K 943451, K 983362, K 989401, M 000900, M 002099, M 005854, M 006128, M 006598, M 007117, M 007614, M 012608, M 016361, M 016362, M 019077, M 147513, M 148452, M 396491, M 534802, M 750312, M 829301, M 840292, M 901255, M 920372, M 920731, M 921252, M 922231, M 922551, M 925487, M 926401, M 926442, M 926452, M 926455, M 926512, M 931992, M 931994, M 932006, M 932007, M 934008, M 938362, M 943451, M 946621, M 953751, M 954303, M 954715, M 955351, M 957134, M 957663, M 959011, M 962106, M 963226, M 964759, M 964818, M 966601, M 966607, M 971383, M 972356, M 972357, M 972358, M 973361, M 976493, M 977521, M 978252, M 978852, M 978869, M 983374, M 983378, M 985693, M 991894, M 992224, M 992225, M 994763, M 994764 and M 997043, Billiongraves index, Brazil, Sao Paulo, cartoes de imigraçao, 1902-1980, British Columbia death registrations, 1872-1986, 1992-1993, British newspaper archives, obituaries, California birth index, 1905-1995, California, county marriages, 1850-1952, California death index, 1940-1997, California marriage index, 1960-1985, Deutschland, Baden, Kirchenbuchduplikate, 1800-1870, Deutschland, Hessen Standesbücher, 1874-1927, Deutschland, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Volkszählung, 1900, England, births and christenings, 1538-1975, England and Wales census, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901 and 1911, England and Wales, death registration index, 1837-2007, England and Wales, marriage registration index, 1837-2005, England, Manchester, parish registers, 1603-1910, Florida death index, 1887-1998, Florida marriages, 1830-1993, Illinois, Adams county, card index to deaths, 1877-1990, Illinois, Cook county birth registers, 1871-1915, Illinois, Cook county marriages, 1871-1920, Illinois, county marriages, 1810-1940, Illinois deaths and stillbirths, 1916-1947, Illinois, Mildred Hooper obituary collection, ca. 1959-1981, international genealogical index 771323, A 010405, A 022152, A 044949, A 241876, A 252081, A 024912, A 245828, drlueertelt47340, rwilcox6477, tweber1826099 and unknown38379, Iowa, county births, 1880-1935, Iowa, county marriages, 1838-1934, Iowa, death records, 1921-1940, Iowa, state census, 1895, 1905 et 1915, Italia, dioceso di Trento, Catholic Church records, 1584-1937, Italia, Napoli, stato civile (Archivio di Stato), 1809-1865, Italia, Taranto, stato civile (Archivio di Stato), 1809-1926, Louisiana, Orleans parish vital records, 1905-1913, Mexico, Distrito federal, civil registration, 1832-2005, microfilm 008246920, Minnesota birth index, 1935-2002, Minnesota, county marriages, 1860-1949, Minnesota deaths and burials, 1835-1900, Minnesota, marriage index, 1958-2001, Mississipi marriages, 1800-1911, Netherlands, archival indexes, miscellaneous records, Netherlands, Noord-Holland, civil registration, 1811-1950, Nevada marriages, 1956-2005, New Jersey, deaths, 1670-1988, New York City, marriage records, 1829-1940, New York City municipal deaths, 1795-1949, New York records of the state national guard, 1906-1954, New York, New York, passenger and crew list, 1909, 1925-1957, New York passenger lists, 1820-1891, New York state census, 1865, Ohio, county marriages, 1789-2013, Ohio deaths, 1908-1953, pedigree resource file, MM4C-CD9, MM7L-F6N, MM95-L7S, MM9R-WK1, MMC8-MQ3, MMD2-BY1, MMD6-FTC, MMD6-R4C, MMDN-7WK, MMWC-BC2 and MMWH-FHZ, Pennsylvania births and christenings, 1709-1950, Pennsylvania, church marriages, 1862-1976, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia city death certificates, 1803-1915, Tennessee, county marriages, 1790-1950, Tennessee death records, 1914-1955, Tennessee state marriage index, 1780-2002, Texas birth index, 1903-1997, Texas deaths, 1890-1976, Texas divorce index, 1968-2010, Texas, El Paso manifests of arrivals at the port of El Paso, 1905-1927, Texas, Laredo arrival manifests, 1903-1955, Texas, manifests of aliens granted temporary admission at El Paso, Texas marriages, 1966-2010, United States border crossings from Mexico to United States, 1903-1957, United States census, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940, United States, GenealogyBank obituaries, 1980-2014, United States, Germans to America index, 1850-1897, United States passport applications, 1795-1925, United States public records, 1970-2009, United States social security death index, United States World war I, draft registration cards, 1917-1918, United States World war II draft registrations cards, 1942, United States World war II Army enlistment records, 1938-1946, Vermont, St. Albans Canadian border crossing, and Wisconsin death index, 1959-1997 (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf, Bönnigheim, Bretten, Coburg, Darmstadt, Fahrenbach, Franconia, Heldenfingen, Hohenstein, Homberg, Sarre and Thuringia, Alsatian, American, English, C anadian and Italian Sartorius, and Jewish Sartorius)

https://www.geneanet.org/, Bilbiothèque généalogique, faire-parts de décès, et relevés collaboratifs, Novéant-sur-Moselle (Sartorius from Germersheim)

http://www.wikiwand.com/ (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https:/www.geschichte-des-weines.de/ (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https://gw.geneanet.org/aburry (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https://gw.geneanet.org/afrohlich (Sartorius from Franconia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/awilligsecker (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/betiur01 (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/bloap4157 (Jewish Sartorius)

https://gw.geneanet.org/buschfrau (Sartorius from Homberg)

https://gw.geneanet.org/cdrevici (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/ceesherrebrugh (Sartorius from Franconia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/cmrichards (English Sartorius)

https://gw.geneanet.org/colgnecmwrfram (Sartorius from Thuringia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/cvpolier (Sartorius from Coburg)

https://gw.geneanet.org/drmarkusvogel (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https://gw.geneanet.org/ducast (Sartorius from Coburg)

https://gw.geneanet.org/frajossa (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/fraloy (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/gabylaitem (Sartorius from Moselle)

https://gw.geneanet.org/hansgeorgb (Sartorius from Homberg)

https://gw.geneanet.org/hanswilts (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

https://gw.geneanet.org/hbrunzlow (Sartorius from Franconia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/jph (Sartorius from Moselle)

https://gw.geneanet.org/kastning (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

https://gw.geneanet.org/kittymag (Sartorius from Fahrenbach)

https://gw.geneanet.org/klauslandry (Sartorius from Bleckede)

https://gw.geneanet.org/luitpold (Sartorius from Cobourg and Thuringia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/mariojvisscher (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https://gw.geneanet.org/metzieder (Sartorius from Hohenstein and Homberg)

https://gw.geneanet.org/meuropeennes (Sartorius von Waltershausen)

https://gw.geneanet.org/murcielago1 (Spansih Sartorius)

https://gw.geneanet.org/nimmreggen (Sartorius von Waltershausen)

https://gw.geneanet.org/nklorey (Sartorius von Waltershausen)

https://gw.geneanet.org/nnisse (Sartorius from Moselle)

https://gw.geneanet.org/palamede2004 (Alsatian and English Sartorius)

https://gw.geneanet.org/phelmbold (Sartorius from Thuringia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/rauberj (Sartorius from Franconia)

https://gw.geneanet.org/rzender (Sartorius from Sarre)

https://gw.geneanet.org/sanchiz (Sartorius from Darmstadt)

https://gw.geneanet.org/sartoti (Sartorius from Hohenstein)

https://gw.geneanet.org/sjohanna1 (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

https://gw.geneanet.org/uboes (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

https://gw.geneanet.org/ustromann (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

https://gw.geneanet.org/uboes (American Sartorius)

https://gw.geneanet.org/wil (Sartorius from Sarre)

http://www.lagis-hessen.de/ (Sartorius from Darmstadt and Homberg)

http://www.legacy.com/ (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf)

http://www.gscheidinger.com/ (Sartorius from Coburg)

https://www.wikitree.com/ (Sartorius from Coburg)

http://www.sonntagsblatt.de/ (Sartorius from Thuringia)

http://familienbuch-euregio.de/ (Belgian Sartorius)

http://www.simpsonandthorne.com/ (Alsatian and English Sartorius)

http://www.sartoriusandblot.com/?page_id=65 (Alsatian and English Sartorius)

https://www.findagrave.com/ (Sartorius from Aurich-Oldendorf and Homberg, Jewish Sartorius and Ameerican, English and Canadian Sartorius)

https://www.myheritage.fr/, Zavala Corona web site et Silva Sartorius (Spanish Sartorius)

http://archive.org/stream/asherlewinf001/asherlewinf001_djvu.txt (Jewish Sartorius)

http://www.geneall.net/ (English Sartorius)

http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/search (American Sartorius)

http://www.draytonvalleyfuneralservices.com/ (Canadian Sartorius)

http://www.verwandt.de/karten/ (distribution of family names in Germany)

http://www.verwandt.at/karten/ (distribution of family names in Austria)

http://www.miparentela.com/mapas/detalles/sartorius.html (distribution of family names in Spain)

http://www.familleunie.fr/cartes/detaille/sartorius.html (distribution of family names in France)

http://www.verwant.nl/kaarten/detail/sartorius.html (distribution of family names in the Netherlands)

http://www.moikrewni.pl/ (distribution of family names in Poland)

http://www.verwandt.ch/karten/ (distribution of family names Switzerland)

http://www.miparentela.com/mapas-ar/detalles/sartorius.html (distribution of family names in Argentina)

http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/sartorius.html (Jewish Sartorius family)

http://www.msje.org/html/anshe_chesed.html (Jewish Sartorius family)

https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (Franco-English Sartorius family)

http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=452 (admiral sir George Rose Sartorius)

http://www.painting.place.com/ (Virginie de Sartorius)

http://www.xtec.es/~jrovira6/bio/sartoriu.htm (Luis José Sartorius Tapia, count of San Luis)

http://www.apellidochacon.es/ (Luis José Sartorius Tapia, count of San Luis)

http://www.geocities.com/Paris/metro/7120/list.html (Isabel Sartorius)

http://www.ciudadfutura.com/cotilleo/isabels.htm (Isabel Sartorius)

http://www.ahsgr.org/ (Germans of the Volga)

http://www.bouldernet.com/frank/ (Germans of the Volga)

http://www.brunnental.us/brunnental/index.html (Germand of the Volga)

http://ewddesign.com/walter/ (Germans of the Volga)

http://www.volgagerman.net/norka/ (Germans of the Volga)

http://wolgadeutsche.net/ (Germans of the Volga)

http://volga.niedermonjou.org:8000/index.html (Sartorius Germans of the Volga)

http://rovinggenealogist.blogspot.fr/2011/09/by-any-other-name-sartoriusshrider.html (Canadian Sartorius)

http://www.dastelefonbuch.de/ (German telephone directory)

http://www.herold.at/telefonbuch/ (Austrian telephone directory)

http://www.infobel.com/fr/belgium/people.aspx (Belgian telephone directory)

http://www.infobel.com/es/spain/ (Spanish telephone directory)

http://www.pagesjaunes.fr/pagesblanches/ (French telephone directory)

http://www.detelefoongids.nl/ (Dutch telephone directory)

http://www.192.com/people/directory-enquiries/ (British telephone directory)

http://tel.search.ch/index.fr.html (Swiss telephone directory)

http://phonebook.yellowpages.co.za/ (South-African telephone directory)

http://www.canada411.ca/ (Canadian telephone directory)

http://www.abctelfonos.com/ (Mexican telephone directory).

http://www.whitepages.com/ (American telephone directory)

https://gw.geneanet.org/peyrot (Tourton family)

http://minutier.free.fr/rpr/200cim.html (foreigners graveyard in Paris)

http://www.louverture.ch/material/SKLAVEREI/angola.html (slave trade)

http://www.lizeray.com/arbregen/index.htm#TOC (Ferdinand Sartorius, publisher in Paris)

https://gw.geneanet.org/metier (Sartorius from Strasbourg)

http://jarvillehier.free.fr/ (health centre of the Grande Malgrange)

http://www.geneanet.org/ (Sartorius from Moselle)

http://www.geopatronyme.com/ (distribution of family names in France)

http://www.familleunie.fr/cartes/detaille/sartorius.html (distribution of family names in France)

 

Chapter 2

 

http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Kernstadt Meschede, Geschichte des Stiftes Meschede, Die Kreisstadt früher und heute et Die Entwicklung der Hennetalsperre, Kriegsende, Bombentrichter in Meschede et Die Stunde Null

http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Geschichtliches aus den Stadtteilen, Freienohl, Die landwirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse, Der Dreiβigjährige Krieg et Remblinghausen

http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Das Justiz- und Gerichtswesen, die Hexenverfolgung et Justizwesen und Hexenverfolgung

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Christian IV. (Dänemark und Norwegen), dreißigjähriger Krieg, Franken (Volk), Freiherren von Fürstenberg, Gustav II. Adolf (Schweden), Heiliges Römisches Reich, Heinrich von Schultheiβ, Hexenverfolgung im Herzogtum Westfalen, Landstände, Landtag (Herzogtum Westfalen), Landtag (historisch), Otto I. (HRR), Rauchhuhn, Remblinghausen, Rittergut, Sachsen (Volk), Sauerland, Schöffe, Stift Meschede, Taler, Vogt and Wilhelm V. (Hessen-Kassel)

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. aveu (ancien droit), avouerie, cens (droit seigneurial), Christian IV de Danemark, confrérie, Francs, Guerre de Trente Ans, Gustave II Adolphe, justice seigneuriale, Otton Ier du Saint-Empire, Recès d'Empire, Saint-Empire romain germanique, Sauerland, Saxons, tenure and vidame

http://nrw-geschichte.de/geschichte/nrwhist.htm (Westphalia)

http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj96.htm (saint Josse)

http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienJ/Jodokus_Jobst.htm (saint Josse)

http://www.plettenberg-lexikon.de/ (formation of the names in -inghausen)

http://www.schaeferhoff.de.vu/ (formation of the names in -inghausen)

http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/DEU-SAUERLAND/2000-07/0962660807 (formation of the names in -inghausen)

http://www.sauerland-remblinghausen.de/ (Remblinghausen)

http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/F002-Freienohl-kurkoelnisch.php (Thirty Years war)

http://www.ammermann.de/eversber.htm (Thirty Years' war)

http://www.ammermann.de/freienoh.htm (Thirty Years' war)

http://www.ammermann.de/grevenst.htm (Thirty Years' war)

http://www.ammermann.de/meschede.htm (Thirty Years' war)

http://www.ammermann.de/rembling.htm (Thirty Years' war)

http://www.genealogie-sauerland.de/ (church books of Remblinghausen)

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~schnake/pictures.htm (illustrations on Westphalia)

http://www.netaxs.com/~graf/graf/graf_nobility.html (German nobility)

http://www.rjsasse.de/ (genalogical site of Robert J. Sasse)

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9286/genealogie/index.html (family von Stockhausen)

http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/Wn06-stockhausen.php (family von Stockhausen)

https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 942741 and M 942751 (church books of Remblinghausen)

 

Chapter 3

 

https://data.matricula-online.eu/, Deutschland, Paderborn, Meschede, St. Walburga, KB033-01-T (church books of Meschede, baptisms, 1708-1757)

http://fg74.s6.domainkunden.de/wissen/content/archiv/, Steuer, Abgaben und Gebühren (Wissen and Schönstein)

http://argewe.lima-city.de/, Familienbuch Hamm/Sieg 1670-1870, and Hermann Mockenhaupt, Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, Das Kirchspiel Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, Melanie Kappenstein, Die Entwicklung der Hatzfeldt'schen Besitzungen im Raum Friesenhagen nach Ende des 1. Weltkrieges et Über den Westerwald, Der Westerwald und seine Orte, Friesenhagen

http://home.t-online.de/home/Sebastianus.Friesenhagen/kloster.htm (Friesenhagen)

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Attendorn, Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden, Augustinerinnenkloster Glindfeld, Bede, Burg Freusburg, Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt, Freusburg, Gograf, Grafschaft Arnsberg, Hatzfeldt (Adelsgeschlecht), Hofrat, Kurpfalz, Max von Stockhausen, Mediatisierung, Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, Reichstürkenhilfe, Rheinbundakte, Schultheiß, Siegen, Vikar, Vorburg, Wehrmeisterei, Wildenburger Land, Wibrandis Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Capito and Żmigród, as well as the articles dealing with various members of the house of Hatzfeldt

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. château fort, gruyer, Jules Laforgue, paix d'Augsbourg and Wolfgang Capiton

https://www.familysearch.org/, passim (house of Hatzfeldt)

https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 942691, C 942701 and M 942701 (church books of Ratingen), M 968863 (church books of Saint Cunibert of Cologne), M 986489 (vital records of Bonn), C 988291, J 988292, K 988292 and M 988293 (church books of Derendorf)

http://www.ww-person.com/ (house of Hatzfeldt)

http://www.waldmannshofen.de/geschichtlicher_ueberblick.htm (Franz, Melchior and Hermann von Hatzfeldt)

http://www.zmigrod.com.pl/asp/de_start.asp?typ=14&menu=59&strona=1 (castle Trachenberg)

http://www.bbkl.de/ (Ferdinand Lasalle and Lünenschloß family)

http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/furstenberg.html (house of Fürstenberg)

http://www.isphording.info/ (genealogy of Johanvars family and related families)

http://www.plettenberg-lexikon.de/genealogie/schledo1.htm (genealogy of the house of Plettenberg)

http://www.heinzjonas.de/genealogie.htm (genealogy of the counts of Arnsberg)

https://fmg.ac/, Germany (Holy Roman empire, Saxony, Saxony nobility (genealogy of the counts of Arnsberg)

http://www.kirchen-sieg.de/, Turistik und Freizeit, Sehenswürdigkeiten, Wildenburg et Haus und Kloster Marienthal

http://www.laurentianum-arnsberg.de/ (Laurentianum in Arnsberg)

http://www.abtei-marienstatt.de/ (abbey de Marienstatt)

http://www.herschbach.de/ (vicariate Sartorius)

http://nrw-geschichte.de/geschichte/nrwhist.htm (principalty of Nassau-Siegen)

http://www.chez.com/chazelle/aoeaasc.htm (Lünenschloß family)

http://www.metelen.de/geschichte/gogericht.htm (Gograf)

http://www.emstek.de/ (Gograf)

http://www.nithart.com/schulthe.htm (Schulte)

http://www.asn-ibk.ac.at/bildung/faecher/geschichte/maike/frauen/ren21.htm, (Wibrandis Rosenblatt)

http://web.uscx.net/thanko/cow/bucer.htm, (Wolfgang Capito)

http://www.bible.org/docs/history/schaff/vol7/schaf165.htm, (Wolfgang Capito)

http://www.netbible.com/docs/history/schaff/vol7/schaf149.htm, (Wolfgang Capito)

http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/03025d.htm, (Wolfgang Capito)

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/a/p/John-M-Capito-jr/tree1.html (Capito family)

http://de.wiktionary.org/ (Ökonom)

http://www.ich-geh-wandern.de/burg-wildenburg-wildenburger-land (Wildenburg)

http://www.wehrmeister.de/wehrmeis/index.html (Wehrmeister)

https://www.archive.nrw.de/LAV_NRW/jsp/findbuch.jsp?archivNr=456&id=25&tektId=44&bestexpandId=0 (archives of the house of Hatzfeldt)

 

Chapter 4

 

https://www.familysearch.org/, family tree, L6RB-VVW znd L8T2-J87, batch number C 959492 and M 959493 (evangelic parish of Echterdingen), I 067671 (vital records of Liège), J 968311 (Catholic parish of Korschenbroich), M 943846 (vital records of Rheydt) and M 968138 (vital records of Kleve), New York passenger lists, 1820-1891, United States census, 1860, United States civil war soldiers index, 1861-1865, United States Germans to America index, 1850-1897, United States passport applications, 1795-1925, and United States registers of enlistments in the U.S. Army, 1798-1914

https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, ovenbird (Sartorius)

http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ (Jung family and Heinrich August Schoeller)

http://barmen-200-jahre.de/index.php/home/item/96-wuppermann (Friedrich August Jung)

http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html (Barmen)

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. August Engels, August von Witzleben, Bad Honnef, Barmen, Bredde (Barmen), Frederick Marryat, Friedrich-Engels-Allee, Friedrich Engels (Fabrikant), Georg Herwegh, Gerhard Compes, Groβherzogtum Berg, Heinrich Laube, Johann Nestroy, Karl Gutzkow, Karl Immermann, Karlsbad, Katholisches Krankenhaus im Siebengebirge, Kolkrabe, Mönchengladbach, Oberbarmen, Paul de Kock, Scheuren (Wuppertal), Türkisch Rotgarn, Türkischrotfärbung, Unterbarmer Friedhof and Wuppertal

https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Allegheny arsenal, American civil war, Charles Paul de Kock, Frederick Marryat, Johann Nestroy, Ordnance corps (United States Army) and William Passavant

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Armand Charles Guilleminot, Claude Chavigny, Corps de l'ordonnance (United States Army), Edgar Humann, Edirne, François de Wendel, Georges Humann, Grand Corbeau, Guerre de sécession, Léon Chavigny, and Paul de Kock

https://www.afpwpa.org/ (Passavant hospital in Pittsburgh)

http://www.flcpittsburgh.org/ (Passavant hospital in Pittsburgh)

http://www.zeitlebenszeiten.de/ (Hösterey & Gauhé)

http://www.kultura-extra.de/kunst/portrait/tuerkisch.html (Turkish red)

https://gw.geneanet.org/fpirlot (Drissen family)

http://www.findagrave.com/ (famille Drissen)

https://gw.geneanet.org/edriessen (Drissen family)

http://www.littlegun.be/ (Drissen family)

http://www.bbkl.de/, art. Karl August Döring and Ferdinand Lasalle

http://members.aol.com/tombee/1848.html (German revolution of 1848)

http://www.solingen.de/ (German revoltuion of 1848)

http://www.barmen2009.de/index.php/component/k2/item/118-lekebusch (German revolution of 1848)

http://www.gesellschaft-concordia-barmen.de/ (Barmer erste Gesellschaft Concordia 1801)

http://www.ursulinenkongregation.de/ (Calvarienberg in Altenahr)

http://www.stadtnetz-wuppertal.de/ (map of Wuppertal)

http://www.woydt.be/ (Gerhard Compes)

https://lb.wikipedia.org/, art. Aline de Saint-Hubert

http://laml.lu/ (Sartorius boarding school in Bonn)

 

Chapter 5

 

http://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Baedeker.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Catacombes capucines de Palerme, Exposition universelle de 1867, Francesco Tamagno and Victor Maurel)

http://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/ (French law of 1889 on naturalization)

http://www.archives-judiciaires.justice.gouv.fr/ (French law of 1889 on naturalization)

http://gw.geneanet.org/jeanpaes (Blanpain family).

http://www.neptis.be/nuke1/ (Martha family)

http://gw.geneanet.org/ypeeters (Martha family)

http://fr.italopera.com/page.php?ID=181 (Tamagno)

http://www.operaitaliana.com/autori/interprete.asp?ID=313 (Tamagno)

http://opera.stanford.edu/performers/Tamagno.html (Tamagno)

http://members.tripod.com/~Motomom/index-3.html (catacombs of the Capuchins of Palermo)

http://www.histoirederoubaix.com/ (collège de Roubaix)

 

Chapter 6

 

https://www.geneanet.org/, Fichiers des personnes décédées établi par l'INSEE à partir des informations reçues des communes dans le cadre de leur mission de service public, publiés en Open Data sur le site de l'INSEE

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Kriegsgefangenenlager Meschede

https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. 42nd Infantry division (United States)

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Alexandre Denéréaz, André Maurois, Auguste Sérieyx, Blanche Selva, Boni de Castellane, certificat d'études primaires, Claire Croiza, Édouard Risler, Émile de Ribaupierre, Emile Sartorius, Empire britannique, Equipe de France de football en 1908, Ernest Ansermet, France, Germaine Lubin, Grande Dépression au Royaume-Uni, Henri Rabaud, interprètes militaires, Jean Hennessy, John Pershing, Lille, Louis Vierne, Marc de Ranse, mobilisation française de 1914, Octave Maus, Seconde guerre mondiale, Service militaire en France, vie militaire à Lille, Vincent d'Indy, Zone interdite (Seconde Guerre mondiale), 42^e division d'infanterie (Etats-Unis), 84^e régiment d'infanterie and 9^e armée

http://collections.forumgratuit.org/:t15800-pigeonnier-militaire-de-sfax-tunisie-en-1910 (military pigeon fancier)

http://paras.forumsactifs.net/t619-les-courriers-aeriens (military pigeon fancier)

https://grandeguerre.icrc.org/ (World war I)

http://hopitauxmilitairesguerre1418.overblog.com/ (World war I)

https://www.centenaire.org/ (World war I)

http://www.musimem.com/ranse.htm (Marc de Ranse)

https://gw.geneanet.org/malo1 (musicians in the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais)

https://data.bnf.fr/15977474/jean_canivet/)

http://www.chtimiste.com/

http://www.colombophiliefr.com/pages/historique.htm

https://a-coulonneuxfenainois.skyrock.com/2365847073-PROJET-ARABA.html

https://duivenmilitary.skyrock.com/1.html

https://gege500.skyrock.com/3300783508-SOUVENONS-NOUS.html

http://www.sarto.be/historique.php (Jean Sartorius)

https://www.ecole-sainte-marie-saint-malo.fr/

 

Chapter 7

 

https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 934008 (evangelical parish of 'Elberfeld), C 986452 (evangelical parish of Peckelsheim), C 988014, C 988099, C 988106 et M 988145 (vital records of Düsseldorf), United States census, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940, United States social security death index and United States public records

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Michaelis, Adolf Pansch, Eduard Buchner, effet von Restorff, Ernst Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adler (architecte), Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Friedrich Trendelenburg, Karl Viktor Müllenhof and République de Weimar

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Michaelis, Adolf Pansch, Albert Ballin, Alexander Holle, Arado Flugzeugwerke, Carl Becker (Bankier), Carl Heinrich Becker, Carl Sartorius, Deutschamerikaner, Deutsche Überseewanderung, Dieringhausen, Eduard Buchner, Ernst Trendelenburg, Ferdinand Trendelenburg,  Friedrich Adler (Baurat), Friedrich Trendelenburg, Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Gustav Holle, Gustav Schlieper, Hellmut Becker, Hermann von Stahl, Irene Dische, Justus Roth, Karl Ferdinand Becker (Sprachforscher), Karl Müllenhoff, Max Wendl, Nicolas Becker, Otto Michaelis, Paul Trendelenburg, Restorff (Adelsgeschlecht), Restorff-Effekt, Rudolf Buchner, Rudolf Mors, Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg, Wilhelm Post, Wilhelm Trendelenburg and Wolfgang Trillhaas

http://www.wiehl.de/tourismus/geschichte/wirtschaftliche-entwicklung/ (Kind & Co. company)

http://www.bsv-bielstein.de/fileadmin/pdf/verein/dr-kind-arena/lebenslauf-dr-kind.pdf (curriculum vitae of Dr. Karl Kind)

http://www.kind-co.de/de/impressum.html (Kind & Co. company)

http://www.volksbund.de/ (German military killed during World war I and World war II)

http://www.eurotransport.de/ (Klaus Leihener)

http://www.ancestry.com/, New York passenger lists 1820-1957

https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Pansch, Carl Heinrich Becker, Eduard Buchner, Friedrich Adler (architect), Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Friedrich Trendelenburg, Irene Dische, Jacob Sartorius, Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth, Karl Becker (philologist), Karl Müllenhof, Paul Trendelenburg, SS La Bretagne, SS Albert Ballin, SS Bremen (1929), Von Restorff Effekt and Wilhelm Trendelenburg

http://www.luftarchiv.de/, rubrique Motorflugzeugbau (Arado)

http://www.eichhorn.ws/html/body_arado_ar_234_blitz.htm (Arado)

http://www.airandspace.si.edu/ (Arado)

http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/LRG/ (Arado)

http://www.stadtplan.net/brd/mecklenburg_vorpommern/mecklenburg_vorpommern_bl/home.html (Ganzlin, Twietfort)

http://69.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WE/WEST_HOBOKEN.htm (West Hoboken)

http://www.teutonia-stuttgart.de/ (Corps Teutonia)

http://www.socialimpact.com/index.html (Rolf H. Sartorius)

https://barbarabjelland.wordpress.com/about/ (Barbara Bjelland)

https://www.facebook.com/, Barbara Bjelland.

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/faculty/bjelland/ (Mark Bjelland)

http://www.gac.edu/ (Gustavus Adolphus college)

http://www.westphalia-emigration.de/ (German emigration tio the United States)

http://www.gencircles.com/users/pczerner/1 (Vollmer family)

http://www.ezl.com/~danm/genealog/christop/d67.htm (Vollmer family)

http://www.patbrit.com/eng/PAStJ/mar/PAStJmarT.html (Vollmer family)

http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/t/trendelenburg_f_a.shtml (Adolph Trendelenburg)

http://www.britannica.com/ (Eduard Buchner and Adolph Trendelenburg)

http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ (Friedrich Adler, Eduard Buchner, Adolf Michaelis, Karl Müllenohff, Justus Roth, Carl Sartorius, Hans Schreuer, Hermann von Stahl, Ernst Trendelenburg, Ferdinand Trendelenburg, Friedrich Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Paul Trendelenburg, Ullrich Trendelenburg, Wilhelm Trendelenburg, Wolfgang Trillhaas and Max Wendl)

http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/ (Friedrich Trendelenburg)

http://www.whonamedit.com/ (Friedrich Trendelenburg)

http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-bio.html (Eduard Buchner)

http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/BUCHNER.htm (Eduard Buchner)

http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/ (Carl Heinrich Becker)

http://www.kirchenlexikon.de/ (Otto Michaelis and Wolfgang Trillhaas)

 

Annexes

 

https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Standesamt

https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Belgique

 

*

 

 

 

 

INDEX OF LOCATIONS

 

Austria

 

Graz : capital of the province of Styria, 100 km south-west of Vienna.

 

Innsbruck: capital of the province of Tyrol, 500 km west-south-west of Vienna, on the Inn.

 

Belgium

 

Dottignies: former city of the province of Hainaut, linked in 1977 to Mouscron/

 

Frasnes-lez-Anvaing: city of the province of Hainaut, district of Ath, 10 km west of Ath.

 

Hacquegnies: fomer city of the province of Hainaut, linked in 1977 to Frasnes-lez-Anvaing.

Heurseaux: former city of the province of Hainaut, linked in 1977 to Mouscron/

 

Liège: capital of the province of Liège, 100 km east-south-east of Brussels.

Luingne: former city of the province of Hainaut, linked in 1977 to Mouscron/

 

Mouscron: city of the province de Hainaut, district of Tournai-Mouscron, 25 km north-north-west of Tournai, at the French border, facing Tourcoing.

 

Namur: capitazl of the province of Namur, 62 km south-east of Brussels.

 

Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Flemish Sint-Jost-ten-Node: city of the region Brussels capital, 2 km north-east of Brussels.

 

Visé: city of the province of Liège, district of Liège, 15 km north-north-east of Liège, on the Meuse.

 

Ypres, Flemish Ieper : districh capital of the province of West Flanders, 50 km south of Bruges.

 

Chile

 

Punta Arenas : capital of the XIIth region (Magallanes and Antarctica Chilena), 2 500 km south of Santiago, on the Pacific ocean. Until the opening of the Panama Canal, in 1914, Punta Arenas was the main port for navigation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The ships were preparing for the difficult crossing of the Cape Horn.

 

Czech Republic

 

Carlsbad: see Karlovy Vary.

 

Karlovy Vary, German Carlsbad: capital of the region of Karlovy Vary, 150 km west of Prague, on the foot of the Krusné Hory, on the confluence of the Ohře and the Teplá. The waters of this great spa founded by emperor Charles IV are mainly used against the disorders of the digestive system.

 

France

 

Angoulême: capital of the department of Charente, 435 km south-west of Paris, on the river Charente.

Avesnes-sur-Helpe: arrondissement capital of the department of Nord, 54 km south-east of Lille

Avord: city of the department of Cher, arrondissement of Bourges, canton of Baugy, 12 km south-west of Baugy.

 

Bar-le-Duc: capital of the department of Meuse, 207 km east of Paris.

Bettborn: city of the department of Moselle, arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, canton of Sarrebourg, 8 km north of Sarrebourg.

Bréhec-en-Plouha: hamlet of the city of Plouha, 5 km north of of the city, on the bay of Saint-Brieuc.

Brouennes: city of the department of Meuse, arrondissement of Verdun, canton of Stenay, 5 km north-east of Stenay.

 

Canny-sur-Matz : city of the deprtment of Oise, arrondissement of Compiègne, canton of Lassigny, 4 km north of Lassigny.

Cassel : canton capital of the deprtment of Nord, arrondissement of Dunkerque, 40 km south-south-east of Dunkerque.

Châlons-en-Champagne : capital of the department of Marne, 180 km east of Paris.

Château-Thierry : arrondissementr capital of the department of Aisne, 40 km south-west of Laon.

Châtellerault : arrondissementr capital of the department of Vienne, 30 km north-north-east of Poitiers, on the river Vienne.

Chaumont : arrondissementr capital of the department of Haute-Marne, 300 km south-east of Paris.

Chavanges : canton capital of the deprtment of Aube, arrondissement of Bar-sur-Aube, 25 km north-north-east of Bar-sur-Aube.

Croix: city of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, canton of Roubaix ouest, 5 km north-east of Lille. Suburb of Lille on the road from Lille to Roubaix and Tourcoing.

 

Dinard : canton capital of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, arrondissement of Saint-Malo, 2 km west of Saint-Malo, on the left bank of the river Rance. Sea resort on the Channel.

 

Epernay : arrondissementr capital of the department of Marne, 31 km west of Châlons-en-Champagnr.

 

Fontainebleau : arrondissementr capital of the department of Seine-et-Marne, 20 km south of Melun.

 

Guillotière (La) : former town of the department of Rhône, linked in 1852 to Lyon, on the left bank of the Rhône.

Gury: city of the department of Oise, arrondissement of Compiègne, canton of Lassigny, 3 km south-west of Lassigny.

 

Halluin: city of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, canton of Tourcoing nord, 20 km north-north-east of Lille and 2 km north-west of Tourcoing, on the Belgian border.

Havre (Le): arrondissement capital of the department of Seine-Maritime, 100 km west-north-west of Rouen. Harbour on the Channel.

Héricy : city of the department of Seine-et-Marme, arrondissement and canton of Fontainebleau, 8 km north-east of Fontainebleau, on the right bank of the river Seine.

 

Ille-sur-Têt : city of the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, arrondissement of Prades, canton of Vinça, 5 km east-north-east ofVinça, on the right bank of the river Têt.

 

Jarville-la-Malgrange : canton capital of the deprtment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, arrondissement of Nancy, 3 km south-east of Nancy.

 

Landrecies : canton dcapital of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, 15 km west of Avesnes-sur-Helpe.

Libourne : arrondissementr capital of the department of Gironde, 30 km east of Bordeaux, sur la Dordogne.

Lilas (Les) : canton capital of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, arrondissement of Bobigny, 3 km south-west of Bobigny

Lille: capital of the department of Nord, 200 km north-north-east of Paris.

Lisieux : arrondissementr capital of the department of Calvados, 45 km east of Caen.

Lys-lez-Lannoy : city of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, canton of Lannoy, 1 km north of Lannoy.

 

Madeleine (La) : city of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, canton of Lille nord, 2 km north of Lille.

Margny-sur-Matz : city of the department of Oise, arrondissement of Compiègne, canton of Ressons-sur-Matz, 3 km east of Ressons-sur-Matz.

Marseille: capital of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, 750 km south-south-east of Paris, on the Meditreranean sea.

Melun : capital of the department de la Seine-et-Marne, 17 km south-east of Paris, on the river Seine.

Meung-sur-Loire : canton capital of the department of Loiret, arrondissement of Orléans, 12 km south-west of Orléans, on the right bank of the river Loire.

Montdidier : arrondissementr capital of the department of Somme, 30 km south-east of Amiens.

Morcenx : canton capital of the department of Landes, arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan, 50 km north-west of Mont-de-Marsan.

 

Nancy: capital of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 281 km east of Paris.

Nantes: capital of the department of Loire-Atlantique, 342 km south-west of Paris, on the Loire.

Nice: capital of the department of Alpes-Maritimes, 800 km east-south-east of Paris, on the Mediterranean Sea.

 

Notre-Dame-de-Lorette : location of the city of Ablain-Saint-Nazaire (Pas-de-Calais),. theatre of violent fighting from October 1914 to October 1915.

Noyon : canton capital of the department of Oise, arrondissement of Compiègne, 25 km north of Compiègne/

 

Paramé : former city of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, linked in 1967 to Saint-Malo.

Plessier (Le) : location of the city of Magny-sur-Matz.

Plouha : canton capital of the department of Côtes-d'Armor, arrondissement of Saint-Brieuc, 25 km north-west of Saint-Brieuc, on the bay of Saint-Brieuc.

 

Quesnoy (Le) : canton capital of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, 20 km north-west of Avesnes-sur-Helpe.

 

Rasiguères : city of the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, arrondissement of Perpignan, canton of Latour-de-France, 4 km west of Latour-de-France, on the left bank of the river Agly.

Reims : arrondissementr capital of the department of Marne, 41 km north-west of Châlons-en-Champagne.

Revigny-sur-Ornain : canton capital of the deprtment of Meuse, arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc, 12 km nord-west of Bar-le-Duc.

Romainville : canton capital of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis, arrondissement of Bobigny, 2 km south-west of Bobigny.

Roubaix: capital of a canton of the department of Nord, district of Lille, 10 km north-east of Lille.

 

Saint-Ideuc : quarter of Paramé, north-east of thre city.

Saint-Méry: city of the department of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement of Melun, canton of Mormant, 5 km south-west of Mormant.

Saint-Quaix-Portrieux : city of the department of Côtes-d'Armor, arrondissement of Saint-Brieuc, canton of Etables-sur-Mer, 1 km north-east of Etables-sur-Mer. Sea resort on the bay of Saint-Brieuc.

Samois-sur-Seine : city of the department of Seine-et-Marne, arrondissement and canton of Fontainebleau, 7 km north-east of Fontainebleau, on the left bank of the river Seine.

Stenay : canton capital of the department of Meuse, arrondissement of Verdun, 47 km north of Verdun.

Survilliers : city of the department of Val-d'Oise, arrondissement of Sarcelles, canton of Luzarches, 7 km east of Luzarches.

 

Tourcoing: canton capital of the department of Nord, arrondissement of Lille, 12 km north-east of Lille.

Tours: arrondissement capital of the department of Indre-et-Loire, 150 km south-west of Paris, ont the river Loire.

 

Vadenay: city of the department of Marne, arrondissement of Châlons-en-Champagne, canton of Suippes, 10 km south-west of Suippes.

Varengeville-sur-Mer: city of the department of Seine-Maritiime, arrondissement of Dieppe, canton of Offranville, 5 km north-west of Offranville, on the Channel.

Verdun: arrondissment capital of the department of Meuse, 50 km north-north-east of Bar-le-Duc, on the river Meuse.

Verneuil-sur-Avre: canton capital of the department of Eure, arrondissement of Evreux, 25 km south-west of Evreux.

Versailles : capital of the department des Yvelines, 15 km west of Paris.

Vic-sur-Seille : canton capital of the department of Moselle, arrondissement of Château-Salins, 5 km south-south-east of Château-Salins/

Villabon : city of the department of Cher, arrondissement of Bourges, canton of Baugy, 4 km north-west of Baugy.

Vincennes : canton capital of the department of Val-de-Marne, arronfissement of Nogent-sur-Marne, 6 km west-north-west of Nogent-sur-Marne.

Vitry-le-François: arrondissementr capital of the department of Marne, 30 km south-east of Châlons-en-Champagne, on the river Marne.

 

Wattrelos: city of the department of Nord, district of Lille, canton of Roubaix, 12 km north-east of Lille, on the Belgian border.

Wimille : city of the department of Pas-de-Calais, arrondissement and canton of Boulogne-sur-Mer, 2 km north of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

 

Germany

 

Aachen: capital of a circle of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, 80 km west-south-west of Cologne, on the border of Germany with Belgium and the Netherlands.

Albringhausen (Attendorn): former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1819 to Attendorn-Land, itself linked in 1969 to Attendorn, 4 km west of Attendorn.

Altenahr: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, circle of Ahrweiler, district of Coblence, 10 km south-west of Ahrweiler, in the Eifel.

Altenbeken: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Detmold, circle de Paderborn, 15 km south of Detmold.

Altenkirchen (Westerwald) : circle capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Coblence, 50 km north-north-east of Coblence.

Arnsberg: district capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, 86 km east-north-east of Düsseldorf, on the left bank of the river Ruhr.

Attendorn: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Olpe, 35 km south-west of Arnsberg.

Aurich-Oldendorf: city of the Land of Lower Saxony, circle of Weser-Ems, 200 km north-west of Hanover.

 

Bad Ems: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, capital of the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, 70 km north-west of Mainz.

Bad Fredeburg: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Schmallenberg, 4 km north of Schmallenberg.

Bad Honnef: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, capital of the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, district of Cologne, 50 km south-south-east of Cologne, on the right bank of the Rhine.

Bad Lippsringe: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Detmold, circle of Paderborn, 8 km north-north-east of Paderborn.

Bad Münstereifel: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, circle of Euskirchen, 9 km south-south-west of Euskirchen.

Bad Schwalbach, formerly Langenschwalbach: city of the Land of Hesse, capital of the Rhein-Taunus-Kreis, district of Darmstadt, 70 km north-west of Darmstadt.

Baldeborn: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 1,5 km north-east of the town.

Barmen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, merged in 1929 with four other cities to build the current agglomeration of Wuppertal.

Bensheim: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Darmstadt, Bergstraße circle, 25 km south of Darmstadt.

Bernburg (Saale): city of the Land of Saxony-Anhalt, capital of the Salzlandkreis, 38 km north-north-west of Halle.

Bestwig: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, 20 km east-south-east of Arnsberg.

Biedenkopf: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Gießen, circle of Marburg-Biedenkopf, 22 km north-west of Marburg.

Bielstein: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1969 to Wiehl, 5 km north-west of Wiehl.

Bilstein: hamlet of the city of Lennestadt.

Bleckede : city of the Land de Basse-Saxe, circle of Lüneburg.

Blüggelscheidt: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 3 km east-north-east of Remblinghausen.

Bochum: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, 50 km west-north-west of Arnsberg.

Bödefeld: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Schmallenberg, 15 km north-north-east of Schmallenberg. In 1844 the town of Bödefeld-Land, built with the hamlets of Brabecke, Altenfeld, Gellinghausen, Westernbödefeld, Osterwald, Valme, Rimberg and Sonderhof, was detached of it.

Bonn: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, 30 km south-south-east of Cologne, on the left bank of the Rhine.

Bönnigheim : city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Stuttgart, circle of Ludwigsburg.

Boppard: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Koblenz, Rhein-Hunsrück Kreis, 15 km south of Koblenz, on the left bank of the Rhine.

Borgentreich: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Detmold, circle of Höxter, 30 km south-south-west of Höxter.

Brandenburg, German Brandenburg an der Havel: city of the Land of Brandenburg, 60 km west-south-west of Berlin, on the Havel.

Bremen: capital of the Land of the free Hanseatic city of Bremen, 400 km west-north-west of Berlin.

Bretten: city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Karlsruhe, circle de Karlsruhe, 23 km north-east of Karlsruhe.

 

Calle: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Meschede, 5 km west-south-west of Meschede.

Coburg: city of the Land of Bavaria, district of Upper Franconia [Oberfranken], 55 km north-west of Bayreuth.

Cologne, German Köln: district capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, 30 km south-south-east of Düsseldorf, on the left bank of the Rhine.

Crottorf: hamlet of the town of Friesenhagen, 2 km west-north-west of Friesenhagen.

 

Darmstadt: district capital of the Land of Hesse, 30 km south of Frankfurt am Main.

Delbrück: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Detmold, circle of Paderborn, 15 km north-west of Paderborn.

Denkligen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1969 to Reichshof.

Dieringhausen: hamlet of the town of Gummersbach, 12 km south-south-west of Gummersbach, on the river Agger.

Dittenheim: city of the Land of Bavaria, district of Middle Franconia [Mittelfranken], circle of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen, 60 km south-south-west of Nuremberg.

Drasenbeck: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 2 km south-east of Remblinghausen.

Drolshagen: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Olpe, 5 km east of Olpe.

Düren: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, 34 km south-west of Cologne.

Düsseldorf: capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, on the right bank of the Rhine.

 

Eisenach: circle capital of the Land of Thuringia, 50 km west of Erfurt.

Eitorf: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, 40 km south-east of Cologne, on the river Sieg.

Elberfeld: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, merged in 1929 with four others to build the agglomeration of Wuppertal

Elminghausen: hamlet of Meinerzhagen, 5 km east of Meinerzhagen.

Eschwege: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Kassel, circle of Werra-Meißner, 20 km south-east of Kassel, son the river Werra. Former residence of the landgraves of Hesse-Rotenburg. Ruins of a Benedictine abbey of the 10th century.

Eslohe : city of the Land de North Rhineland-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, 12 km south-west of Meschede.

Essen: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 35 km north-east of Düsseldorf.

Eversberg: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Meschede, 2 km north-east of Meschede.

 

Falkenstein/Harz: city of the Land of Saxony-Anhalt, circle of Harz, 25 km south-east of Halberstadt.

Fahrenbach : city of the Land of Baden-Württtemberg, district of Karlsruhe, Neckar-Odenwald Kreis, 80 km north-east of Karlsruhe.

Finnentrop: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Olpe, 25 km north-north-east of Olpe.

Frankfurt am Main: capital of the Land of Hesse, on the river Main.

Frankfurt an der Oder: district capital of the Land of Brandenburg, 150 km east-south-east of Berlin, on the left bank of the river Oder, on the Polish border.

Fredeburg: see Bad Fredeburg.

Freienohl: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Meschede, 8 km west of Meschede.

Freiburg in Breisgau: district capital of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, 200 km south-west of Stuttgart.

Frielinghausen: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 4 km south-east of Remblinghausen.

Friesenhagen: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), circle of Kirchen, 10 km north-north-east of Altenkirchen.

 

Ganzlin: city of the Land de Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, circle of Ludwiglust-Parchim, 30 km south of Schwerin.

Gera: district capital of the Land of Thuringia, 80 km east of Erfurt.

Gladbach (Mönchengladbach): city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, kernel of the conurbation of Mönchengladbach, which took the latter name in 1888 to distinguish itself from Bergisch Gladbach.

Gladenbach: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Gießen an der Lahn, circle of Marburg-Biedenkopf, 18 km north of Gießen an der Lahn.

Glindfeld: hamlet of Medebach, 4 km west-north-west of Medebach.

Goldbach: city of the Land of Bavaria, district of Lower Franconia [Niederfranken], circle of Aschaffenburg, 57 km west-north-west of Würzburg.

Grafschaft: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Schmallenberg, 3 km south-east of Schmallenberg.

Grevenstein: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Meschede, 15 km south-west of Meschede.

Grimma: city of the Land of Saxony, capital of the circle of Muldental, district of Leipzig, 50 km south-east of Leipzig.

Grobach: village of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, close to Hachenburg.

Großefehn: city of the Land of Lower Saxony, circle of Aurich, 10 km south-south-east of Aurich.

Gummersbach: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, circle of Cologne, Oberbergischer Kreis, 39 km east of Cologne, on the river Agger.

Gundelfingen (Breisgau): city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Freiburg in Breisgau, Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald-Kreis, 6 km north of Freiburg in Breisgau.

Güstrow : city of the Land of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, circle de Rostock, 40 km south of Rostock.

 

Hachenburg: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), circle of Westerwald, 20 km south-east of Altenkirchen.

Hagen: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, 70 km west of Arnsberg.

Hamburg: capital of the Land of the free Hanseatic city of Hamburg, 300 km north-west of Berlin.

Hamm (Sieg): city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Koblenz, circle of Westerwald, 15 km north-north-east of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), on the left bank of the river Sieg.

Hatzfeld an der Eder: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Kassel, circle of Waldeck-Frankenberg, 80 km south-west of Kassel.

Heidelberg: circle capital of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Karlsruhe, 60 km north-north-east of Karlsruhe.

Heldenfingen : city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Stuttgart, circle of Heidenheim.

Hirschberg (Warstein): former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Warstein, 10 km west-south-west of Warstein.

Hohenstein: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Darmstadt, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis, 60 km north-north-west of Darmstadt.

Homberg (Ohm): city of the Land of Hesse, district of Gießen an der Lahn, circle of Vogelsberg, 90 km north-east of Gießen an der Lahn.

Horbach: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 2 km west-south-west of Remblinghausen.

Hövels: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), circle of Westerwald, 25 km north-east of Altenkirchen.

 

Immenhausen: hamlet of Meschede, 6 km south-west of the centre of Meschede, on the west bank of the Hennesee, narrow and elongated barrier lake.

Iserlohn: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Märkischer Kreis, 24 km west-south-west of Arnsberg.

 

Jena: town of the Land of Thuringia, capital of a district, 40 km east-south-east of Erfurt.

 

Kaldenkirchen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, merged with four other cities in 1970 to create the new city of Nettetal.

Kalkum: one of the oldest quarters of Düsseldorf, north-east of the city. Formerly an estate of the family of Hatzfeldt, the Kalkumer Wasserschloss now belongs to the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Kassel: district capital of the Land of Hesse, 250 km north-east of Frankfurt am Main.

Kirchen (Sieg): city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Koblenz, circle of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), 21 km north-east of Altenkirchen, on the river Sieg.

Kirchhain: city of the Land de Hesse, district of Gießen an der Lahn, circle of Marburg-Biedenkopf, 50 km north-east of Gießen an der Lahn.

Koblenz: district capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, 60 km north-west of Mainz, on the Rhine, at the confluence of the river Mosel and the Rhine.

Königswinter: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, 40 km south-south-east of Cologne, on the right bank of the Rhine.

Krefeld: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 30 km north-west of Düsseldorf, on the left bank of the Rhine.

Künzelsau: city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, capital of the circle of Hohenlohe, district of Stuttgart, 60 km north-west of Stuttgart.

 

Landau in der Pfalz: circle capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, 30 km south of Mainz.

Langenschwalbach, see Bad Schwalbach.

Leipzig: district capital of the Land of Saxony, 120 km north-west of Dresden.

Lennestadt: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Olpe, 25 km north-east of Olpe.

Lieser: city of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Trier, circle of Bernkastel-Wittlich, 30 km north-east of Trier, on the river Mosel.

Limburg in Thuringia: probably Limburg, locality of the Land of Bavaria, city of Ansbach, district of Middle Franconia [Mittelfranken].

Lippspringe: see Bad Lippspringe.

Löllinghausen: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 2 km north-east of Remblinghausen.

Losheim am See: city of Saarland, circle of Merzig-Wadern, 25 km north-west of Saarbrücken.

Lüneburg: circle capital of the Land of Lower Saxony, 150 km north-north-east of Hanover.

 

Mannheim: circle capital of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Karlsruhe, 70 km north-north-east of Karlsruhe, on the right bank of the Rhine.

Marburg: city of the Land of Hesse, capital of the circle of Marburg-Biedenkopf, district of Gießen an der Lahn, 40 km north-north-east of Gießen an der Lahn.

Mainz: circle capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, 100 km south-east of Koblenz, on the right bank of the Rhine, facing the confluence of the Rhine and the river Main.

Medebach: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, 48 km south-east of Arnsberg.

Meinerzhagen: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Altena, 20 km south-south-west of Arnsberg.

Menden (Sauerland): city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Märkischer Kreis, 30 km west-north-west of Arnsberg.

Meschede: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, 16 km south-east of Arnsberg, on the river Ruhr.

Mönchengladbach: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 23 km west-south-west of Düsseldorf, in the Cologne basin.

Mosebolle: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 6 km east of Remblinghausen.

Mülheim an der Ruhr: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 30 km north-east of Düsseldorf, on the river Ruhr.

Munich, German München: capital of the Land of Bavaria, 600 km south-south-west of Berlin, on the river Isar.

Münster: district capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, 120 km north-east of Düsseldorf.

Münstereifel: see Bad Münstereifel.

 

Nentershausen: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Cassel, circle of Hersfeld-Rotenburg, 30 km south-east of Kassel.

Nettetal: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, circle of Viersen, created in 1970 by merging several cities, among which Kaldenkirchen, 10 km north-west of Viersen, on the border with the Netherlands, facing Venlo.

Neunkirchen: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Siegen-Wittgenstein, 10 km south-south-west of Siegen.

Niederlosheim: hamlet of Losheim am See, 3 km south-east of Losheim am See.

Niedersfeld: former city of the Land of North Rhineland-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Winterberg, 6 km north of Winterberg.

Nörvenich: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, circle of Düren, 10 km west of Düren.

Nuremberg, in German Nürnberg: circle capital of the Land of Bavaria, district of Middle Franconia [Mittelfranken], 35 km east-north-east of Ansbach.

 

Oberrimpach is either Oberrimbach, hamlet of the town of Creclingen, Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Stuttgart, Main-Tauber-Kreis, 75 km north of Stuttgart, or Oberrimbach, hamlet of the town of Obertaufkirchen, district of Upper Bavaria, circle of Mühldorf am Inn, 20 km west-north-west of Mühlbach am Inn, or Oberrimbach, hamlet of the town of Burghaslach, Land of Bavaria, district of Middle Franconia [Mittelfranken], circle of Neustadt an der Aisch-Bad Windsheim, 15 km north of Neustadt an der Aisch.

Oberursel: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Darmstadt, Hochtaunuskreis, 30 km north of Darmstadt.

Odenspiel: hamlet of Reichshof, 5 km north-east of Denklingen.

Ohrdruf: city of the Land of Thuringia, circle of Gotha, 15 km south of Gotha.

Oldenburg: circle capital of the Land of Lower Saxony, 100 km north-west of Hanover.

Olpe: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, 43 km south-south-west of Arnsberg.

Oschatz: city of the Land of Saxony, district of Leipzig, circle of Torgau-Oschatz, 60 km east-south-east of Leipzig.

Osnabrück: circle capital of the Land of Lower Saxony, 114 km west of Hanover, at the boundary of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Ottersweier: city of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, district of Karlsruhe, circle of Rastatt, 20 km south-south-west of Rastatt.

 

Paderborn: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Detmold, 26 km south-south-west of Detmold.

Penig: city of the Land of Saxony, district of Chemnitz, circle of Mittweida, 17 km west of Chemnitz.

Putzbrunn: city of the Land of Bavaria, district of Upper Bavaria [Oberbayern], circle of Munich, 10 km south of Munich.

 

Ramsbeck: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Bestwig.

Ratingen: cuty of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, circle of Mettmann, 12 km north-west of Mettmann.

Recklinghausen: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Münster, 60 km south-west of Münster.

Reichshof: city of Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, Oberbergischer Kreis, 12 km south-south-east of Gummersbach. The seat of the city is in the locality of Denklingen

Reinstedt: former town of the Land of Saxony-Anhalt, reunited in 2002 to that of Falkenstein/Harz.

Reiste: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Eslohe, 7 km east of Eslohe.

Remagen: cuty of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, circle of Ahrweiler, 12 km east-north-east of Ahrweiler, on the left bank of the Rhine.

Remblinghausen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Meschede, 6 km south of Meschede.

Remscheid: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 60 km east-south-east of Düsseldorf.

Rheydt: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1975 to Mönchengladbach, 2 km south of Mönchengladbach.

Römershagen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1969 to Wenden, 5 km south-west of Wenden.

Rönkhausen: hamlet of Finnentrop, 5 km north of Finnentrop.

Ronsdorf: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, merged in 1929 with four others to give birth to the agglomeration of Wuppertal.

 

Schleswig: city of the Land of Schleswig-Holstein, circle of Schleswig-Flensburg, 40 km north-west of Kiel.

Schmallenberg: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hochsauerlandkreis, district of Arnsberg, 30 km south-east of Arnsberg.

Schönstein: hamlet of Wissen, 2 km south-east of Wissen.

Schwelm: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, 60 km east-south-east of Düsseldorf.

Siedlinghausen: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1976 to that of Winterberg, 7 km north-north-west of Winterberg.

Siegen: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Siegen-Wittgenstein, 60 km south of Arnsberg, on the Sieg.

Siegenthal: hamlet of Hövels, 3 km west-south-west of Hövels.

Solingen: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 30 km east-south-east of Düsseldorf.

Stockhausen: hamlet of Meschede, 4 km west of Meschede, on the Ruhr.

Struthütten: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, linked in 1969 to Neunkirchen, 3 km west of Neunkirchen, on the river Heller.

Stuttgart: capital of the Land of Baden-Württemberg, 600 km south-west of Berlin.

Sümmern: former city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Märkischer Kreis, split in 1975 between Iserlohn and Menden, 50 km west-north-west of Arnsberg.

Trier: district capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, 100 km south-west of Koblenz, on the river Mosel.

Twietfort: hamlet of Ganzlin, 3 km north-east of Ganzlin, on the Plauer See.

Usingen: city of the Land of Hesse, district of Darmstadt, Hochtaunuskreis, 35 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

 

Wahlen: former city of Saarland, linked in 1974 to Losheim am See.

Warstein: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Soest, 20 km south-west of Soest.

Weimar: circle capital of the Land of Thuringia, 30 km east of Erfurt.

Wenden: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, circle of Olpe, 10 km south-south-west of Olpe.

Wiehl: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Cologne, Oberbergischer Kreis, 6 km south of Gummersbach.

Wildberg: hamlet of Reichshof, 8 km east-north-east of Denklingen.

Wildenburg: hamlet of Friesenhagen, 2 km north of Friesenhagen.

Winterberg: city of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Arnsberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, 15 km south-east of Meschede.

Wissen: circle capital of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate, district of Westerwald, 20 km north-east of Altenkirchen (Westerwald), on the right bank of the river Sieg.

Wittenberg: circle capital of the Land of Saxony-Anhalt, 80 km south-east of Magdeburg, on the Elbe.

Wulstern: hamlet of Remblinghausen, 3 km south-west of Remblinghausen.

Wupperfeld: quarter of Oberbarmen, itself a quarter of Wuppertal.

Wuppertal: circle capital of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, district of Düsseldorf, 50 km east-north-east of Düsseldorf.

Würzburg: city of the Land of Bavaria, capital of the district of Lower Franconia [Niederfranken], 250 km north-west of Munich.

 

Italy

 

Canossa: city of the province of Reggio Emilia, region of Emilia-Romagna, 20 km south-west of Reggio Emilia.

 

Milan, Italian Milano: capital of the province of Milan abd the region of Lombardy, 500 km north-north-west of Rome, in the centre of the Po valley.

 

Naples, in Italian Napoli: capital of the province of Naples and the region of Campania, 200 km south-east of Rome, on the Thyrrenian sea.

 

Palermo: capital of the province of Palermo and the region of Sicily, 500 km south of Rome.

 

Venice, in Italian Venezia: capital of the province of Venice and the region of Veneto, 500 km north of Rome.

 

Kazakhstan

 

Alma-Ata : name born by the current city of Almaty during Soviet period.

Almaty : main city of Kazakhstan and its capital from 1917 to 1997.

 

Dchanaschar : city close to Almaty.

 

Mexico

 

Cuernavaca : city of the state of Morelos, 80 km from Mexico.

 

 

Netherlands

 

Amsterdam: capital of the Netherlands.

 ,

Rotterdam: city of Southern Holland, 80 km south-south-west of Amsterdam. Important harbour on the North Sea.

 

Poland

 

Trachenberg: see Żmigród.

 

Żmigród, German Trachenberg: city of Poland, province of Lower Silesia, district of Trzebnica, 40 km north-north-west of Wrocław (German Breslau). The town was German until 1945 (Silesia).

 

Russia

 

Bobrovka, formerly Nieder-Monjou: colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov, 42 km of Saratov and 13 km of the river Volga, on its left bank.

Brunnental: see Kriwojar.

 

Doudinka : harbour city of the krai of Krasnoïarsk, in Siberia, at the mouth of the river Ienisseï in the Arctic Ocean. The port is mainly used to export nickel and palladiu produced by the Norilsk Nickel company.

 

Frank: colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov, on the river Medveditsa.

 

Gokkerberg : colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov, in the krai of Marxstadt.

 

Kaliningrad, German Königsberg: capital of the oblast of Kaliningrad, enclaved between Poland and Lithuania, on the Pregolia (German Pregel). The port is separated from the Baltic Sea by a peninsula. The town was German until 1945 (Eastern Prussia).

Königsberg: see Kaliningrad.

Kriwojar, formerly Brunnental: colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Samara, on the left bank of the river Volga.

 

Magadan : city of Eastern Siberia, capital of the oblast of Magadan, 5 910 km east of Moscou. Harbour on the sea of Okhotsk.

Malowodnoje : colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov.

Marks : city of the oblast of Saratov, 55 km north-east of Saratov, on the left bank of the river Volga. Created in 1767 under the name Baronsk, it was renamed Iekaterinenstadt in honor of empress Catherine II, then Marxstadt in 1918. In 1941, in the frame of russification of German names decided by Stalin, it became Marks

Marxstadt : voir Marks.

 

Nieder-Monjou: see Bobrovka.

Norilsk : industrial city of the krai of Krasnoïarsk, in Siberia, north of the polar circle. Non-ferrous ore mines.

Norka: colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov, 65 km south-west of Saratov, on the right bank of the Volga.

Novossibirsk : city of Siberia, capital of the oblast of Novossibirsk, on the river Ob, 2 814 km east of Moscow

 

Potapovo : city of the krai of Krasnoïarsk, in Siberia, downstream of Doudinka, on the river Ienisseï.

 

Tschany : city of the oblast of Novosibirsk, 400 km west of Novosibirsk and 50 km north of lake Tschany.

 

Walter: colony of Volga Germans, in the oblast of Saratov, 110 km west of Saratov, on the right bank of the river Volga.

 

Sweden

 

Malmö: capital of the province of Scania, 500 km south-west of Stockholm, on the Baltic Sea, facing Copenhagen (Denmark), which it is now on connected to by a bridge.

 

Switzerland

 

Aigle : district capital of the canton of Vaud

 

Basel: capital of the canton of Basel, 80 km north of Bern, on the Rhine, on the border with France and Germany.

Bern : capital of the canton of Bern and federal city, ont eh river Aaar.

Bex :  city of the canton of Vaud, district of Aigle.

Blonay : city of the canton of Vaud, district of la Riviera-Pays-d'En-Haut.

 

Caux : hamlrt of the city of Montreux.

Chaux-de-Fonds (La) : city of the canton of Neuchâtel.

Crans-Montana : city of the canton of Vaud, district of Sierre. Resort.

 

Davos : cituy of the canton of Grison, region of Prättigau-Davis, in the upper Landwasser valley.

 

Fribourg : capital of the canton de Fribourg, capital od the district La Sarine, 28 km south-west of Bern.

 

Geneva : capital of the canton Geneva, on the lake Geneva.

Grandchamp : hamlet of the city of Villeneuve.

 

Interlaken : city of the canton Bern, administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli, between the lakes Thun and Brienz.

 

Lausanne : capital of the canton of Vaud, capital of the district of Lausanne, on the northern bank of the lake Geneva.

Leysin : city of the canton of Vaud, district of Aigle.

Lucerne, German Luzern: capital of the canton of Lucerne, 80 km east-north-east of Bern, on the Lake Lucerne (German Vierwaldstättersee).

 

Montreux : city of the canton of Vaud, district of Riviera-Pays-d'En-Haut, at the eastern tip of the lake Geneva.

 

Neuchâtel : capital of the canton of Neuchâtel, on the lake Neuchâtel.

 

Territet : hamlet of the city of Montreux.

Thun : city of the canton Bern, capital of the administrative arrondissement of Thun, on the lake Thun.

 

Veytaux : city of the canton of Vaud, district of Riviera-Pays-d'En-Haut.

Vevey : city of the canton of Vaud, capital of the district of Riviera-Pays-d'En-Haut, 23 km of Lausanne, on the northern bank of the lake Geneva.

Villeneuve : city of the canton of Vaud, district of Aigle, at the eastern tip of the lake Geneva.

 

Zurich, German Zürich : capital of the canton Zurich and the district of Zurich, at the northern tip of the lake Zurich.

 

United States

 

East Orange: city of New Jersey, county of Essex, 100 km north-east of Trenton, 5 km from the Hudson and the city of New York.

 

Hilton Head Island : town of South Carolina, county of Beaufort, 200 km south of Columbia and 100 km south-west of Charleston, on an island in the Atlantic ocean.

Hoboken: town of New Jersey, county of Hudson, 100 km north-east of Trenton, on the right bank of the Hudson, facing Manhattan.

 

Montclair: town of New Jersey, county of Essex, 100 km north-east of Trenton and 8 km of the Hudson and the city of New York.

 

New York: city of the state of New York, county of King, 220 km south of Albany, on the Atlantic Ocean.

 

Philadelphia: town of Pennsylvania, county of Philadelphia, 20 km south-west of Harrisburg.

Princeton: town of New Jersey, county of Mercer, 20 km south-west of Trenton.

 

Saint Louis, Missouri: town of Missouri, county of Saint Louis, 180 km east of Jefferson City, on the Mississipi.

Saint Peter : town of Minnesota, county of Nicollet, 100 km south-west of Saint Paul.

 

West Hoboken, town of New Jersey, 10 km north-west of Jersey City, on the right bank of the Hudson, facing Manhattan.

United Kingdom

 

Birmingham: city of the West Midlands, Warwickshire, 250 km north-west of London.

Bradford: city of Yorkshire, 14 km west of Leeds. Important textile center during the 19th century and the firts half of the 20th century.

 

Folkestone: city of South East England, county of Kent, 80 km south-east of London, on the Channel.

 

London: capital of the Unitef Kingdom, on the river Thames.

 

Manchester: city of Northwest England, Lancashire, 300 km north-north-west of London.

 

*

---

 

 

 

NOTES

 

 

 

 

The abbreviations used in the notes are as follows:

AGR :              Archives générales du royaume (Belgique)

AM :                Archives municipales

AN :                 Archives nationales

EC :                 Etat civil

EKiHN :           Zentralarchiv der evangelischen Kirche in Hessen und Nassau

EKiR :              Archiv der evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland

NRWPSAR :    Nordrhein-westfälisches Personenstandarchiv Rheinland

SHD :               Service historique de la Défense

s.l.n.d. :            sans lieu ni date

 

---

[1] : Etienne Wibaux, son of Louise Sartorius and grandson of Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Blanpain, kept a family photo album, unfortunately without captions. I do not know what became of this album when he died in 1993, but my brother Bertrand, who had it in his hands, had the photos reproduced. It is these copies that have been used here.

[2] : Docteur Henri de Frémont, Généalogies de familles bourbonnaises, first volume, Région sud, at the author's in Courbevoie, 1990, p. 7.

[3] : Jean Carpentier and François Lebrun (ed.), Histoire de l'Europe, preface by René Rémond, Editions du Seuil, 1990, edition updated in 1992, p. 217.

[4] : As the humanist and theologian Johann Fischer, alias Piscator (Strasbourg 1546 - Herborn 1625) and the German theatre director and producer Erwin Piscator (Greifenstein 1893 - Starnberg 1966) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, Librairie Larousse, 1960, art. Piscator, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Erwin Piscator, 7 September 2016).

[5] : As the famous Flemish mathematician and geographer Gerhard Kremer, alias Gerard Mercator (Rupelmonde 1512 - Duisburg 1594) and the German mathematician Nikolaus Kaufmann, alias Mercator (Wismar, Holstein, about 1620 - Paris 1687) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Mercator, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Gérard Mercator, 27 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Gerhard Mercator, 27 December 2015).

[6] : As the German mathematicians Moritz Cantor (Mannheim 1829 - Heidelberg 1920) and Georg Cantor (Saint-Petersburg 1845 - Halle 1918) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Cantor, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Georg Cantor and Moritz Benedikt Cantor, 27 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Georg Cantor and Moritz Cantor, 27 December 2015).

[7] : As the famous German reformator Philipp Schwarzerd, alias Melanchthon (Bretten 1497 - Wittenberg 1560) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Melanchthon, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Philippe Mélanchton, 28 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Philipp Melanchton, 28 December 2015).

[8] : As the famous Alsatian reformer Martin Kuhhorn, said Bucer (Sélestat 1491 - Cambridge 1551) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Bucer, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Martin Bucer, 28 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Martin Bucer, 28 December 2015).

[9] : Anecdotally, among the contemporary German Sartorius families there is one which was originally called Sutorius [from the Latin sutor, shoemaker, thus latinisation of the German Schuhmacher] but whose name was distorted into Sartorius in the marriage certificate of Karl Theodor Sartorius in Büderich on 10 October 1841 and has remained in this form (letter of 17 March 1998 from Karl Heinz Sartorius and  https://gw.geneanet.org/edriessen, 13 December 2012).

[10] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, Sartorius Familienforschungen, special reprint of Ekkehard, review of the Deutschen genealogischen Abende [German genealogical evenings], 10th year, n° 3, 4, 5 and 6, 11th year, n° 1, 2 and 6, and 12th year, n° 1, 2 and 3, 1936, p. 3.

        For the location of the places mentioned in the body of the text, see the index of locations.

[11] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3, and http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte & Geschichtliches, Kernstadt Meschede Geschichte, Kreuzbrüder, 14 December 2012.

[12] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3.

      Registered, in German immatrikuliert, means registered at university (Gerhard Wahrig, Deutsches Wörterbuch mit einem Lexikon der deutschen Sprachlehre, Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh/Munich, 1986/1992, art. immatrikulieren).

[13] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3.

[14] : Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, by Rochus Liliencron, Franz X. von Wegele, Anton Bettelheim and Fritz Gerlich, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1876-1910, vol. 30 (1890), art. Sartorius: Johann S., pp. 387 and 388.

[15] : Ibid., vol. 30, art. Sartorius: Balthasar S., pp. 379 et 380, and Owen Gingerich et Robert S. Westman, The Wittich connection, Conflict and priority in late sixteenth-century cosmology, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, vol. 78, part 7, 1988, p. 10.

[16] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3.

[17] : Henry Bogdan, Histoire de l'Allemagne de la Germanie à nos jours, Perrin, 1999 and 2003, p. 173, and Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Luther and Réforme.

[18] : Examples could be multiplied beyond those already mentioned. See for example Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, volume 30 (1890), art. Sartorius, Christoph Friedrich, Sartorius, Christoph Philipp Johann et Sartorius, Ernst Wilhelm Christian, Jana Hausmann, Pfarrerbuch Königreich Württemberg, in Württembergische Kirchengeschichte Online, 2018 (https://www.wkgo.de/cms/article/index/pfarrerbuch-königreich-württemberg  ), and https://lagis-hessen.de/, 7 December 2019.

[19] : Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 30, art. Sartorius:Erasmus S., p. 382, and art. Sartorius: Paul S., p. 390, Al. Choron and F. Fayolle, Dictionnaire historique des musiciens artistes et amateurs, morts ou vivans, Valade imprimeur-libraire, Paris, November 1811, volume II, pp. 270 and 271, and François-Joseph Fétis, Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, Firmin-Didot, Paris, 1866-1868, volume 7, pp. 402 to 404.

[20] : Nouveau dictionnaire historique ; ou histoire abrégée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait un nom par des talens, des vertus, des forfaits, des erreurs &c depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'à nos jours et dans laquelle on expose avec impartialité ce que les écrivains les plus judicieux ont pensé sur le caractère, les mœurs & les ouvrages des hommes célèbres dans tous les genres : avec des tables chronologiques pour réduire en corps d'histoire les articles répandus dans ce dictionnaire, par une Société de gens de lettres, cinquième édition, revue, corrigée & augmentée de deux volumes, à Caen chez G. Le Roy, imprimeur du Roi, ancien Hôtel de la Monnoie, Grand rue Notre-Dame, 1783, tome VII, p. 615, art. Sartorius, et tome VIII, p. 17, art. Schneider.

[21] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier, Halbert's Family Heritage, s.l.n.d. [Numa Corporation, Bath, Ohio, United States? 1996?], p. 5.2.

[22] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 24 to 31.

[23] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 8 à 14, Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 30 (1890), art. Sartorius: Christian S., pp. 380 et 381, G. Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains : contenant toutes les personnes notables de la France et des pays étrangers, third edition, Hachette, Paris, 1865, p. 1593, Dordrechsche Courant, 26 juillet 1814 and 24 avril 1845, et https://www.familysearch.org/, ancestral file, 1C6X-HP6, batch number B 052022, C 023367, C 032330, C 052083, C 926512, C 931992, C 931995, C 931996, C 931998, C 931999, C 932006, C 996921, I 027713, I 027721, I 027769, I 049995, I 057450, J 931997, J 931998, K 931998, M 000900, M 016362, M 901255, M 920731, M 921252, M 926452, M 926512, M 932006, M 932007, M 931992 et M 976493, BillionGraves index, British Columbia death registrations, 1872-1986, 1992-1993, Deutschland, Hessen Standesbücher, 1874-1927, Mexico, Distrito federal, civil registration, 1832-2005, Netherlands, archival indexes, miscellaneous records, Netherlands, Noord-Holland, civil registration, 1811-1950, New York, New York City marriage records, 1829-1940, Texas, El Paso manifests of arrivals at the port of El Paso, 1905-1927, Texas, Laredo arrival manifests, 1903-1955, Texas, manifests of aliens granted temporary admission at El Paso, United States border crossings from Mexico to United States, 1903-1957, United States census, 1920, and United States passports applications, 1795-1925, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Christian Sartorius, Ernst Sartorius and Otto Sartorius, 3 décembre 2017, http://www.wikiwand.com/, Otto Sartorius (Politiker), 1 December 2017, https:/www.geschichte-des-weines.de/, Sartorius Otto, 3 December 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/aburry, 10 October 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/drmarkusvogel, 10 October 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/mariojvisscher, 10 October 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/sanchiz, 10 October 2017.

        This family is still represented in Mexico, notably by Erich and Willy Sartorius, who descend to the 5th generation of Carl Christian Wilhelm Sartorius, who arrived in Mexico in the 1830s. Erich owns the hacienda El Mirador in Huatusco. Willy lives in Monterrey (Willy Sartorius, November 5, 2007, and Erich Sartorius, November 11, 2009).

[24] : Ibid., pp. 17 to 20, and Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 30, art. Sartorius: Johann Georg S., pp. 389 and 390, art. Sartorius: Georg S., pp. 390 to 394, and art. Sartorius: Wolfgang Freiherr S. v. Waltershausen, pp. 394 to 396.

[25] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 15 to 17, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Barth et Karl Sartorius, 5 October 2017, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Barth et Karl Sartorius, 2 December 2017, https://www.familysearch.org/, IGI, tweber1826099 and unknown38379, New York, New York passenger and crew lists, 1909, 1925-1957, New York records of the state national guard, 1906-1954, United States census, 1940, United States World war II draft registration cards, 1942, and Vermont, St. Albans Canadian border crossing, and https://gw.geneanet.org/rauberj, 5 October 2017.

[26] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 20 to 24, typewritten genealogy without indication of origin (Marion Leihener, 1 February 1998, Jürgen Sartorius, 5 June 1997, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Heinrich Sartorius and Joachim Sartorius, 2 December 2017, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 957663, C 970272, C 992222, I 894690, K 943451, M 005854, M 007614, M 943451, M 954715, M 955351, M 957663, M 971383, M 983374, M 992224 et M 992225, Deutschland, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Volkszählung, 1900, England, Manchester, parish registers, 1603-1910, international genealogical index, A 010405, A 022152, A 044949, A 241876, A 252081 et A 255081, and New Jersey, deaths, 1670-1988, and https://gw.geneanet.org/afrohlich, 5 October 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/ceesherrebrugh, 5 October 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/hbrunzlow, 5 October 2017.

[27] : Edwin Sartorius, 27 May 1997.

[28] : https://www.familysearch.org/, Arizona, Payson, obituaries, 1948-2008, batch number B 007500 and B 021577, California birth index, 1905-1995, California, county marriages, 1850-1952, California death index, 1940-1997, California marriage index, 1960-1985, Illinois, Adams county, card index to deaths, 1877-1990, Illinois, county marriages, 1810-1940, Illinois deaths and stillbirths, 1916-1947, Illinois, Mildred Hooper obituary collection, ca 1959-1981, international genealogical index, rwilcox6477, Iowa, county births, 1880-1935, Iowa, county marriages, 1838-1934, Iowa, death records, 1921-1940, Minnesota birth index, 1935-2002, Minnesota, county marriages, 1860-1949, Minnesota, marriage index, 1958-2001, Nevada marriages, 1959-2005, Ohio, county marriages, 1789-2013, pedigree resource file, MMD6-FTC and MMDN-7WK, Tennessee state marriage index, 1780-2002, Texas birth index, 1903-1997, Texas divorce index, 1968-2010, Texas marriages, 1966-2010, United States census, 1860, 1870, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 et 1940, United States, GenealogyBank obituaries, 1980-2014, United States public records, 1970-2009, United States social security death index, United States World war I draft registration cards, 1917-1918, United States World war II draft registrations cards, 1942, and Wisconsin death index, 1959-1997, https://www.findagrave.com/, https://gw.geneanet.org/hanswilts, 3 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/kastning, 3 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/sjohanna1, 3 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/uboes, 3 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/ustromann, 3 September 2017, http://www.legacy.com/, 4 September 2017, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/, :WorldConnect, 052014, 3 September 2017, :311612, 6 September 2017, :1920250, 4 September 2017, :3205071, 4 September 2017, arntholz, 3 September 2017, davidgrunig, 3 September 2017, gbacker, 3 September 2017, p355williampitt, 4 September 2017, rbacker, 3 September 2017, and seert, 6 September 2017, and Debbie Varenhorst, 3 February 2001.

[29] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 4 to 8, Archives de Paris, V4E 714, act 1152, Internet, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 006398 and C 044535, Brazil, cartoes de imigraçao, 1900-1965, and Italia, dioceso di Trento, Catholic Church records, 1584-1937, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Otto Sartorius (Theologe), 4 December 2017, http://www.sonntagsblatt.de/, 19 October 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/colgnecmwrfram, 19 October 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/luitpold, 19 Octobere 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/phelmbold, 19 October 2017.

[30] : Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der gräflichen Häuser, volume 49, Gotha, 1876, pp. 801 to 803, Annette Baumann, Reichspersonal: Funktionsträger für Kaiser und Reich, 2003, pp. 100, 101, 107, 111, 117, 124, 126, 127, 161 and 162, Otto Titan von Hefner, Stammbuch des blühenden und abgestorbenen Adels in Deutschland herausgegeben von einigen deutschen Edelleuten, Dritter Band, M-Spann, enthaltend zuverlässigige und urkundliche Nachrichten über 8680 Adelsgeschlechter, Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz, Ratisbonne, 1865, p. 291, J. B. Rietstap, Armorial général précédé d'un dictionnaire des termes du blason, Clearfield, Baltimore, Maryland, 2003 [reprint], p. 673, and https://www.familysearch.org/, international genealogical index, drlueertelt47340.

[31] : With the exception of Berlin, there is a peak in Saarland (40 at Sankt Wendel) and a high concentration along the Rhine valley (http://www.verwandt.de/karten/, 12 December 2017).

[32] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 35 and 36, et https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 025246, C 012753 and M 012608, and Deutschland, Baden, Kirchenbuchduplikate, 1800-1870.

[33] : Joseph (Joe) Sartorius, 26 July 1999 and 18 August 1999, http://www.lagis-hessen.de/, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 938341, C 924873, C 926452, C 931998, J 931997, J 942653, K 942653, K 931998, K 942654, M 016361, M 534802, M 926401, M 926442, M 926452, M 926455, M 931994, M 932006, M 932007 et M 938362, Deutschland, Hessen, Standesbücher, 1874-1927, IGI, 771323, United States census, 1910, 1930 and 1940, United States Germans to America index, 1850-1897, United States social security death index and United States World war I draft registration cards, 1917-1918, https://www.findagrave.com/, 19 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/buschfrau, 19 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/hansgeorgb, 19 November 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/metzieder, 19 Novembre 2017.

[34] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 738766, C 923356, C 954302, C 954304, C 955121, C 959011, M 954303 and M 959011.

[35] : Helga Dette, 12 February 2012, Brigitte Sartorius, 29 May 1997, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 973781, C 994763, C 944764, M 973361, M 977521, M 994763 and M 994764, microfilm 008246920, New York passenger lists, 1820-1891, New York state census, 1865, and pedigree resource file, MMC8-MQ3, MMWC-BC2 and MMWH-FHZ, https://gw.geneanet.org/awilligsecker, 18 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/betiur01, 18 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/cdrevici, 19 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/frajossa, 18 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/fraloy, 18 November 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/rzender, 19 November 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/wil, 19 Novembre 2017.

[36] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 32 to 34, typewritten genealogy without indication of origin (letter of 1 February 1998 from Marion Leihener) which gives many further information, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 981328, https://gw.geneanet.org/cvpolier, 18 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/ducast, 18 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/luitpold, 18 September 2017, http://www.gscheidinger.com/, 19 September 2017, and https://www.wikitree.com/, 19 September 2017.

[37] : The Indianapolis Star, 25 May 2013, Steven Sartorius, 14 April 2001; https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 961515, C 961516, M 022495, M 961518 et M 961519, BillionGraves index, Indiana marriages, 1811-2007, New York, New York City marriage licenses index, 1950-1995, New York, New York passenger and crew lists, 1909, 1925-1957, Texas birth index, 1903-1997, United States census, 1910, 1930 and 1940, United States, GenealogyBank obituaries, 1980-2014, United States public records, 1970-2009, and United States social security death index, https://www.findagrave.com/, 6 October 2017, http://obits;nj.com/, 6 October 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/fritzpuetz, 6 October 2017.

[38] : https://www.familysearch.org/, B 000540, C 007201, C 007203, C 050298, C 911336, C 978863, C 978864, C 982491, C 982492, C 986211, C 986235, C 989401, C 991893, C 991894, C 994001, I 008745, I 054123, I 056231, I 070653, K 989401, M 396491, M 962106, M 963226, M 964759, M 964818, M 978252, M 978852, M 978869, M 985693, M 991894 andt M 997043, AM Metz, 1 E/c41, slide 1237, and http://www.geneanet.org/, relevés collaboratifs, Novéant-sur-Moselle.

[39] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 004312, B 012855, C 018977, C 942602, M 922231 and M 922551.

[40] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 021576, C 021577, C 031157, I 010452, I 010454, I 010851, I 010852, I 010856, I 011156 and I 011157, international genealogical index, A 024912 and A 245828, Netherlands, archival indexes, miscellaneous records, Netherlands, Noord-Holland, civil registrations, 1811-1950, and pedigree resource file, MM7L-F6N and MM9R-WK1, and https://gw.geneanet.org/klauslandry, 11 December 2017.

[41] : Beate Sartorius, 24 May 1997, and https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 957134.

[42] : Magali Le Bras, 8 January 2002, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 050269, C 930532, C 953751, M 946621 and M 953751, pedigree resource file, MMD2-BY1, and https://gw.geneanet.org/kittymag, 31 August 2017.

[43] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 049060, C 946362, C 966601, C 966605, C 983362, C 983368, C 984456, K 983362, M 966601, M 966607 and M 983378.

        This enumeration does not include a Sartorius family, originally from Alsace-Lorraine, who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the United States around 1772 and whose members saw their name change to Saddoris (https://www.familysearch.org/, passim, 7 January 2013, and https://www.rootsweb.com/, 29 December 2015). It also does not take into account the family that was originally called Sutorius (see note 9). Finally, it does not include a German Jewish family named Sartorius, originally from Fürth, 10 kilometres west of Nuremberg. One of its members, Abraham, settled around 1800 in Germersheim, 10 kilometres southwest of Speyer on the left bank of the Rhine. At that time, few Jews had a family name. They simply added to their baptismal name (first name) the words bar or ben [son of] followed by their father's first name. Some were distinguished by a nickname or sobriquet. It should also be remembered that since 1797 France had annexed the entire left bank of the Rhine and made it into four départements. The imperial decree of 20 July 1808 obliged the Jews of the French Empire to declare their names at the town hall of their place of residence. They could keep the name they bore or choose another name. In this case, they could neither choose it from the Old Testament nor take the name of a locality. Most took their first name or nickname as their surname. Abraham chose Sartorius's, which was that of Jakob Sartorius, the royal notary of Germersheim (cf. note 38). While Abraham's eldest son settled in Frankfurt, his younger sons Isaac, Jacob and Philip emigrated to the United States in the 1845s (https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 067640, B 067642, C 000505, C 007533, C 026568, C 030249, C 030250, I 014802, M 006128 and M 006598, California, county marriages, 1850-1952, California death index, 1940-1997, Florida death index, 1887-1998, Florida marriages, 1830-1993, Louisiana , Orleans parish vital records, 1905-1913, Mississipi marriages, 1800-1911, Nevada marriages, 1956-2005, New York City, marriage records, 1829-1940, New York City municipal deaths, 1795-1949, New York, New York, passenger and crew list, 1909, 1925-1957, pedigree resource file, MMD6-R4C, Tennessee, county marriages, 1790-1950, Tennessee death records, 1914-1955, Tennessee state marriage index, 1780-2002, Texas birth index, 1903-1997, Texas deaths, 1890-1976, United States, GenealogyBank obituaries, 1980-2014, United States census, 1850, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940, United States passport applications, 1795-1925, United States public records, 1970-2009, United States social security death index, United States World war I, draft registration cards, 1917-1918, and United States World war II Army enlistment records, 1938-1946, https://www.findagrave.com/, 12 October 2005, https://gw.geneanet.org/bloap4157, https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, :1585920, :3367788, jeffrey344 and siessfamily, Houston Chronicle, 12 October 2005, The Journal News, 6 November 2002, Dr. Fen Sartorius, 24 October 24, Judith S. Seixas, 6 September 1999, Joel Sartorius, 17 September 1999 and 23 September 1999, http://www.jewish-history.com/civilwar/sartorius.html, 7 January 2013, http://www.msje.org/html/anshe_chesed.html, 26 September 1999 [link expired 9 March 2003], and http://archive.org/stream/asherlewinf001/asherlewinf001_djvu.txt, 3 September 2017, as well as Jean Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon, nouvelle édition augmentée, Fayard 1995, art. Juifs, pp. 986-990).

[44] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. George I^er et Händel ou Haendel, and François Bluche (under the direction of), Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle, Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1990, art. Haendel, p. 704.

[45] : English Sartorius painters were active in the second half of the 18th century. The two most notable were Francis Sartorius, grandson of Jacob Christopher, and his son John Nost. The first, Francis, known as the Older, born in London in 1734, was a painter of sports and horses. He exhibited sports subjects at the Society of Artists and the Royal Academy from 1773 to 1791. The success of his works in England at the end of the 18th century can be explained as much by the excellent quality of his portraits as by the interest that has always been shown in this country in everything related to sport and particularly to horses. He is notably the author of A black horse with two dogs exhibited at the Tate Gallery in London. He died in London on 5 March 1804. John Nost, born around 1755, was also a painter of horses and sport. He is the author of the series The earl of Darlington fox-hunting with the Raby Pack also exhibited at the Tate Gallery. Some of his works can also be found in the Fine Arts Museum in San Francisco. He died around 1828. Reproductions of their paintings can be found on the Internet at http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=476&page=1, 12 January 2013, http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=477&page=1, 12 January 2013, and http://artcyclopedia.com/artists/sartorius_john_nost.html, 13 January 2013 (numerous sources, including Michael Bryan, Dictionary of painters and engravers, from the revival of the art under Cimabue, and the alleged discovery of engraving by Finiguerra to the present time, with the ciphers, monograms and marks, used by each engrave: by Michael Bryan, a new edition revised, enlarged and continued to the present time, comprising above one thousand additional memoirs, and large accessions to the lists of pictures and engravings; also new plates of ciphers and monograms by George Stanley, H. G. Bohn, London, 1849, p. 701, Sir Walter Gilbey, bart.., Animal painters of England from the year 1650, a brief history of their lives and works illustrated with thirty-one specimens of their paintings, and portraits; chiefly from wood engraving by F. Babbage, volume II, Vinton & Co., London, 1900, pp. 124 to 147, Algernon Graves, F.S.A., The Royal Academy of Arts, a complete dictionary on contributors and their works from its foundation in 1796 to 1904, vol. VII, Henry Graves & Co, Ltd, London, and George Bell and Sons, London, pp. 27 to 29, Dictionary of national biography, index and epitome, p. 1158, and hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Sartorius family, Francis Sartorius, Francis Sartorius Jr, John Sartorius, John Francis Sartorius, John Nott Sartorius, 12 December 12, 2017).

[46] : Sir George Rose Sartorius (1790-1885) took part in the battle of Trafalgar at the age of 16 (many sources, including William R. Byrne, A naval biographic dictionary, volume 3, 1849, réimpression Andrews UK Limited, 2012, pp. 1028 and 1029, , Thompson Cooper, FSA, Men of the Time, A biographical dictionary of contemporaries Containing notices of eminent characters of Both sexes, ninth edition revised and updated, George Routledge and Sons, London, 1875, pp. 883 and 884, Edward A. Thomas, Comprehensive dictionary of biography Containing brief accounts of the most eminent persons in all ages, countries, and profession, Porter & Coates, Philadelphia [1883], p. 470, Charles Morris, The handy dictionary of biography, Henry T. Coates, Philadelphia, 1901, p. 478, Dictionary of national biography, index and epitome, edited by Sydney Lee, second edition, Smith, Elder & Co., London, 1906, p. 1158, Oxford dictionary of national biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, art. Sartorius, Sir George Rose and http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowBiog.php?id=452, 18 January 2013, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Euston Sartorius, George Sartorius and Reginald Sartorius, 4 December 2017).

         About this family in general: Joseph Foster, The peerage, baronetage and knightage of the British empire for 1881, volume 1, Nichols and sons, Westminster, 1881, Mary F. McVicker, Women adventurers, 1750-1900: a biographical dictionary with excerpts from selected travel writings, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, et Londres, 2008, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch numbers B 002611, B 750282, B 750362, C 001725, C 002070, C 002266, C 002312, C 750272, C 750289, I 038592, I 022055, M 002099, M 147513, M 148452, M 750312, andt M 829301, British newspaper archives, obituaries, and England and Wales census, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881 et 1911, England and Wales death registration index, 1837-2007, and England and Wales marriage registration index, 1837-2005, https://www.findagrave.com/, 20 October 2017, http://www.geneall.net/, 20 October 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/cmrichards, 20 October 2017.

[47] : Willy Vandevoir, avocat à la cour d'appel de Liège, L'affaire Sartorius, un procès criminel au XVIII^ème siècle, Jean Vromans imprimeur, Brussels, 1941, professeur Marcel Florkin, de l'Université de Liège, Episodes de la médecine liégeoise, Josef von Sartori, in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VI, year 1951, pp. 455 to 465, Joseph Philippe, conservateur des musées Curtius et d'Ansembourg, Une famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VII, n° 24, 15 December 1952, pp. 803 to 815, Joseph Philippe, conservateur des musées d'archéologie et des arts décoratifs de Liège, Une remarquable famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Si Liège m'était conté ..., 10th year, n° 34, spring 1970, pp. 15 to 23, and Jacques Janssens, L'abbé Sartorius était-il coupable ? in Le Miroir de l'Histoire, n° 295, November 1976, pp. 71 to 78.

[48] : Joseph Philippe, conservateur des musées Curtius et d'Ansembourg, Une famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VII, n° 24, 15 December 1952, pp. 803 to 815, and Joseph Philippe, conservateur des musées d'archéologie et des arts décoratifs de Liège, Une remarquable famille de médecins du pays de Liège : les Sartorius, in Si Liège m'était conté ..., 10th year, n° 34, spring 1970, pp. 15 to 23. Xavier Heuschling, La noblesse artiste et lettrée, tableau historique, C. Muquardt, Bruxelles, et Aug. Aubry, Paris, 1863, p. 150, curiously makes her a descendant of a family of the Prussina nobility.

[49] : AGR, 17676/0_0224, slide 404, 17916/0_0601, slides 725 and 726, and 18167/0_0005, slide 47.

[50] : Archives de Paris, V4E 8628, act n° 891, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Auguste von Sartorius, 9 October 2017.

[51] : Professeur Marcel Florkin, de l'Université de Liège, Episodes de la médecine liégeoise, Josef von Sartori, in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VI, year 1951, pp. 455 to 465, Joseph Philippe, art. cit., Janka Hartmann, 8 April 2015, and http://familienbuch-euregio.de/, 9 October 2012.

[52] : Barbara Obtulowicz, Luis José Sartorius:conde de San Luis: leyenda y realidad, in Itinerarios, revista de estudios lingüisticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos, n° 15, 2012, pp. 279 à 303.

        This article dismantles the thesis of the Polish, German-Polish, Lithuanian and even Judeo-Polish origin of the Spanish family, supported by many historians who see in it the justification for the name Polonia given by Sartorius Tapia to the political formation of which he was the leader. According to http://www.xtec.es/~jrovira6/bio/sartoriu.htm, 29 January 2013, Jose Luis Sartorius was born in Seville into a humble family of Polish origin. This Polish origin is also mentioned in an article in Point de Vue-Images du Monde. https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Luis Jose Sartorius Tapia, and https://es.wikipedia.org/, art. Luis Jose Sartorius, 3 December 2017, also give this Polish origin. Although LeRoy Ferguson (e-mail of 4 February 2001) gives the family a German origin, he reports the words of a Spanish genealogist for whom Charles V brought many Germans to Spain who settled in the province of Jaen. Among them were the Schneiders who, under the influence of the old Spanish sartorio, changed their name to Sartorius. Finally, according to another version given by the Diccionario Universal de Historia y Geografia [...] Obra dada a luz en España por une sociedad de literaros distinguidos y refundeda y augmentada considerablemente para su publicacion en Mexico con noticias históricas, geográficas, estadísticas y biográficas sobre las Americas en general y specialmente sobre la Republica mexicana por los sers. D. Lucas Alamas, D. Jose Maria Andrade, D. Jose Maria Baseca [...], volume VI, Imp. de F. Escalante y C° and Libreria de Andrade, Mexico City, 1855, pp. 851 and 852, Jose Luis Sartorius Tapia would have been the son of baron de Rosseneg, a general in the service of the emperor of Austria who had passed to Spain due to events in Germany at the end of the 18th century and who contracted a marriage there with doña Joaquina de Tapia Sanchez, of the distinguished family of the marquises of Castellon.

[53] : Alfonso Sartorius Darder on http://genforum.genealogy.com/sartorius/messages/9.html, 28 septembre 2001 [link expired, 12 March 2003], Juan Jacobo Sartorius, 24 February 2003, https://gw.geneanet.org/murcielago1, 27 October 2017, and https://www.myheritage.fr/, Zavala Corona web site et Silva Sartorius, 27 October 2017.

        The chronology provided by Barbara Obtulowicz, art. cit., is hardly any clearer. According to her, Andreas Wilhelm would have been appointed colonel - in Germany or Spain? - at the age of 19 (i. e. in 1787). He had already settled in Andalusia in 1799, since he married there that year. In 1806, however, he was back in Germany, since it was Napoleon's victory over the Prussian army in Jena that convinced him to leave his country and seek refuge in Spain (p. 281).

[54] : Diccionario universal de historia y geografia [...] Obra dada a luz en España por une sociedad de literaros distinguidos y refundeda y augmentada considerablemente para su publicacion en Mexico con noticias históricas, geográficas, estadísticas y biográficas sobre las Americas en general y specialmente sobre la Republica mexicana por los sers. D. Lucas Alamas, D. Jose Maria Andrade, D. Jose Maria Baseca [...], volume VI, Imp. de F. Escalante y C° and Libreria de Andrade, Mexico, 1855, pp. 851 and 852, and https://es.wikipedia.org/, art. Luis José Sartorius et Fernando Sartorius Chacón, 7 December 2017.

[55] : L'Express, 7 to 13 février 1981, p. 93, Le Monde, 18 September 1981, 11 June 1982, 1 November 1982, 9 November 1982 and 30 December 1983, and https://es.wikipedia.org/, art. Nicolás Sartorius and Partido Comunista de España, 2 February 2013.

[56] : Paris Match, 5 March 1992, pp. 92 to 96, http://www.geocities.com/Paris/metro/7120/list.html, 25 November 2000 [link expired, 12 March 2003], http://www.ciudadfutura.com/cotilleo/isabels.htm, 5 April 1999 [link expired, 12 March 2003] and mant references on https://www.google.fr/ upon request Isabel Sartorius, 2 February 2013.

[57] : -Albert Sartorius, 20 December 2010.

[58] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Geschichte der Russlanddeutschen, 5 February 2013, art. Russlanddeutsche, 13 June 2019, and art. Wolgadeutsche, 5 February 2013, and http://wolgadeutsche.net/, 5 February 2013.

[59] : http://www.ahsgr.org/, 5 February 2013, http://www.bouldernet.com/frank/, 5 February 2013, http://www.brunnental.us/brunnental/index.html, 5 February 2013, http://ewddesign.com/walter/, 5 February 2013, and http://www.volgagermans.net/norka/, 5 February 2013.

[60] : http://volga.niedermonjou.org:8000/index.html, 8 February 2013.

[61] : Albert Sartorius, 23 September 2011, 16 October 2012, and 22 October 2012.

[62] : Albina Sartorius, Meine Vorfahren und deren kurze Lebensgeschichte die mir meine Mutter, Emma Sartorius (1914-2000) erzählt hat, 2 février 2019.

        On the context of nickel mining in Norilsk during the Stalinist period, see https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Norillag and Norilsk, 14 June 2019.

        On the Labour Army (Trudarmee or Arbeitsarmee in German), a militarized form of forced labour, established in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and applied particularly between 1942 and 1946 to the Russlanddeutsche, see https://de.wikipedia.org//, art. Arbeitsarmee, 13 June 2019.

[63] : To the request country: United States, place of birth: Germany, the website https://www.familysearch.org/ gives 275 answers (9 February 2013). Among the German Sartorius who emigrated to the United States are several dozen members of the Sartorius families from Kirchhain, Franconia, Aurich-Oldendorf, Franconia-Thuringia and Homberg as well as the Jewish Sartorius family (cf. notes Erreur ! Signet non défini., Erreur ! Signet non défini., 28, 29,  33 and 43), but also others (https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 518644, B 869490, C 003999 et M 006248, Illinois, Cook county birth registers, 1871-1915, Illinois, deaths and stillbirths, 1916-1947, Iowa, county marriages, 1838-1934, Iowa death records, 1921-1940, Iowa state census, 1895, 1905 et 1915, Minnesota deaths and burials, 1835-1990, New York, New York City marriage records, 1829-1940, New York, New York pasenger and crew lists, 1909, 1925-1957, New York passenger lists, 1820-1891, Ohio deaths, 1908-1953, Ohio marriages, 1800-1958, New York state census, 1892, Ohio, county marriages, 1789-2013, Ohio deaths, 1908-1953, Pennsylvania births and christenings, 1709-1950, Pennsylvania, church marriages, 1862-1976, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia city death certificates, 1803-1915, United States census, 1850, 1860, 1880, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930 and 1940, and United States, Germans to America index, 1850-1897, https://www.findagrave.com/, https://gw.geneanet.org/uboes, http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/search et http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/, WorldConnect, hartmanohiode, islandqueen and joberacker).

       To take just one example, among the American Sartorius whose origins have not been established, there are several whose German ancestry is scarcely beyond any doubt, such as August Sartorius, who married a Miss Helene Endlich, a typically German name, at the Madison Street German Presbyterian church in New York on 12 December 1885 (https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 585284, 12 December 1885).

[64] : Carl Christian Wilhelm Sartorius, of the Sartorius family of Darmstadt (cf. note 23), professor in Wetzlar, became involved in the popular movements of 1819 in Germany. As a result, he was placed under surveillance and had descendance (Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. 30 (1890), pp. 380 and 381, Heinrich Lemke, Ein Besuch der direkten deutschen Ansiedlung in Mexiko, in Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, n° 8, 1901, pp. 78 and 79, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Christian Sartorius, 9 February 2013).

[65] : Betty Dobson, from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, cites the case of her ancestor Valentine Sartorius, who served in the 60th Regiment - Royal Americans, in which his brother Ludovic was drummer. The regiment arrived in the United States in 1777 and was demobilized in Halifax on 17 July 1784. Valentine Sartorius then married the daughter of a sergeant of the 60th and settled in Guysborough County (http://rovinggenealogist.blogspot.fr/2011/09/by-any-other-name-sartoriusshrider.html, 9 February 2013). The name seems to have changed to Sartoris, at least in some persons. Also see https://www.familysearch.org/, ancestral file, XQ5H-02 et Z9GWX-BM, and pedigree resource file, MM95-L7S, et http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/, 2 August 2017.

        During the American War of Independence (1775-1783), the United Kingdom, then ruled by the German dynasty of Hanover, concluded numerous treaties with small German princes who practised forced recruitment and rented or sold their subjects to it as soldiers. The landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was at the forefront of this movement (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Deutsche Beteiligung am Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg and Soldatenhandel unter Landgraf Friedrich II von Hessen-Kassel, 15 December 2017). A contemporary writes more bluntly: The sale of rural children to the British to fight the Americans is a sad theme, even if it is not ours. Hesse was a poor country and made money from its soldiers, many of whom remained in the future USA and Canada. On the other hand, many of the wounded returned (commentary by the historian Bert Böhmer in Minna Pansch's memoirs, Erinerrungen an meine Eltern, available at http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 27 December 2017).

[66] : https://www.familysearch.org/, Arkansas, county marriages, 1837-1957, BillionGraves index and British Columbia death registrations, 1872-1986; 1992-1993, https://www.findagrave.com/, 27 Novembre 2017, https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, arthurtrammell, 27 novembre 2017, and http://www.draytonvalleyfuneralservices.com/, 27 November 2017.

[67] : https://www.familysearch.org/, British Columbia death registratrions, 1872-1986, 1992-1993.

[68] : These Polish Sartorius families appear to be distinct from the Sartorius von Schwanenfeld family (see note 30), which is also based in these two provinces.

       Pomerania was an area of German colonisation from the 12th century and Silesia from the 13th century. They remained under German rule until 1945 (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Ostsiedlung, Pommern and Schlesien, 10 February 2013).

[69] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

[70] : Ibid.

      Sartorius can be found in southern Italy, in Caserta, Naples and Taranto throughout the 19th century (https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 840292, Italia, Napoli, stato civile (Archivio di Stato), 1809-1865), and Italia, Taranto, stato civile (Archivio di Stato), 1809-1926. These could be Austrians who came in the wake of Maria Carolina of Austria (1752-1814), married in 1768 to Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Marie-Caroline d'Autriche, 15 December 2017).

[71] : http://www.verwandt.de/karten/absolut/sartorius.html, 13 January 2013, which states that there are 524 entries in the German telephone directories in the name of Sartorius, and that they are distributed in 148 circles and cities.

        The German telephone directory, for its part, gives 365 names (http://www.dastelefonbuch.de/, 15 February, 2013).

[72] : http://www.verwandt.at/karten/detail/sartorius.html, 13 January 2013.

      The Austrian telephone directory gives 12 names (http://www.herold.at/telefonbuch/, 15 February 2013).

[73] : L'annuaire des familles, généalogies Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Société des Annuaires, 1995, p. 1245.

      The Belgian telephone directory gives 7 names (http://www.infobel.com/fr/belgium/people.aspx, 14 February 2013).

[74] : http://www.familleunie.fr/cartes/detaille/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

      The French telephone directory gives 85 names (http://www.pagesjaunes.fr/pagesblanches/, 14 February 2013).

[75] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

[76] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

[77] : http://www.verwant.nl/kaarten/detail/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

      The Dutch telephone directory gives 26 names (http://www.detelefoongids.nl/, 16 February 2013).

[78] : http://www.moikrewni.pl/mapa/kompletny/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

[79] : http://www.miparentela.com/mapas/detalles/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

      The Spanish telephone directory gives 42 names (http://www.infobel.com/es/spain/, 15 February 2013).

[80] : http://www.verwandt.ch/karten/absolut/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

      The Swiss telephone directory gives 40 names (http://tel.search.ch/index.fr.html, 15 February 2013).

[81] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

      The British telephone directory gives 166 names (http://www.192.com/people/directory-enquiries/, 15 February 2013).

[82] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

      The South-African telephone directory only gives 2 names (http://phonebook.yellowpages.co.za/, 15 February 2013).

[83] : http://www.miparentela.com/mapas-ar/detalles/sartorius.html, 10 January 2013.

[84] : http://www.canada411.ca/, 30 December 2015.

[85] : http://www.abctelfonos.com/, 30 December 2015.

[86] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier.

      The American telephone directory gives about 150 names (households) (http://www.whitepages.com/, 15 February 2013).

[87] : Abbé J. F. Poirier, Metz, documents généalogiques, armée, noblesse, magistrature, haute bourgeoisie, d'après les registres des paroisses, 1561-1792, Lamulle et Poisson, libraires-éditeurs, Paris, 1899, pp. 19, 85, 143, 176, 239; 240, 376, 484, 577, and 578.

        Since the end of the 12th century, Metz had been governed by a Supreme Council consisting of a master alderman and twelve jurors, hence their name of Thirteen. The Thirteen were the city's body of justice. Created at the same time, the amans were notaries who recorded in registers the contracts concluded with a handshake, hence their name, à mains [by hand], aman. There was one aman per parish in the city of Metz, including that of Saint Médard. Originally elective, the office of aman became venal from 1422 (document dodger0.chez-alice.fr/Dodger/METZ.doc on the Internet, 23 February 2013).

[88] : Giacomo Casanova, Mémoires, text presented and annotated by Robert Abirached, La Pléiade, Gallimard, 1959, p. 142, note 1, and Le Livre de Poche publishing, 1967, volume V, p. 173, note 4.

       The Tourtons were Protestants from Ardèche, who settled in Lyon and then took refuge in Geneva when the Edict of Nantes was revoked. Claude Tourton, a confectioner merchant, sent his son Jean-Claude to Frankfurt as an apprentice at the age of fourteen. The latter established himself as a banker in Paris as early as 1685, perhaps even earlier. In 1703, he joined forces with his cousin Louis Guiguer. By 1707, the Tourton and Guiguer firm was one of the four or five major Parisian banks, even though it had fewer than ten clerks. It had an branch in London. In 1715, Jean-Claude Tourton and Louis Guiguer handed over their bank to their first clerk and nephew Isaac Thellusson, while remaining limited partners. In 1748, Tourton and Baur created with Paris de Montmartel the Société pour le commerce de la traite des nègres à la côte d'Angola et de là aux îles de Saint-Domingue [Society for the trading of Negroes on the coast of Angola and thence to the islands of Santo Domingo]. The company name Tourton et Baur survived more than ten years after Baur's death on 15 September 1770. After two years without a contract, Louis Tourton signed a new partnership agreement for six years with his former partner Henri Charles Chrétien Sartorius on October 24, 1772. The Tourton house survived the French Revolution and was still in business during the First Empire. The company's name was Tourton et Ravel since 1783 (Dictionnaire des arrêts ou jurisprudence universelle des parlements de France, sixth volume, Paris, 1727, pp. 573 to 610, Gustave Bord, La Franc-maçonnerie en France des origines à 1815, first volume, Les ouvriers de l'idée révolutionnaire (1688-1771), Nouvelle librairie nationale, Paris, 1909, pp. 177 and 178, Herbert Lüthy, La Banque protestante en France de la révocation de l'Edit de Nantes à la Révolution, volume II, De la banque aux finances, Paris, 1961, pp. 160 to 179, Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. bourgeoisie, pp. 279 to 288, and crises économiques, pp. 552 to 560, http://www.louverture.ch/material/SKLAVEREI/angola.html, 11 March 2013, and http://gw.geneanet.org/peyrot, 11 March 2013.

        Rue Saint-Sauveur corresponded to the portion of the current rue de Bellechasse between rue de Grenelle and rue de Varenne (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, 7th edition, Les Editions de Minuit, 1963, art. Bellechasse (rue de), volume 1, p. 171.

[89] : Herbert Lüthy, op. cit., p. 166, and Archives de Paris, DC⁶ 17, f° 212 r°.

[90] : Archives de Paris, 5 Mi 1 1124, 16 May 1784.

       Although he was naturalised French, it was his Protestant status that led to his burial in the Foreigners' cemetery, in the presence of the chaplain of the Swedish embassy, who was probably in charge of the Lutheran community in Paris. An article in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) recognised the right of non-Catholic foreigners to be buried in a cemetery. Since 1762, the Foreigners' cemetry, or Saint Louis cemetery, was located rue de la Granges aux Belles, in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. (Jacques Hillairet, Les deux cents cimetières du vieux Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1958, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. cimetière Saint-Louis de Paris, 3 March 2016, and http://minutier.free.fr/rpr/200cim.html, 3 March 2016).

        Rue du Petit Lion Saint Sauveur is the name borne until 1868 by the portion of the current rue Tiquetonne between rue Saint Denis and rue Montorgueil, in the 2nd arrondissement (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique ..., art. Aboukir (rue d'), volume I, p. 64).

[91] : Almanach royal, années MDCCLXXXVII, p. 486, MDCCLXXXVIII, p. 488, MDCCLXXXIX, p. 654, and MDCCXC, p. 464.

       Rue de Bourbon-Villeneuve corresponds to the portion of the current rue d'Aboukir between rue des Petits Carreaux and rue Saint Denis, in the 2nd arrondissement (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique ..., art. Aboukir (rue d'), tome I, p. 64).

[92] : Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Louis XVIII, pp. 1087 à 1090, Michel Vovelle, La chute de la monarchie 1787-1792, colume I of the Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine, Editions du Seuil, 1972, p. 146, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Favras et Louis XVIII, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Thomas de Mahy, marquis de Favras, 18 décembre 2017, et Paul et Pierrette Girault de Coursac, Provence et Artois, les deux frères de Louis XVI, François-Xavier de Guibert éditeur. The latter authors, like Alexis de Valon, Le marquis de Favras d'après de nouveaux documents, in Revue des deux mondes, tome 10, 1851, pp. 1091 to 1135, and the Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911, volume 10, art. Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de (1744-1790), give Chomel or Schaumel, not David, as Sartorius's associate. As for Michel Bruguière, La Première Restauration et son budget, Librairie Droz, Geneva-Paris, 1969, p. 50, he gives Chauvel.

[93] : Affiches, annonces et avis divers ; ou journal général de France, n° 127, 7 May 1793, p. 1958, and n° 128, 8 May 1793, p.  1974.

[94] : Almanach royal, MDCCLXCI, p. 431, and MDCCXCII, p. 546, and Almanach national, 1793, p. 449. See also Louis Bergeron, Banquiers, négociants et manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire, Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1999, pp. 45-64.

        Charles Louis, Baron de Niebecker, was related to the Sartorius family, since the marriage of Benedict Christoph de Niebecker to Sophie Wilhelmine Frédérique Sartorius can be found in Alexandre Tuetey, Répertoire général des sources manuscrites de l'histoire de Paris pendant la Révoluton française, tome dixième, Convention nationale (troisième partie), Imprimerie nouvelle, Paris, 1913, pp. 554 and 782, and AN, MC/ET/LXXXIV/615, 12 May 1785).

        Jean Conrad de Cock, a Dutch lawyer, was one of those foreigners who admired the French Revolution and wished to spread it in their country of origin. He was guillotined in 1794. He is the father of the French novelist Paul de Kock, whom we will meet later (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Jean Conrad de Kock, 18 December 2017).

[95] : Almanach national, 1793, p. 449, year V, p. 361, year VI, p. 399, and year VII, p. 409, and Almanach national de France, eighth year, p. 427, ninth year, p. 535, and tenth year, p. 604.

       Rue des Mauvaises Paroles linked the rue des Lavandières Sainte Opportune to the rue des Bourdonnais. It was absorbed by the rue de Rivoli when it was built (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique ..., volume II, art. Lavandières-Sainte-Opportune (rue des), pp. 25 and 26).

[96] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit. p. 5. He could well be the same as Georges de Sartorius, son of Gérard Joseph Sartorius, of Visé, born in Gratz (Austria) in 1787, and received doctor of medicine by the faculty of Paris on 11 August 1812 (Joseph Philippe, article cited in Revue médicale de Liège, volume VII, n° 24, 15 December 1952, pp. 803 to 815).

[97] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 5.

       Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sartorius, born in Eisenach on 26 August 1817, died in his home at 27 rue de Seine, Paris, 6th arrondissement, on 8 May 1866. Around 1859 he had married Joséphine Charlotte Goetschy, born in Paris on 5 July 1823, baptised at the Madeleine church on 7 July 1823, who died in Paris, 6th arrondissement, on 13 June 1873, from a family of printers from Alsace. Witnesses to the death of Ferdinand Sartorius were his brothers-in-law Jean Antoine Lévesque, counsellor at the Imperial court of Paris, knight of the Légion d'honneur, aged 60, residing at rue Blanche, n°. 69, and Joseph Meykiechel, music composer, aged 41, residing at rue Olivier, n°. 4. Witnesses to his wife's death were Joseph Meykiechel, a 48-year-old musician living at rue Richer, n° 43, and Ludovic Sclafer, an unemployed, 50-year-old man living at rue de Seine, n°. 27. Various documents dated November and December 1866 indicate that Ferdinand Sartorius had been authorised to work concurrently for several years with Mr Jean Pierre Roret, patented bookseller on 23 July 1828. On 24 December 1866, Josephine Charlotte Goetschy obtained a bookseller's licence in Paris, replacing Mr Roret, who resigned, and was replaced on 31 October 1875 by Mr Ludovic Sclafer. A report addressed to His Excellency the Minister of the Interior on 21 December 1866 by the prefect of police in charge of the general directorate of public security explains the background to the granting of this patent: The resignation of the holder, Mr Roret, was in fact given in favour of the applicant's husband. However, as he was a foreigner, he could only benefit from this transfer after he had become a naturalized French citizen. When the ten years of residence were about to be completed and this favour was to be granted to him, he died. It therefore seems only fair to transfer the resignation that had been granted to him on the head of his widow, who moreover has all the necessary guarantees in terms of aptitude and morality. A certificate of capacity was issued to her: We, the undersigned Hachette, libraire éditeur breveté, 77, boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris, Dentu, libraire éditeur breveté, galerie d'Orléans, Palais Royal, Paris, Michel Lévy frères, libraire éditeur breveté, 2 bis, rue Vivienne, Paris, Frédéric Henry, libraire éditeur breveté, 12, galerie d'Orléans, Palais Royal, Paris, certify that Mrs. widow Sartorius, née Goetschy, residing at 27, rue de Seine, Paris, is qualified to carry on the business of bookselling and publishing and to take over the business of her husband, Mr Ferdinand Sartorius, bookseller and publisher, who died in Paris on 8 May 1866 (Archives de Paris, V4E 714, act 1152, and V4E 3148, act 1262, Archives nationales, F/18/1770, patents of printers-libraries in Paris, file of Dame Goetschy Joséphine Charlotte, widow of Sartorius, and Recueil des actes administratifs de la préfecture du département de la Seine, n+. 8, 1856, p. 373). Ferdinand Sartorius and Joséphine Charlotte Goetschy published the works of their brother-in-law and brother Joseph Goetschy, a printer, then music teacher and man of letters (http://www.lizeray.com/arbregen/index.htm#TOC, 15 November 2005 [link expired, 21 March 2013], and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Angelo de Sorr [pseudonym of Ludovic Sclafer] and Nicolas Roret, 21 March 2013).

[98] : Cf. note 29.

[99] : Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, Mémoires de la vie littéraire, texte intégral établi et annoté par Robert Ricatte, professeur à l'université de Paris VII, volume, 1866-1886, Robert Laffont, 1989, p. 499, note 1, Helga Jeanblanc, Des Allemands dans l'industrie et le commerce du livre à Paris (1811-1870), CNRS Editions et Thierry Bouchard, Losne, 1986, pp. 73 à 77, 208, 209, 253 et 254, and Gérard de Nerval, Deux lettres inédites de Gérard de Nerval à Ferdinand Sartorius, Thierry Bouchard, 1986.

       Arsène Houssaye is the pseudonym of Arsène Housset (1815-1896), poet, novelist, essayist. The publication at the age of twenty of two sentimental novels led to his introduction by Théophile Gautier to Nerval, Banville, Champfleury and Murger. From 1843 to 1849, Houssaye edited L'Artiste, a newspaper founded in 1831 and which was one of the most important artistic and literary journals of the July Monarchy. From 1849 to 1856, he was administrator of the Comédie française. He was appointed Inspector of provincial museums in 1857 and returned to L'Artiste in 1860. That same year, he became director of the Revue du XIXe siècle (Jean Tulard (under the direction of), Dictionnaire du Second Empire, Fayard, 1995, art. Houssaye (Arsène), p. 627, et https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Arsène Houssaye, 30 December 2015).

[100] : Pasteur Otto Sartorius, op. cit., pp. 31 and 32, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number B 964151, B 997551, C 972352, C 972354, C 972355, , C 972356, , M 972352, M 972353, M 972356, M 972357, and M 972358, and IGI, rburger34453, 9 September 2017, and https://gw.geneanet.org/cindykg, 9 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/luitpold, 9 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/mdeninno, 9 Septembsr 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/reno58, 9 September 2017, et https://gw.geneanet.org/wkrapp, 8 Septembre 2017.

        The names Papstin and Britzin given to the wives are German feminizations of the name Papst or Paebst, for the first, and Britz, for the second. Indeed, the suffix -in is the feminine mark in German (cf. Bäcker/Bäckerin [baker male/female] or Lehrer/Lehrerin [teacher male/female]).

[101] : AD Loire-Atlantique, church books of the parish of Saint Nicolas of Nantes, 1782, slide 35, 1785, slide 54, and 1787, slide 206.

[102] : AN, MC/ET/LXV/468, 30 August 1782.

        The death of Jean Jacques Sartorius in 1805 was declared by Mr. Nicolas Frédéric Wilfelsheim, a sixty-year-old merchant, and Mr. Jean Anthus, a twenty-three-year-old merchant clerk, both living in the aforesaid street [Jean Jacques Rousseau, in Nantes] (AM Nantes, 1E 328, view 53).

        The Wilfelsheims came from Stuttgart, as did the Anthus. The two families were also related (AM Nantes, GG 508, views 17, 29, 41 and 55, and Mélanges d'histoire économique et sociale en hommage au professeur Antony Babel à l'occasion de son soixante-quinzième anniversaire, tome premier, 1963, p. 42). In 1787 and 1792, J. H. Wilfelsheim and Fr. Wilfelsheim were respectively consul and vice-consul of His Majesty the Emperor in Nantes. Wilfelsheim and Anthus are still listed in the Almanach du commerce à Nantes in 1809 (Almanach royal, année M. DCC. LXXXVII, p. 272, and J. de La Tynna, Almanach du commerce de Paris, des départements de l'Empire et des principales villes du monde, année 1809, XII^e année, Paris, 1809, p. 608).

[103] : Philippe Charon (dir.), Samuel Boche, Jean-François Caraës et Morgan Le Leuch, introductions historiques de Bernartd Michon, Commerce atlantique, traite et esclavage (1700-1848), Presses universitaires de Rennes, Rennes, [2018], and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. commerce triangulaire, Nantes and Quai de la Fosse, 10 April 2013.

[104] : AD Loire-Atlantique, church book of the parish of Saint Nicolas of Nantes, 1782, slide 53, 1785, slide 54, and 1787, slide 206.

[105] : Philippe Charon et al., op. cit., and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Quai de la Fosse, 10 April 2013.

[106] : AN, MC/ET/LXV/468, 30 August 1782.

[107] : AD Loire Atlantique, church books of the parish of Saint Nicolas of Nantes, 1781, slide 231, 1782, slide 103, 1784, slide 67, 1785, slide 53, and 1787, slide 208.

[108] : AN, MC/ET/LXV/468, 30 August 1782, AD Loire-Atlantique, church books of the Reformed Church in Nantes, 1788, slide 10, https:/fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Edit de Versailles, 10 February 2021.

        Rose Elisabeth Piffeteau gave birth to her son Nicolas Frédéric Jacques on the following 12th November (AD Loire-Atlantique, church books of the parish of Saint Nicolas de Nantes, 1782, slide 103).

         Rue du Colombier is now rue du Vieux-Colombier, in the 6th arrondissement, and avenue de l'Ecole royale militaire is now avenue de La Motte-Picquet, in the 7th arrondissement (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique ..., art. La Motte-Picquet (avenue de), volume II, p. 18, and art. Vieux-Colombier (rue du), volume II, p. 642).

        6,000 and 3,000 pounds correspond respectively to 36 000 and 18 000 euros in 2020.

         The chapel of the Germans, first called the Chapel of the Childhood of Jesus, then the Chapel of Marriages and now the Chapel of the Assumption, was built south of the chevet of the church of Saint Sulpice by the architect Jean-Baptiste Laurent (1709-1776). From 1760 to 1792, it housed the German-speaking Catholic community. This earned it the name Chapel of the Germans, which it retained until the early years of the 20th century (http://voyageursaparistome6.unblog.fr/2014/07/11/leglise-saint-sulpice-1646-1870/, 12 février 2021).

[109] : AM Nantes, 1E 328, slide 53.

[110] : J.-C. Renoul, Passage à Nantes de S. M. l'Empereur Napoléon I^er (9, 10 et 11 août 1808), Nantes, imprimerie de M^me V^ve Mellinet, 1859, passim and mainly p. 17.

[111] : AD Bas-Rhin, vital records, Strasbourg, births, 1815, certificate 1514, 1818, certificate 46, 1819, certificate 144, 1821, certificate 771, 1823, certificate 210, 1824, certificate 1615, and 1827, certificate 150, marriages, 1817, certificate 135, and deaths, 1821, certificate 332.

[112] : AD Meurthe-et-Moselle, 5 Mi 272/R2, vue 112.

        Mr Gillet, former director of the asylum in Maréville, had bought La Grande Malgrange, an outbuilding of the former château de La Malgrange built by Boffrand for Stanislas Leszczynski, in 1821, to establish a nursing home for mentally insane residents of both sexes (http://jarvillehier.free.fr/, 10 April 2013. See also the brochure Traitement des maladies mentales directed by M. Gillet, owner of the establishment, at the château de la Malgrange, near Nancy (Meurthe), undated [after 1838], and the advertising insert in the Gazette médicale de Paris, n°. 6, 12 January 1833, which suggests that M. Gillet's establishment was a home for cases of syphilitic dementia).

[113] : AD Bas-Rhin, vital records, Strasbourg, births, 1838, certificates 1173 and 1248, 1839, certificate 109, and 1840, certificate 1176, and 4E 382/443, certificate 2390.

         On the descendants of Nicolas Frédéric Sartorius, see also http://gw.geneanet.org/metier, 14 April 2013.

[114] : SHD, 5 Ye 53360.

        Tonkin is the northern part of present-day Vietnam, around Hanoi. Under the various governments of Jules Ferry, from 1881 to 1885, then until 1891, France fought a difficult war of conquest against China (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Tonkin and Expédition du Tonkin, 2 June 2015).

[115] : Archives de Paris, 5 Mi 1 2261, 12 February 1855, and V4E 7238, certificate 742, AD Hauts-de-Seine, E NUM CLI285, slide 150, and E NUM SEV147, slides 45-46, AM Lyon, 2E 1427, slide 230, letter de Louis Larzillière to Bertrand Sartorius, 6 December 2010, e-mail from the same to the same from 30 January 2016, and https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, robtbehra, 12 Septembee 2017.

          The Verrerie royale de Saint-Louis [Royal Glassworks of Saint-Louis] had been created near Bitche, when Lorraine became part of France in 1766. In 1781, it discovered the secret of the crystal held by England since the 17th century and changed its name to Cristallerie royale de Saint-Louis. After the storms of the Revolution, it underwent a great development in the 19th century (https://fr.wikipedia;org/, art. Cristallerie de Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche, 12 September 2017).

         In order not to make the text heavier, no mention has been made of another son of François Sartorius, named Antoine François. Born around 1818, a soldier, he was accused of having voluntarily and premeditatedly committed an attempted homicide on the person of his mistress in 1849. The accused did not deny his crime but tried to mitigate it by recalling his mistress' infidelities. He claimed that his reasoning had gone astray and that it was not only without premeditation, but even without realizing what he was doing that he had struck her with his knife. The victim, Pauline Daussy, a 22-year-old ironer, gave evidence with great moderation. However, her wounds did not heal until after 30 days. Sartorius was found guilty of attempted homicide, but without premeditation and with mitigating circumstances, and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment (Journal des débats littéraires et politiques, 14 February 1850). The Gazette des tribunaux, a journal of jurisprudence and judicial debates of 14 February 1850 gives many details: The accused is a 32-year-old man who served in Africa. He wears thick moustaches and a long beard. His physiognomy does not in any way indicate the violence and brutality that he nevertheless displayed on 20 August. We also learn that Sartorius had started working as a glassmaker before joining the army, that he had deserted from it, before being reincorporated into the African battalions. The exchanges between the president of the court, Sartorius and the witnesses, including his mistress, are tasty, but also reveal a drama worthy of Zola, against a backdrop of misery, alcoholism and prostitution.

[116] : AM Lyon, 2E 1427, slide 230, https://gw.geneanet.org/palamede2004, 23 May 2015, et https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, robtbehra, 12 September 2017.

         The Cristallerie Lyonnaise was created in 1834 by François Burdel at La Guillotière, near the Durieux lime kiln, along the towpath. It produced white and coloured crystal (crystal and chandeliers known in the trade as Bohemian crystals, following the example of crystals from Bohemia, Venice and England). It employed between 200 and 300 people. Its fame was great. There were other crystal works at La Guillotière, such as Frizon et Cie (1836), located further south along the Rhône, and Billaz, founded in 1846 (http://www.guichetdusavoir.org/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=3473, 12 September 2017).

[117] : Archives de Paris, 5 Mi 1639, 17 Mai 1848, et https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, robtbehra, 12 septembre 2017.

[118] : http://www.sartoriusandblot.com/?page_id=65, 13 septembre 2017.

        The economic crisis, at the origin of the revolution of February 1848, and the closure of the Ateliers nationaux (National workshops), which were supposed to help the most destitute, provoked a popular uprising in Paris from 22 to 26 June 1848, severely repressed by General Cavaignac (4 000 insurgents killed) (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Journées de Juin, 13 septembre 2017).

[119] : https://gw.geneanet.org/palamede2004, 23 May 2015.

[120] : Archives de Paris, V4E 9129, certificate 1728, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 017619, 26 September 1892, 19 November 1894 and 23 February 1898, C 018453, and I 065063, 26 September 1892, 19 November 1894 and 23 February 1898, and M 007117, 5 May 1879, England, births and christenings, 1538-1975, England and Wales census, 1881, 1891, 1901 and 1911, England and Wales, death registration index, 1837-2007, and England and Wales, marriage registration index, 1837-2005, https://www.rootsweb.com/, WorldConnect, robtbehra, 13 September 2017, and http://www.simpsonandthorne.com/, 13 September 2017.

[121] : Archives de Paris, V4E 6971, certificate 4209, and V4E 7039, certificate 48, and AD Val-de-Marne, 4E 2043 1, slide 60-61.

[122] : http://www.sartoriusandblot.com/?page_id=65, 15 September 2017.

[123] : Archives commerciales de la France, 27 June 1941, p. 1808.

[124] : EC Bagnères-de-Luchon, 1 July.1981, Archives de Paris, V4E 8161, certificate 389, V4E 8166, certificate 162, V4E 8178, certificate 139, V4E 8184, certificate 97, V4E 8194, certificate 142, V4E 8202, certificate 143, V4E 8209, cdertificate 143, V4E 8227, certificate 1192, et 3D 102, certificate 1185, and https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number I 065063, 29 June 1862.

[125] : La Gazette des tribunaux, 7 August 1907, and Le Petit Journal, 7 August 1907.

[126] : https://www.geneanet.org/, Bibliothèque généalogique, faire-parts de décès.

[127] : Archives de Paris, V4E 8184, certificate 97, and http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr (Sartorius).

[128] : Le livre des Sartorius du monde entier and http://www.familleunie.fr/cartes/detaille/sartorius.html, 29 April 2013. French Sartorius who do not belong to our family are mainly found in the Moselle region. They are probably of German or even Luxembourgish originaly for several bearers of the name in Moselle in the 18th and 19th centuries (AD Moselle, 9NUM/65ED1E2, 9NUM/444ED1E5 9NUM/446ED1E4 et 9NUM/743ED1E3, Archives de Paris, 5 Mi 722, 5 Mi 1 2207, V4E 3308 and 7475, et V11E 708, Vincent Brangbour, 27 November 2000, https://gw.geneanet.org/gabylaitem, 11 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/jph, 11 September 2017, https://gw.geneanet.org/nnisse, 11 September 2017, and 3617 GENLOR, mariages Moselle).

          Let us finally mention the existence in the 19th century of a Sartorius family near Perpignan. It was born of a child abandoned in front of the door of the civil hospice of Ille-sur-Têt (Pyrénées-Orientales) on 11 March 1818, wrapped in an old, very worn bourrate, a green Indian picotin tightened with a grey [?] and black woollen lizière, and carrying a white handkerchief at the collar and wearing a very worn silk hull, two muslin headbands and an old blue bonnet. For some reason, the registrar decided to call him Jacques Sartorius (AD Pyrénées-Orientales, 9NUM2E1494, slide 9). He became a shepherd and married in the neighbouring village of Rasiguères, where he had several children (ibid., 9NUM2E3092-3093 and 9 NUM2E3094-3095).

[129] : The map of 1891-1915 clearly shows the existence of Sartorius families in Moselle (3 births) and one or more in Alsace (4 and 5 births respectively in Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin), in addition to our family (8 births in the department of Nord). The two births in Pas-de-Calais and Ille-et-Vilaine are the result of family members who took refuge in these departments at the beginning of World War I

        The 1916-1940 map shows a dispersion of these different strains. If our family remains largely present in department of the Nord, it also sees occasional births in the Ardennes (Guy Sartorius at his maternal grandparents' in July 1927) or in Brittany, again because of World War I and World War II (including Jacques Sartorius, born in Paramé in 1918 and Philippe Sartorius in Saint-Brieuc in 1940). Isolated births in the Eure, Tarn and Yvelines remain unexplained.

        Between 1941 and 1965, the trend continued. There were still many births in the cradles of the various Sartorius families (departments of Bas-Rhin, Moselle and Nord). Our family continues to expand geographically (Haute-Marne, Isère, Oise, Seine-Saint-Denis, Vaucluse, and Yvelines). The two births in Bouches-du-Rhône and Val-d'Oise remain unexplained.

        Finally, from 1966 to 1990, it becomes increasingly difficult to follow the movements. The department of Nord remained largely in the lead, with more than 40 % of all births. Those in Isère, Pas-de-Calais, Savoie, Somme, Vaucluse and Yvelines belong to our family, and probably also to the Loiret. The birth in Indre-et-Loire remains unexplained. As for the families in Moselle and Bas-Rhin, they continue to grow slowly (maps drawn from http://www.geopatronyme.com/, 29 April 2013, and http://www.geneanet.org/, 29 April 2013).

[130] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Sauerland and Saint Empire romain germanique.

[131] : Joseph Rovan, Histoire de l'Allemagne des origines à nos jours, edited and augmented by the author, Editions du Seuil, 1998, p. 16, and Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Saint Empire romain germanique, pp. 1503 to 1506.

[132] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Westphalie, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Herzogtum Westfalen, 1 January 2016.

[133] : http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Kernstadt Meschede, Geschichte des Stiftes Meschede, 18 May 2013, and Die Kreisstadt früher und heute, 18 May 2013, et https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Stift Meschede and Vogt, 6 January 2018. See also Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. avoué and vidame, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. avouerie et vidame, 6 January 2018.

         Otto I the Great (912-973) was king of Germania from 936 to 973 and then German emperor from 962 to 973. He restored order to the Empire and ensured its expansion into Central and Eastern Europe. His coronation by pope John XII in 962 founded the Holy Roman Empire (Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 64-72, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Otton Ier le Grand, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Otto I. (HRR), 6 January 2018, et https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Otton Ier du Saint Empire, 6 January 2018).

        The French Revolution and the foreign wars it brought about changed the political map of Germany in favour of the great powers (Baden, Bavaria, Prussia, Württemberg, etc.). This upheaval was to the detriment of the ecclesiastical states, especially the great bishoprics of Cologne, Trier and Mainz. On 25 February 1803, the imperial diet of Regensburg ratified the new order imposed by France. Thus 112 states disappeared through secularisation or mediatization: 3 electorates, 20 bishoprics, 44 abbeys, 45 free cities and all the Empire villages. Three million Germans changed sovereigns (Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 260-263, Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Saint Empire romain germanique, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, 20 December 2017, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Recès d'Empire, 20 December 2017).

[134] : http://www.ammermann.de/meschede.htm, 14 March 2003 [link expired, 8 November 2004]. http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/r08-rembl-wirtschaft.php, 23 May 2006 [link expired, 29 May 2013], gives almost 70 households in 1536 and 470 inhabitants around 1550.

        The electorate of Cologne consisted of three parts: on the one hand, the Erzstift [literally archchapter], which extended mainly on the left bank of the Rhine in a narrow strip intersected by other possessions, from Rheinberg in the north to Andernach in the south; on the other hand, the Vest Recklinghausen, an enclave on the right bank of the Rhine; and finally, the duchy of Westphalia with Arnsberg as its capital. The cathedral chapter of Cologne, which elected the archbishop-elector, was common to all three regions. As an imperial city, Cologne had retained its independence and was not subject to the authority of the prince (François Bluche, op. cit., art. électorats ecclésiastiques, p. 529, and  https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Kurköln, 29 May 2013, Herzogtum Westfalen, 29 May 2013, and Vest Recklinghausen, 29 May 2013. See also Figure 15: political Rhineland in the 18th century and Figure 39: political Rhineland in the 18th century, drawn from http://nrw-geschichte.de/geschichte/nrwhist.htm, 29 May 2013).

[135] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3.

[136] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. confrérie, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. confrérie, 6 January 2018.

[137] : Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 201, written by Otto Ritgen and edited in 1988 by his daughter Ursula, a copy of which is in the Arnsberg historical museum and of which the pages concerning the Sartorius, Johanvars, Quincken and Weller families were kindly forwarded to me by Wolfgang Kißmer to me by Mr Wolfgang Kißmer (http://menden-info.gmxhome.de, 1 June 2013). See also http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Die Kreuzbrüder, 1 June 2013.

         The Oberregierungsrat [literally senior government advisor, a high ranking German civil servant] Otto Ritgen (1882-1956) married a great-granddaughter of a Sartorius (see pp. 60 and 163 and Genealogy of the Sartorius family). This explains why, as a passionate genealogist, he took up the work begun by his mother, Franziska Ritgen, née Cosack, as early as 1910, and became interested in the Sartorius family and related families (Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, Introduction, p. 1).

[138] : Retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 3. According to Otto Ritgen (letter of 16 August 1946 to Otto Sartorius (Marion Leihener archive)), it is doubtful that he is related to us.

         Already at the end of World War II, Otto Ritgen (see note 137) had established contact with Otto Sartorius, father of Marion Leihener. The latter's archives contain a correspondence between the two men that runs from 14 August 1945 to 31 August 1947 and continued at least until 1953.

[139] : Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000.

        Avowal was the act by which a lord recognised someone as his vassal, or a vassal recognised someone as his lord. The avowal was accompanied by the enumeration, or deed that described the contents of the fief. Every new vassal had to renew the avowal and the enumeration. A similar obligation was incumbent on the censitaires for all the lands they held directly from a lord and to whom they owed a fee in kind or in money (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. aveu and cens, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. cens (droit seigneurial), 19 December 2017).

        Immenhausen (Meschede) is a hamlet of the city of Meschede, 6 kilometres south-west of the centre of Meschede, on the western bank of the Hennesee, a narrow, elongated reservoir. In the past, the village of Immenhausen was located at the bottom of the valley on the eastern bank of the Hennesee. The expansion of the Henne dam between 1950 and 1953 led to the relocation of some of the inhabitants of Immenhausen, Enkhausen and Mielinghausen (Hubert Henneke, on the sauerland-l@genealogy.net forum, 12 November 2005, and http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Entwicklung der Hennetalsperre, 6 June 2013).

[140] : Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., art. Hof.

[141] : Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000, who calls them simply Schatzungregister. Otto Ritgen calls them Schatzregister der Landstände in his note Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius [Contribution to the early history of the Sartorius family]. The latter document seems to date from 1946 and to predate Unsere Ahnen by a small amount, of which it must have been a first draft. A copy in the handwriting of Otto Sartorius, Mrs Leihener's father, can be found in the latter's archives.

        In the Middle Ages, inflation had reduced the yield of land taxes to such an extent that the lords had to resort more and more frequently to special taxes. The levying of such taxes was always difficult, especially in the duchy of Westphalia, where they were subject to the consent of the Landstände and the promise that they were temporary in nature. Nevertheless, they took on a quasi-permanent character which required the establishment of tax assessment registers, the Schatzungregister, the first of which dates back to 1535. The tax assessment was based on the size of the property, as well as on its income and the duties imposed on it (Die Bevölkerung des kurkölnischen Sauerlandes im Jahre 1543 (Schatzungregister 1543), bearbeitet und mit einer Einleitung versehen von Wilhelm Voß, abgeschrieben von S. Tillmann 05/2005, available http://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/historie.htm, 6 June 2013, p. 15, and Anton Pape-Sieckermann, Genealogie und Geschichte der Familie Pape im südlichen Westfalen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, established by Robert J. Sasse, May 2005, available on http://www.rjsasse.de/, 6 June 2013, heading Literatur, pp. 73 and 74).

        Schemme is the name of a family that occurs in the Sauerland, for example, in Remblinghausen (https://www.familysearch.org/ batch number C 942741, M 942741, C 942751, M 942751, M 942752, passim). Josef Lauber, Stammreihen sauerländischer Familien, Die Höfe im Kirchspiel Remblinghausen und ihre Besitzer im Laufe der Jahrhunderte, volume III, part 2, Kirchspiel Remblinghausen, first edition 1977 at the author's in Fredeburg, new edition with numerous additions and improvements by Klaus-Jürgen Lauber, Eslohe-Reiste, 2001, pp. 78, 79 and 165).

        Diet, in German Tag, is the name given since the High Middle Ages to the assemblies held in the Holy Roman empire. There was an Imperial diet or Reichstag. There were also regional diets, the Landtage. The Landstände were the representatives of the territories of the Empire at the Landtage (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. diète, Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 343, 376, 442 and 443, and Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., art. Landstände and Landtag, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Landtag (historisch) et Landstände, 6 January 2018).

         Each of the three parts of the Cologne electorate (see note 134) retained separate states. Since the Erblandesvereinigung [Union of the hereditary territories] of 1463, the states of each of the three parts of the electorate settled annually the taxation, the charges of the country and the free gift they granted to their sovereign, the archbishop of Cologne. The diet of the duchy of Westphalia, which met most often in Arnsberg, was composed of two states: the country barons [Ritter] and the deputies of the towns (https://de.wikipedia.org/ art. Landtag (Herzogtum Westfalen), 6 June 2013, and François Bluche, op. cit., art. électorats ecclésiastiques, p. 529).

        It is obviously impossible to give an equivalent of the gold florin [Goldgulden] of the 16th century. Wilhelm Voß, Hof- und Familiengeschichte Funke, eine sauerländische Hof- und Sippengeschichte, Münster, 1944, abgeschrieben von S. Tillmann, May 2005, available at http://www.heimatbund-finnentrop.de/historie.htm, 6 June 2013, p. 41, however, states that in 1535 the florin was worth 18 shillings and a bushel [Scheffel, about 44 litres] of barley cost 10 shillings, but that in 1563 the florin was worth 29 shillings and a bushel was still 10 shillings. Die Bevölkerung des kurkölnischen Sauerlandes im Jahre 1543 (Schatzungregister 1543), p. 101, states that a bushel of rye or barley was worth about a quarter of a guilder. Let us simply add that Thewes Schneider (see below), with half a florin of gold, was one of the three taxed in Immenhausen, the other two being taxed for 2 and 1 florins respectively, and that the whole parish of Meschede was taxed for 66 florins (ibid., pp. 15 and 21).

[142] : http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Geschichtliches aus der Stadtteilen, Freienohl, die landwirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse, 18 June 2013.

[143] : Pierre Goubert, La vie quotidienne des paysans français au XVII^e siècle, Hachette, 1982, pp. 53, 54 and 154, and Jean-Marc Moriceau, Les fermiers de l'Ile-de-France XV^e-XVIII^e siècle, Fayard, 1994, pp. 51 to 58.

[144] : Die Bevölkerung des kurkölnischen Sauerlandes im Jahre 1543 (Schatzungregister 1543), p. 101.

[145] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200 v°, and e-mail of 14 November 2000 from Christian Gödde.

         Saint Josse (or Jodoc, Jodocus, Jodokus, Joos, Jobst, Joost, Jost, Jouven, Judganoc, Judgeonoc, Judoc, Judocus), whose name means warrior in Celtic, is celebrated on 13 December. He lived in the 7th century and was the son of Juthael, king of the Bretons, and Prizel, and the brother of saint Judicael. He became a priest in the service of the count of Ponthieu and then founded a hermitage in Boulogne-sur-Mer which later became the abbey of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer. His cult spread widely from the 9th century onwards, as far as Germany, particularly in the abbeys of Prüm and Saint Maximin in Trier. He is invoked for good harvests, in situations of distress, against shipwrecks, storms, fires, niella, fever, plague and diseases. He is also the patron saint of pilgrims, sailors, bakers, the blind, hospices for the incurable and domestic animals (http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintj96.htm, 18 June 2013, and http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienJ/Jodokus_Jobst.htm, 18 June 2013).

[146] : Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen, Münster, Herzogtum Westfalen, Landesarchiv, n° 943, f° 9 r° (kindly provided by Christian Gödde, 11 May 2011).

[147] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200 v°, and Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000.

        Tenant must be taken in the feudal sense of a person, whether noble or not, to whom a lord granted land, called a tenure, of which the latter retained ownership in order to grant only the enjoyment of it, in principle on a precarious basis. In practice, tenures became hereditary and more or less comparable to property (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. tenancier and tenure, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. tenure, 6 January 2018).

[148] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200 v°, and handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[149] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 942742, 26 November 1840, and M 942751, 27 February 1821.

[150] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200 v°, and handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[151] : Letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

        On this tax, due on the basis of one hen per household and from which the aldermen were exempted, see also Dr. Johann Georg Krünitz, Oekonomische Encyclopädie oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- und Landwirtschaft in alphabetischer Ordnung, 26th part from Huh to Hur, Joachim Pauli, bookseller, Berlin, 1782, art. Huhn, pp. 265-272, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Rauchhuhn, 24 June 2013.

[152] : Christian Gödde, 25 Novemberr 2000.

        The reality could be even more complex, as this account of an archivist's words shows: After many mistakes, he had found the parish from which a Mrs. X, born Redeker (the name Redeker is widespread), came. Her father was also really called Redeker, but he had two brothers called Voßmer and Niemöller. The father of the three brothers, on the other hand, was called Harmsiepen and had married into the Redeker family. So, he was no longer called Harmsiepen but Redeker. But his brothers married a Voßmer and a Niemöller and thus ceased to be Redekers. Another adds: It was not uncommon for the name of the farm to be stronger than the real surname of the owner and even the farmer. This means that the name of the farm, which was used to designate the family, could be passed on to the son-in-law or even the son-in-law of the owner, and that the passing on of the name without a family relationship was common in farming circles (Anton Pape-Spieckermann, op. cit., p. 62).

[153] : Josef Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, pp. 25 and 26, and Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000..

[154] : Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000.

[155] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The origin of the names in -inghausen, which are so numerous in this part of the Sauerland, remains difficult to determine. According to P. D. Frommann (Geschichte der Stadt Plettenberg, 1927), the names in -ing are of Frankish origin, as are those in -scheid. The suffix -ing indicates kinship, e.g. Karling for Charles, hence our Merovingians and Carolingians. It follows that the Sauerland was settled and inhabited by the Franks. In contrast, Dr. Horst Wientzek (600 Jahre Stadt Plettenberg, 1994) looks for the origin of names ending in -inghausen in the Saxon occupation. Here a little historical reminder is necessary. Until the 8th century B.C., the Sicambers lived between the Lippe and the Sieg (Bend your head, proud Sicamber, burn what you have worshipped, worship what you have burned, as St. Remi is said to have told Clovis at his baptism). In 12 B.C., Tiberius managed to settle 40 000 Sicamians between the Rhine and the Meuse. The Marses and Bructeres then rushed into the region depopulated by this emigration. In the first centuries AD, the Angrivarians, later called Engres, extended their territory into Sauerland. The Ampsivarians, who were related to them, probably settled between the Lenne and Volme rivers. From the middle of the 3rd century onwards, all these peoples were known as Franks. The strengthening of the Rhine line by the Romans between 100 and 350 A.D. forced the Franks to settle, plough and farm (P. D. Frommann, Beiträge zur Geschichte Plettenbergs, 1953, pp. 4 and 6, http://www.plettenberg-lexikon.de/, art. Köbbinghausen, 18 July 2013, and http://www.schaeferhoff.de.vu/, 2 June 2006 [information not available on 18 July 2013]) See also https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Franken (Volk) and Sachsen (Volk), 7 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Franks and Saxons, 7 January 2018.

        According to Tobias A. Kemper, a supporter of the Saxon thesis, XY-inghausen names occur in the territories colonised by the Saxons in the early Middle Ages, which Charlemagne had succeeded, not without difficulty, in establishing. As a rule, they can be explained as the settlement of XY people. The -ing indicates membership of a group and the -hausen indicates settlement. In the special case of Remblinghausen, behind the syllable Rem(b) there must be a Germanic or Saxon name of a person. These names are mainly found in the Sauerland: Nichtinghausen, Frielinghausen, etc. (http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/DEU-SAUERLAND/2000-07/0962660807, 18 July 2013).

[156] : Josef Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, p. 148, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Remblinghausen, 22 July 2013, http://www.sauerland-remblinghausen.de/, 22 July 2013, and http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Geschichtliches aus den Stadtteilen, Remblinghausen, 22 July 2013.

         Composed of nineteen hamlets or isolated farms, Remblinghausen had 1 400 inhabitants in 1851, including 53 peasants (http://www.sauerland-remblinghausen.de/, 22 July 2013, and http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Geschichtliches aus den Stadtteilen, Remblinghausen, 22 July 2013).

        An equestrian property, in German Rittergut, in Latin praedium nobilium or praedium equestrium, was originally a piece of land [Landgut], to which the owner owed several services, originally personal (ban) and then in money (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Rittergut, 22 July 2013).

        The right of presentation was that by which a natural or legal person had the right to present a priest for the office of parish priest. This person was usually the founder of the parish in the early Middle Ages or his heir: bishop, abbot, chapter or even a lay lord.

        In the Sauerland and in the Berg region, a little further southwest, the roofs are generally made of slate, a material that is abundant in these foothills of the Rhenish schist massif. Full slate roofing of the walls of the houses is also common (site visit on 11 and 12 August 1998). This is probably a protection against the rigours of the climate, particularly in winter.

[157] : Joseph Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, pp. 26 and 27.

        It seems that Philipp Schnier actually married twice, as the will of his son Caspar mentions the half-sister Donner (Gottfried Kortenkamp, Caspar Sartorius und die Stiftung der "Sartorianischen Vikarie in Remblinghausen", Wittlich, 1981 (Archiv des Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde Westfalens, Abt. Paderborn e. V., Signatur: Cod 385)). In fact, there is a significant gap between Conrad and Caspar, born in 1625 and 1628 respectively, on the one hand, and their younger siblings, born from 1639, on the other. I will therefore gladly follow the theory of http://www.ancestry.de/, 26 July 2013, that the two elders are from the first marriage and the younger ones from the second.

[158] : Pierre Ayçoberry and Marc Ferro (under the direction of), with the collaboration of Jean-Claude Ailleret, Pierre Ayçoberry, Nicole Belmont, Gérard Criqui, Georges Delmas, René Descombes, F.-G. Dreyfus, Marc Ferro, Etienne François, Marie-Claire Hoock, Etienne Juillard, Marie-José Patrix, Frédéric Rapp, André Stentz, Alfred Wahl and Klaus Wenger, Une Histoire du Rhin, Editions Ramsay, Paris, 1981, pp. 140 to 142 and 146, François Bluche and al., op. cit., art. Autriche (La maison d’), p. 141, Autrichienne (La monarchie), p. 142, Bavière (Electorat de), p. 175, Blanche (La Montagne), p. 203, Guerre de Trente Ans, pp. 688 to 691, et Gustave II Adolphe, p. 698, Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 193 to 202, Jean Carpentier et François Lebrun, op. cit., pp. 236 to 240, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Trente Ans (Guerre de), Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 340 to 357 and 367, and Friedrich von Schiller, Histoire de la guerre de Trente Ans, French translation by Adolphe Regnier, Hachette, 1881, pp. 135 sq.

[159] : Rainer Decker, Die Hexenverfolgungen im Herzogtum Westfalen, in Westfälische Zeitschrift, Nos 131 and 132, 1981 and 1982, pp. 339 to 386, Die Hexen und ihre Henker, Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1994, Die große Hexenverfolgung im Amt Fredeburg um 1630, in Schmallenberger Sauerland Almanach, pp. 96 to 98, Die große Hexenverfolgung im Sauerland während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, in Dreißigjähriger Krieg im Herzogtum Westfalen, pp. 65 to 68, and Der Hexen-Richter Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß (ca. 1580-1646) aus Scharmede, in 750 Jahre Stadt Salzkotten, volume 2, Paderborn, 1996, pp. 1045 to 1060, http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Das Justiz- und Gerichtswesen, die Hexenverfolgung, Justizwesen und Hexenverfolgung, 29 July 2013, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Heinrich von Schultheiβ and Hexenverfolgung im Herzogtum Westfalen, 28 July 2013.

[160] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., pp. 140 to 142 and 146, François Bluche and al., op. cit., art. Autriche (La maison d'), p. 141, Autrichienne (La monarchie), p. 142, Bavière (Electorat de), p. 175, Guerre de Trente Ans, pp. 688 to 691, and Gustave II Adolphe, p. 698, Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 202 to 208, 213 and 214, Jean Carpentier and François Lebrun, op. cit., pp. 236 to 240, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Trente Ans (Guerre de), Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 346 to 357 and 367, and Dr. Willi Voß, Fretter und seine alten Höfe, p. 13.

[161] : Friedrich von Schiller, op. cit., passim, and http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschichtliches, Geschichtliches aus den Stadtteilen, Freienohl, Der Dreiβigjährige Krieg, 31 July 2013.

         An inscription on the ruins of Arnsberg castle states that imperial troops used it as a staging post during the Thirty Years' War (visit to the site on 12 August 1998). It is also known that two local notables, Ludwig von Stockhausen and Friedrich von Fürstenberg, were abducted by Hessian troops in Meschede in 1637 ((http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9286/genealogie/index.html, 17 October 1999 [link expired 19 March 2003]). This was precisely the year in which Landgrave Amelie of Hesse allied herself with the Swedes (Friedrich von Schiller, op. cit.).

[162] : http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/F002-Freienohl-kurkoelnisch.php, 5 June 2006 [link expired, 31 July 2013].

[163] : http://www.ammermann.de/meschede.htm, 19 March 2003 [link expired, 12 November 2004], and http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/b035-kreuzbruderschaft.php, 5 June 2006 [link expired, 31 July 2013].

[164] : http://www.ammermann.de/eversber.htm, 19 March 2003 [link expired, 12 November 2004].

[165] : http://www.ammermann.de/grevenst.htm, 19 March 2003 [link expired, 12 November 2004].

[166] : http://www.ammermann.de/freienoh.htm, 19 March 2003 [link expired, 12 November 2004].

[167] : http://www.ammermann.de/rembling.htm, 19 March 2003 [link expired, 12 November 2004].

[168] : http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschitliches, Geschitliches aus den Stadtteilen, Freienohl, Der dreiβigjährige Krieg, 5 August 2013.

[169] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., pp. 150 and 151, François Bluche and al., op. cit., art. Guerre de la Ligue d'Augsbourg, pp. 687 and 688, and réunions, pp. 1330 to 1332, Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 218 to 225, 231 and 251, Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 406 and 407, and Dr. Willi Voß, Fretter und seine alte Höfe, pp. 13, 14 and 29.

[170] : Josef Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, pp. 25 and 26.

[171] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

[172] : Letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

        Whatever Otto Ritgen says, it does not appear that Blüggelscheidt had separate parish registers from Remblinghausen, which begin in 1651, with a gap for 1735 (http://www.genealogie-sauerland.de/, 25 August 2013, section Kirchenbücher).

[173] : Ibid. and Christian Gödde, 14 novembre 2000.

[174] : See volume 2, Genealogy of the Sartorius family.

[175] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[176] : Letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[177] : Ibid.

        These titles are confirmed by Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000. http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/r065-rembl-pfarrkirche.php, 8 January 2006 [link expired 27 August 2013], states that he was kurkölnischer Schöffe, i.e. he exercised justice on behalf of the archbishop-elector of Cologne.

        The Gerichstschöffen [aldermen of justice] were mostly peasants appointed by the lord and took an oath. Their task was to assist the mayor [Schulte] and later the judge [Richter] in the annual holding of justice (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. ehrenamtlicher Richter, 27 August 2013).

[178] : Josef Lauber, op. cit., tome III, partie 2, p. 177, et Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius et Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 201.

[179] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[180] : Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., art. Gut and Hof.

        Lambertsgut and Lambertshof probably cover similar realties. Lambertsgut puts probably more emphasis on the estate aspect and Lambertshof on the building aspect.

[181] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius et Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200.

         In their advance through the Ruhr in 1945, the Allies destroyed 80 % of Meschede in two air attacks on 19 and 28 February 1945. Further smaller attacks followed on 9, 10, 19 and 21 March. The Americans entered Meschede on 8 April and then marched on Remblinghausen on 9, where they met German resistance. The ensuing artillery battle damaged all the houses and buildings, including the church and school, and totally destroyed 23 of them (http://www.meschede.de/, Geschichte und Geschitliches, Kernstadt Meschede, Kriegsende, Bombentrichter in Meschede and Die Stunde Null, 31 August 2013). It was probably in the course of these latter events that the Lambertshof was destroyed.

[182] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

        The Thaler or Reichsthaler [Empire Thaler] was a silver coin. When it was replaced by the Mark in 1871-1873, the Thaler was a 18,519 gram silver coin. The groschen was a division of the Thaler (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. groschen and Thaler, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Taler, 22 September 2016, which gives slightly different values). Based on the current silver price (about 180 €/kg), the Thaler would be worth about 30 euros of 2018. Regarding the indemnity paid by France at the Treaty of Frankfurt, Fritz Stern, in his book L'or et le fer, Bismarck, Bleichröder et la construction de l'empire allemand (Fayard, 1990), pp. 200 and 202, gives the equivalences of 1 Thaler for 3 gold francs and 1 Thaler for 3.75 gold francs. The 1871 Thaler would then be worth between 18 and 22 euros of 2018, based on a fairly well verified parity of 6 euros of 2018 for 1 gold franc. In any case, we remain within the same orders of magnitude. The same author indicates (ibid., p. 339) that the average annual income per capita in Germany was 116 Thaler.

[183] : The collector receives taxes in kind, cheese, eggs, chickens, sheep, etc. (illustration from http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~schnake/pictures.htm, 2 September 2013).

[184] : Christian Gödde, 14 Novemberr 2000.

[185] : Letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[186] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200 v°.

[187] : Ibid. and Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000.

[188] : Handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[189] : Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000. Otto Sartorius' handwritten note (archive of Marion Leihener) states that he was born in 1690, which seems very late.

[190] : Handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archive of Marion Leihener).

        According to the article by the retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 34, which takes up a draft of Otto Ritgen's work, Johann Wilhelm Sartorius was born in Remblinghausen in 1684. However, he makes him a son of Christian Sartorius and Elisabeth Steilmann (see note 192). The confusion arises from the fact that both Dietrich Schneider and Christian Sartorius had sons named Johann Wilhelm, born on 8 December 1675 and 1684 respectively. However, given the gaps and imprecision of the sources, one must be cautious. The copy of the death certificate of Johann Wilhelm Sartorius (Friesenhagen parish register, 7 November 1741) in the archives of Marion Leihener does not give any indication of age, let alone parentage. It is therefore not possible to decide. However, if one accepts the parentage Dietrich Schneider - Johann Wilhelm Sartorius, the date of 1675 is obvious for the birth of the latter. If we also note that the Johann Wilhelm we are interested in was already in the service of the counts of Hatzfeldt in 1701 (cf. chapter 3), a birth date of 1675 is more appropriate than 1684.

[191] : Handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[192] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[193] : Handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[194] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, pp. 201 and 203.

[195] : Letter of 2 June 1946 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[196] : Letter of 31 August 1947 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener), Josef Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, pp. 165, 177 and 178, for whom she died on 21 February 1726, and Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000.

        According to Christian Gödde, 14 November 2000, it was not Johanna Elisabeth von Stockhausen, but her elder sister Maria Elisabeth, born in Calle on 20 October 1647, who married Joh. Jodokus Molitor.

        In German, nobility is generally indicated by the particle von [de], sometimes abbreviated to v., although some noble families do not bear it. In northern and eastern Germany, however, there are a significant number of commoner families whose names include the preposition von, which is simply used to indicate the town or region from which they originate. Some noble families use the particle von und zu [from and to] to indicate that they not only came from a particular place but are still in possession of it (Gilbert von Studnitz, The German nobility, in Der Blumenbaum, publication of the Sacramento German Genealogy society, vol. 9, no. 4, April-June 1992, available at http://www.netaxs.com/~graf/graf/graf_nobility.html, 28 September 2013).

        The name Stockhausen appears as early as 997 when, at the request of his aunt countess Gerberge, emperor Otto III donated the large farm of Stockhausen [curtis major in Latin, Haupthof or Schultenhof in German] to the abbey of Meschede. This farm was already the centre of a network of 18 to 20 sub-farms [Unterhöfe]. The occupants of the farm, invested by Meschede abbey, took the name of von Stockhausen, gradually established themselves as half nobility and married into the lower nobility, so that in the 1730s the Stockhausen estate was entered in the register of chivalry.

        The von Stockhausen family, which later formed further alliances with the Sartorius family, was first mentioned in 1449. Its summary genealogy is as follows:

        I/ Arnold II Schulte zu Stockhausen, born around 1420, owner of the properties in Calle and Stockhausen, died in Calle in 1474. He married around 1451 Katharina von Lehnhausen, said Grevenstein, of whom:

        II/ Arnold III, called Nolken (Arnoldekinus), Schulte zu Stockhausen, born around 1450, died in 1520. He married around 1485 ..... von Calle zu Rüthen, of whom:

        III/ Jobst Schulte zu Stockhausen, born around 1490, died in 1539 or 1540, married around 1520 Bela (Sibylla) von Langenohl, born around 1500, of whom:

        IV/ Ludwig I von Stockhausen, born around 1530, died in 1596. He married around 1555 Elisabeth von Plettenberg, of whom:

 

        V/ Ludwig II von Stockhausen, grandfather of Johann Caspar Sartorius' wife, born in Stockhausen around 1570, died in Arnsberg on April 7, 1636. He is first mentioned on 25 February 1585 as secretary [Schreiber] to Caspar von Fürstenberg, bailiff of Bilstein. On 1 January 1591 he was appointed receiver general and sworn in on 30 January. From 20 August 1591 to 28 August 1598, he was judge in Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden. On 20 August 1596 he agreed with his sisters to take over the Schultenhof, a farm from their parents, on his own. On 11 March 1597, he obtained a release from all inheritance charges on his farm. On 23 April 1598 he applied for the vacant position of judge of the chapter of Meschede and won it. On 29 April and 10 May 1602, he drew up plans to rebuild his farm and surround it with a moat. On 17 December 1604 he was attacked on his farm by an armed band of Dutchmen, several of whom were killed. On 8 July 1605 he was appointed judge of Calle and Remblinghausen. On 19 October and 13 December 1609, he was appointed administrator [Amtsverwalter] in Bilstein as representative of Friedrich von Fürstenberg. On 25 January 1626 he was reappointed to the Schultenhof in Stockhausen. He is last mentioned at the sale of a sub-farm [Unterhof] in Olpe. He had married at first marriage on 19 November 1595 Elisabeth von Fürstenberg and at second marriage in Stockhausen on 23 May 1599 Elisabeth von Hanxleden, born in Mülheim around 1583, died after 1609. From the second marriage:

        VI/ Ludwig III von Stockhausen, father of the wife of Johann Caspar Sartorius, born in Stockhausen on 5 November 1600, died in Stockhausen on 8 January 1672. In 1619 he was a student in Cologne. In 1627 he took possession of his parents-in-law's property in Calle, but Anton Sachte of Remblinghausen complained that he had illegally seized a piece of land and refused to pay 12 Thaler in rent. Between 1633 and 1636, he was invested as receiver and judge of the Schultenhof in Stockhausen as successor to his father. On 16 August 1636 he sold a sub-farm [Unterhof] to Olpe. In the spring of 1637, he and Friedrich von Fürstenberg were abducted by Hessian troops and taken to Lippstadt. They were released a few days later at the request of bailiif von Fürstenberg. The devastation caused to his property by the Swedish and Hessian troops, murder, looting and burning, combined with the disappearance of the workforce, forced him to sell part of it. The situation of the property was disastrous. Many of the fields were no longer cultivated due to a lack of manpower and returned to a wild state. The ditches were filled in and brambles grew everywhere. However, both the elector and the Meschede chapter demanded the payment of taxes. In 1641 Ludwig III sold two sub-farms, Erlenkotten in Frenkhausen and Winken Gut in Westenfeld, without the consent of the chapter. In 1644 he sold the Köllers Gut in Olpe bei Meschede to colonel Albrecht von Loehn. This led to legal proceedings with the Meschede chapter which continued after his death, ending in a fine of 500 Thaler to be paid by his heirs and contributing to the impoverishment of the family. In 1641 and again in 1648, he was reappointed to the Schultenhof and, under his wife's name, to the Berghof in Remblinghausen, with all the equipment, as heir to his father-in-law. In 1659 he sold his property to Calle. He had married Anna Johanna von Westphalen in Calle around 1633, who was born around 1615 and died in Remblinghausen on 12 March 1681, and who had given him considerable property in Remblinghausen.

         VII/ Timon Dietrich von Stockhausen, brother of the wife of Johann Caspar Sartorius, born in Stockhausen around 1637, died in Remblinghausen on 13 May 1711. He is first mentioned on 5 August 1670 as a judge of Calle and Remblinghausen. In 1674 he was appointed one of the four Grundherren [landlords] in the Remblinghausen area as owner of the Berghof. In 1677 he applied for the investiture of the Schultenhof in Stockhausen. His mother objected because he had not yet compensated his sisters since the death of their father. On 16 July 1677, his mother and her other siblings relinquished all their rights to the Schultenhof in Stockhausen and the 18 farms dependent on it, and retired to Remblinghausen, to a property she had inherited from her family. In 1678, the Schultenhof was sold to a cousin, the tax collector Friedrich von Stockhausen from Paderborn. The family then moved to Remblinghausen. On 2 September 1677 Timon Dietrich requested the investiture of the Berghof in Remblinghausen, which was refused by the lawyer [Anwalt] of Grafschaft abbey. On 27 September 1677, after payment of 90 Thaler, Timon Dietrich von Stockhausen was appointed secretary [Sekretär] of the princely horse regiment [Leibregiment] of Münster and Paderborn. He married Anna Maria von Kamen zu Rüthen, born in Rüthen on 15 January 1651, died in Remblinghausen on 2 January 1716.

        (Sources: Deutsches Geschlechterbuch DGB 238 (1922), pp. 122 to 125, Anton Pape-Spieckermann, Genealogie und Geschichte der Familie Pape im südlichen Westfalen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, set up by Robert J. Sasse in May 2005 (available on Internet at http://www.rjsasse.de/, 28 September 2013), p. 222, Josef Lauber, op. cit., volume III, part 2, pp. 163 to 168, message from Friedrich Otto on the sauerland-l@genealogy.net forum, 24 October 2005, http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/9286/genealogie/index.html, 17 October 1999 [link expired, 22 March 2003], http://www.rjsasse.de/, 28 September 2013, and http://www.meschede.de/stadtinfo/geschichte/Wn06-stockhausen.php, 1 February 2009 [link expired, 28 September 2013]).

[197] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, pp. 201 and 202.

[198] : Gottfried Kortenkamp, Caspar Sartorius und die Stiftung der "Sartorianische Vikarie" in Remblinghausen, Wittlich, 1991 (Archiv des Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde Westfalens, Abt. Paderborn e. V., Signatur: Cod385), p. 2.

        The will of Caspar Sartorius, the text of which is in annex 1, is in the archives of the general vicariate of the archdiocese of Paderborn, volume 313 blue, f° 123-126 and f° 127 for the codicil of 2 March 1719 (Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., p. 13).

[199] : Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., pp. 17 and 18.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 3 000 Thaler would be equivalent to 60 000 euros of 2016.

[200] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, pp. 201 and 202.

         A vicariate was an ecclesiastical benefit created by a founder. The founder, by notarial deed or will, endowed the vicariate so that it would have an income and be able to support a clergyman. The founder also designated the collator for the future, i.e., the person who would appoint the benefice. The vicarage founded by Caspar Sartorius is referred to as a Blutsvikarie [literally blood vicariate], as its collation remained in the Sartorius family (Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 27 September 2000). Vicariates also existed in France under the Ancien Régime. Dr. Henri de Frémont, op. cit., volume 2, p. 215, cites the case of the vicariate of Notre Dame du Rosaire et de Saint Joseph in Gannat (Allier). It had been created in 1530 by Antoine Derangheon, a priest, who stipulated that the designation of the beneficiary would be proposed to the parish priest of Sainte Croix de Gannat by the descendant of his brothers who happened to be his closest relative.

[201] : Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., pp. 2 and 17 to 22.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 1 749 Thaler would be equivalent to 35 000 euros of 2016.

[202] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 200.

[203] : Handwritten note of Otto Sartorius (archive of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[204] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 942741, 4 June 1737, according to which Joannes Jodocus Horbach's wife is said to be Maria Elisabeth. Anna Maria's younger sister, Maria Elisabeth, born in 1721, seems too young to have married in 1737.

[205] : On the von Stockhausen family, see chapter 3 and note 196.

[206] : Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., p. 19.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 1 000 Thaler would be equivalent to 20 000 euros of 2016.

[207] : Certificate of the baroness of Hatzfeldt of 29 March 1709 (copy of this document in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener. The original was in 1941 in the archives of the Hatzfeldt family in Crottorf castle).

[208] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 171.

[209] : Jens Friedhoff, Die Familie von Hatzfeldt, Adelige Wohnkultur und Lebensführung zwischen Renaissance und Barock, Grupello Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2004, pp. 159, 167, 168 et 207, brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, p. 20, and Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, available at http://www2.genealogy.net/vereine/ArGeWe/wewa2/f-orte/friesenhagen/geschichte-friesenhagen.htm, 24 October 2013).

        The feudal world distinguished between high, medium, and low justice. High justice, or blood justice, exercised by the great lords, the immunists and, after the communal movement, by certain municipalities, included full civil and criminal jurisdiction. Low justice, known from the 14th century onwards as medium justice, was exercised by small lords or certain municipalities, and dealt only with minor cases where the death penalty did not intervene. The symbol of high justice was the presence of gibbets on the land of the person who had it. From the 14th century onwards, the expression low justice was only applied to minor offences (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. justice, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. justice seigneuriale, 4 February 2016)

        We have not found the French equivalents of Bannwein [literally ban wine], probably a right concerning wine, and of Leibzinsen [literally body tax]. On the Rauchhühner tax, see p. 36. The Futterhafer is probably a duty on fodder (Hafer means oats). The Bede or Beede was a tax which the landlord levied in the whole German-speaking area since the 12th century as part of public justice and which was voted on by the Landstände. It was based on real estates. It was levied in May (Maibede) and autumn (Herbstbede) (E. Kasper, Im Schatten der Vergangenheit, in Wissener Heimatbuch, Chronik des Amtes Wissen (Sieg), Sieg-Post Druckerei, 1951, http://fg74.s6.domainkunden.de/wissen/content/archiv/, Steuer, Abgaben und Gebühren, 17 March 2005 [link expired, 4 November 2006], and https://de.wikipedia.org/, 24 October 2013, art. Bede) The Turk tax (Türkensteuer) is a reminder that the Holy Roman empire lived under the threat of the Turks for a very long time. It was levied in the event of an attack by the Turks to finance the imperial troops (ibid., art. Reichstürkenhilfe, 24 October 2013).

[210] : Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 31 to 38, 160, 161, 171 and 578, brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, p. 20, and Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor.

         It is not our intention here to give a genealogy of the house of Hatzfeld [old spelling] or Hatzfeldt [modern spelling], but simply to situate it in importance in German society.

         At the end of the 16th century, Sebastian von Hatzfeldt and the lordship of Wildenburg swung back and forth between Catholicism and Protestantism. Three of his sons became famous. The first, Franz, became bishop of Würzburg and duke of Easteern Franconia in 1631, and, by accumulation, bishop of Bamberg in 1634. Melchior distinguished himself as a general in the service of the Emperor in the Thirty Years' War, after the death of Wallenstein. As a reward for his services, he received the county of Gleichen in Thuringia and the lordship of Trachenberg in Silesia. The last of the three, Hermann, also served the Emperor as a colonel, aulic counselor, chamberlain, etc. He continued this branch of the family which died out in 1794. The lordship of Trachenberg then passed to the branch of Hatzfeldt-Werther, who owned the lordships of Wildenburg and Schönstein, and who received the title of prince in 1803 and that of duke in 1900. Our ancestors were in the service of the latter (see next chapter). (Sources: Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 96 to 114, 197, 578 and 579, brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, p. 22, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Hatzfeldt (Adelsgeschlecht), 29 November 2013, https://www.familysearch.org/, 9 November 2013, http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/ww-person.html, 9 November 2013, http://www.waldmannshofen.de/geschichtlicher_ueberblick.htm, 9 November 2013, and Friedrich von Schiller, op. cit., passim).

        In the 19th century, the house of Hatzfeldt gave the German empire a diplomat, Paul, count of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg (1831-1901). His parents, two distant cousins, had separated in 1833 after years of terrible quarrels. His mother, born countess Sophie von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg (1805-1881), had caused a scandal. She had taken on a young Jew, Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864), as her lawyer in the court case against her husband (1846-1851). He became famous thanks to the ardour with which he defended his client, becoming her friend and then her lover. He then threw himself into politics, where he immediately placed himself in the forefront of radical and socialist democracy (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Lassalle, Britta Stein, Der Scheidungprozeß Hatzfeldt (1846-1851), Lit Verlag, Münster, 1999, Fritz Stern, op. cit., pp. 314 to 322, brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, pp. 23 and 24, and http://www.bbkl.de/, art. Lassalle, Ferdinand, 5 February 2015).

        Bismarck's diplomatic adviser, Paul de Hatzfeldt was best known for his debts and the marital problems that resulted from his marriage to a 17-year-old American woman, Helene Moulton. Nevertheless, he became German ambassador to Madrid in 1874 and to Constantinople in 1879. He was appointed state secretary for Foreign affairs in 1882 and ended his career as ambassador in London, the most important post in German diplomacy, from 1885 (Fritz Stern, op. cit., pp. 280, 303 and 314 to 322).

        Another member of the family, the beautiful Elisabeth de Hatzfeldt, wife of prince Carolath, incurred Bismarck's wrath through the passion she inspired in his son Herbert. She divorced in 1881, convinced that he would marry her. The chancellor subjected his son to scenes of sobbing and crying, threatening to commit suicide or disinherit him. Herbert became frightened at the thought of falling from grace and being ruined if he married a divorcee. He became so hopelessly entangled in the affair that Elizabeth finally broke off the engagement in contempt (ibid., pp. 329-330).

        The rank of the house of Hatzfeldt will also be appreciated when it is known that Elisabeth's sisters had married baron Walter von Loë and count Alexander von Schleinitz respectively, both of whom were close to empress Augusta, the widow of William I (ibid., p. 330).

         The numerous articles on members of the House of Hatzfeldt in https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Hatlzfeldt, 9 November 2013, are also worth consulting.

[211] : Visit on site on 11 August 1998 and Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor.

[212] : Brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, pp. 20 to 22.

        The castle of Crottorf is also located in the municipality of Friesenhagen. On the history of its construction, cf. Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 395 to 452.

[213] : Certificate of 29 March 1709 from baroness von Hatzfeldt.

        This baroness of Hatzfeldt was born Maria Barbara von Fürstenberg. She was the daughter of Friedrich von Fürstenberg zu Bilstein and Anna Katharina von der Leyen zu Gondorf. She was born on 4 December 1655 and died on 16 June 1722. She was the widow of Melchior Friedrich von Hatzfeldt, lord of Wildenburg, Schönstein and Werther [Herr zu Wildenburg, Schönstein und Werther], whom she had married on 10 May 1671. He was the son of Johann Adrian, baron von Hatzfeldt, lord of Wildenburg, Schönstein and Werther, and Anna von Staffel. He was born on 13 November 1638 and died on 4 June 1694 (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 83 and 84, https://www.familysearch.org/, 22 November 2013, and http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/ww-person.html, 22 November 2013.

        The name of her family is said to come from Fürstenberg [Prince's mountain], a 279-metre-high eminence on the edge of the Sauerland, on the border between the county of Arnsberg and the duchy of Westphalia, and which was therefore of strategic importance in the Middle Ages. Its name came from the fact that the duke of Westphalia was the elector of Cologne (see note 134). A castle, whose first lord was a certain Hermann von Fürstenberg, is mentioned here as early as 1295. This family of the barons of Fürstenberg, still represented today, seems to have descended from the von Binolen family from Hönnetal. It gave several masters of Livonia [Landmeister Livland] of the Teutonic order. It also gave the last prince-bishop of Paderborn and Hildesheim in the person of Franz Egon von Fürstenberg (1737-1835) (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Freiherren von Fürstenberg, 22 November 2013, and Sylvain Gouguenheim, Les chevaliers teutoniques, Taillandier, 2007, p. 634). On the other hand, it does not seem to have any links with another Fürstenberg family, one of the most illustrious of the German aristocracy, which takes its name from the lordship of the same name, near Donaueschingen in the country of Baden, which it had acquired as early as 1070 and over which it ruled until 1806 (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Fürstenberg, and http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/furstenberg.html, 22 November 2013).

[214] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 202.

        This book gives as source a document kept in the Hatzfeldt archives in the Wildenburg tower. The last superscription does not appear in the copy in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[215] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

         On the baroness von Hatzfeldt, cf. note 213. His son was Wilhelm Franz Johann Adolf, baron von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, lord of Wildenburg, Schönstein, Werther and Merten, born on 20 October 1683, died on 18 February 1733, who married Sophie Therese Philippine, baroness von Loe, born on 26 December 1682, died in Cologne on 30 March 1759 (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 84 and 85, https://www.familysearch.org/, 23 November 2013, http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/ww-person.html, 23 November 2013, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Fürstenberg (schwäbisches Adelsgeschlecht, 21 March 2021).

[216] : Drawn from Johann Jacob Moser, Staats-Recht der Reichs-Grafschafft Sayn, 1749, pp. 454-456. The text concerns the vassalage relationship between the counts of Sayn and the lords of Wildenburg.

[217] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        According to Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 256 and 368, the baroness of Hatzfeldt, born Fürstenberg, who had received the fore-castle of Wildenburg (cf. note 228Erreur ! Signet non défini.) as a dowry, lived there until 1719. She was probably sick and bought a house in Cologne, where she died three years later.

[218] : Schönstein castle and lordship came into the Hatzfeldt family on lease in 1585 and as a hereditary fiefdom of the elector of Cologne from 1589. This was a reward for Hermann of Hatzfeldt's loyalty to the cause of Ernest of Bavaria, who had been appointed archbishop-Elector of Cologne after Gerhard Truchseß, who had converted to Protestantism and tried for seven years to hold the temporal part of the electorate by force of arms (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 78, 79, 172, 173, 178, 208 and 580, P. Stefan Steifen, Durch 2 000 Jahre, Engelbert Demmer, Schloß Schönstein, and E. Kasper, Im Schatten der Vergangenheit in Wissener Heimatbuch, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Amt Schönstein (Wissen), 29 November 2013, and art. Hatzfeldt (Adelsgeschlecht), 29 November 2013). Cf. also Figure 25: the seigneury of Wildenburg, taken from http://nrw-geschichte.de/geschichte/nrwhist.htm, 29 November 2013.

[219] : Germanised from the 11th century onwards, Silesia became Prussian after the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795), then German from 1871 and remained so until 1945. It is now Polish (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Silésie, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Schlesien, 29 November 2013).

         Trachenberg is the German name for the present-day Polish town of Żmigród on the Barycz River (Bartsch in German), 44 kilometres north-northwest of Wrocław (Breslau in German) (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Żmigród, 29 November 2013).

         It was in 1830 that the Hatzfeldts brought their Silesian archives together in the medieval tower of Trachenberg castle. The Schönstein archives, in which the letters of the Sartorius to their lords were probably kept, had been there since 1829 (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 24-27 and 72).

        The Soviets burned down Trachenberg castle in January 1945. Only the dungeon [Schutzturm] remained, which contained an archive that was one of the most important private archives in Silesia. Contrary to Otto Ritgen's assertion, they seem to have been very largely preserved and are now in the State Archive in Wrocław (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., p. 27, and http://www.zmigrod.com.pl/asp/de_start.asp?typ=14&menu=59&strona=1, 29 November 2013).

        On the origin of ownership of the lordship of Trachenberg in the house of Hatzfeldt, see note 210.

[220] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

[221] : For some, the tip [Weinkauf] was due on the renewal of the lease (http://fg74.s6.domainkunden.de/wissen/content/archiv/, Steuer, Abgaben und Gebühren and Im Schatten der Vergangenheit, 17 March 2005 [link expired on 4 November 2006]). For others, the Weinkauf, or denarius Dei [God's penny], was a small tax levied in the Middle Ages on the conclusion of contracts (Haberkern and Wallach, op. cit., p. 661, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Weinkauf, 21 December 2013).

        The albus, from the Latin albus, white, or Weißpfennig [white penny] was a coin that could be used to buy a quarter litre of wine. Dienstgeld [redemption of the corvée] was the redemption in money of the corvée, which was normally due in kind in the form of work done free of charge for the lord.

         Originally, the Neujahr [] was a free gift to the farm owner, but eventually it became a general rule.

         On the Beede and the Türkensteuer, cf. note 209.

         (Source http://fg74.s6.domainkunden.de/wissen/content/archiv/, Steuer, Abgaben und Gebühren and Im Schatten der Vergangenheit, 17 March 2005 [link expired, 4 November 2006]).

         The Meste of the free city of Frankfurt on Main measured 14,341 litres (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Alte Maße und Gewichte (Hessen), 21 December 2013).

[222] : Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., p. 253.

[223] : Hermann Mockenhaupt, Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, and Melanie Kappenstein, Die Entwicklung der Hatzfeldt'schen Besitzungen im Raum Friesenhagen nach Ende des 1. Weltkrieges, available at http://argewe.lima-city.de/index-d.htm, Über den Westerwald, Der Westerwald und seine Orte, Friesenhagen, 6 February 2016.

[224] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

[225] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius. A handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener) calls her Theresia. However, on 2 June 1946, Otto Ritgen answered Otto Sartorius, who made him this remark: "Theresia" Johanvars ist bestimmt falsch ["Theresia" Johanvars is certainly false] (archives of Marion Leihener). Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, meanwhile, calls her Anna Maria on the basis of the work of a distant relative, Adolf Michaelis (letter of 30 August 2000).

[226] : Visit of the site on 12 August 1998.

[227] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The summary genealogy of the Johanvars family is as follows:

        I- Johann Vaer, married Gertruydt ....., of whom:

        II- Peter Joanvars, mayor of Attendorn in 1521, father of:

        III- Jürgen Joanvars bought a forge from his father-in-law in 1535. He married Anna Gertman, of whom:

        IV- Peter Joanvars, of Albringhausen bei Attendorn, born about 1571 or 1574, married Anna ....., of whom:

        V- Eberhard Clemens Johanvars, mayor of Attendorn from 1601 to 1630, alderman of justice in 1638, married Helena Halfwinner, of whom:

        VI- Franz Johanvars, born about 1610, notary, in Attendorn, head of the municipal administration and mayor of Attendorn, who died after 1673, married Anna Hoberg, of whom:

        VII- Everhard Johanvars, baptized in Attendorn on 12 April 1641, a student in Paderborn and Marburg, a judge of the prince-elector of Cologne in Attendorn, and then in Schmallenberg, notary of the prince-elector of Cologne in Schmallenberg, died in Schmallenberg between 1721 and 1724. He married Anna Maria Quincken.

        The summary genealogy of the Quincken family is as follows:

        I- Petrus Quincken, notary in Schmallenberg, father of:

        II- Eberhard Quincken, judge in Schmallenberg between 1602 and 1635, father of:

        III- Rötger Quincken, quoted as a judge in Schmallenberg in 1636, died before 1676, married Katharina Belckmans, who died after 1674, of whom:

        IV- Anna Maria Quincken, who married Eberhard Johanvars.

        (Sources: letter of 30 August 2000 from Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, Julian Isphording, 23 June 2001, http://www.isphording.info/, 17 January 2014, and Wilfried Sartorius, 28 June 2006 and 7 July 2006).

        Let us note in passing that Helena Halfwinner, the wife of Eberhard Clemens Johanvars, was the granddaughter of Wilhelm Schnellenberg, bastard of the noble house von Schnellenberg. This filiation makes it possible to link the Sartorius to the earls of Arnsberg, the dukes of Limburg and finally to Charlemagne (e-mail of 23 June 2001 from Julian Isphording, http://www.plettenberg-lexikon.de/genealogie/schledo1.htm, 17 January 2014, and http://www.heinzjonas.de/genealogie.htm, 17 January 2014).

        At 35 kilometres south-west of Arnsberg, Attendorn, a city of the Hanseatic League, enjoyed its glory during the Middle Ages. Its cathedral (Sauerländer Dom) and its old town hall (Altes Rathaus) still bear witness to its past richness (Michelin, guide vert Allemagne, 1995, p. 277, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Attendorn, 17 January 2014, and site visit on 12 August 1998).

[228] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and http://www.kirchen-sieg.de/, Turistik und Freizeit, Sehenswürdigkeiten, Wildenburg, 30 January 2014.

         In a fortified castle, the bailey was the space between the outer fortified enclosure and the castle motte, located more or less in its centre and from which it was separated by a moat. In the event of an attack, the bailey could be used as a refuge for the outside population (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. château fort, 30 January 2014, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Vorburg, 30 January 2014, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, motte-and-bailey castle, 22 March 2021).

         In the bizarre assemblage of buildings that was Wildenburg Castle (cf. Figure 29, p. 52), a distinction was made between the upper castle [Oberschloß or Oberburg] and the lower castle [Unterburg, which Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., also calls Vorderschloß [front castle]]. It seems that, in the complex organisation of the relations between the three branches of the house of Hatzfeldt which shared the rights to the lordship of Wildenburg (cf. p. Erreur ! Signet non défini. and note 291), the use of the Oberschloß fell to the branch of Hatzfeldt-Weisweiler, while that of the Vorderschloß fell to the branch of Hatzfeldt-Merten-Schönstein (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 55, 57, 80, 256, 502 and 503). This, together with the fact that the sponsorships of the Sartorius children by members of the house of Hatzfeldt are to be found in the Merten-Schönstein branch alone, suggests that the Sartorius satraps were in the service of the latter only.

[229] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 201.

[230] : Visit on site, 11 August 1998.

[231] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The name Friesenhagen is mentioned for the first time in a bull of pope Innocent II in 1131. The name comes from the fact that the country was evangelized by saint Ludger, bishop of Münster (804-809), native of Frisia (Friesland in German) (Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor und Das Kirchspiel Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land).

[232] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and letter of 20 May 1946 and 16 August 1946 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

        The Laurentianum Norbertinum was founded on 1 November 1643 by the Premonstratensians of Wedinghausen abbey. Its foundation had been preceded by long negotiations between the abbot and the chapter on the one hand, and the town of Arnsberg on the other, with a view to setting up a school of higher learning there, since the majority of the inhabitants and burghers of this small town, who had been hit by fire damage as well as by the misfortunes of war and to whom the Almighty God had given children, did not have the means to send them to academies and schools elsewhere. The school was to receive not only the children of the town but also those of the surrounding area. On 26 October 1700, the prince-bishop of Cologne authorised the college to become a vollständige Rektoratschule [full rector's school]. In 1712, the Laurentianum became the first full grammar school [Vollgymnasium] in the Sauerland under the jurisdiction of the elector of Cologne (http://www.laurentianum-arnsberg.de/, 16 February 2014).

        Curiously, the founders of the Laurentianum included Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß, the great witch-hunter whom we have already met (Rainer Decker, Dr. Heinrich von Schultheiß (ca. 1580-1646) aus Scharmede, in 750 Jahre Stadt Salzkotten, volume 2, Paderborn, 1996, pp. 1045 to 1060; cf. aussi note 159).

[233] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The abbey of Glinfeld was founded in 1298 as a women's abbey subject to saint Augustin's rule. It became a chapter of men in 1499. It was secularized in 1804, the buildings were demolished, and the remainder was sold in 1821 (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Augustinerinnenkloster Glindfeld, 16 February 2014).

[234] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Volksmünde could not be located.

[235] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 202.

         After him, the vicariate of Sartorius passed on 17 March 1792 to Carl Ferdinand Becker, then on 14 October 1800 to Jakob Lück from Sayn-Altenkirchen, a theology student in Würzburg, in 1803 to Jakob Reifferscheid from Niederahr bei Montabaur, and finally on 21 May 1808 to Franz Anton Atorff from Brilon. From 1794 to 1797, it had been occupied de facto, without official presentation, by a former capuchin, Johann Rudolph Dicke. The vicars followed one another until 1881, but none of them seemed to be related to the Sartorius family. In fact, since 1822 the Sartorius family no longer asserted their rights and the religious authorities had the vicariate at their disposal as they wished (Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, vol. II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203, Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., pp. 3-5, and Josef Lauber, op. cit., vol. III, part 2, p. 4). Carl Ferdinand Becker is the son of Franz Anton Becker and Anna Maria Sartorius (see p. 51). Franz Anton Atorff is a descendant of Georg Anton Langenfeld and Maria Barbara Sartorius (see p. 49 and Genealogy of the Sartorius family for details). However, I have not found the probable link between Jakob Lück and the Sartorius family. I did not find it either for Jakob Reifferscheid who must be the Jakob Reifferscheid, born in Niederahr on 17 March 1770, ordained priest in 1802, parish priest of Herschbach (Rhineland-Palatinate) from 1814 to 1846, died in Herschbach on March 6, 1850 (http://www.herschbach.de/, Geschichte, Seelsorger in und aus Herschbach, 8 janvier 2018).

[236] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 202.

[237] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        As there was no member of the Sartorius family to be appointed to the vicariate of Remblinghausen, Wilhelm Theodor Stratmann of Löllinghausen was the first to be appointed (Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., p. 3).

[238] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 202.

[239] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The baroness of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg is Sophie Therese Philippine, baroness von Loe, wife of Wilhelm Franz Johann Adolf, baron of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg (cf. note 215).

[240] : P. Stephan Steifen, Durch 2 000 Jahre, in Wissener Heimatbuch.

[241] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[242] : Engelbert Demmer, Aus der Geschichte der Schloßkapelle und der Vikarie Schönstein, in Wissener Heimatbuch.

        In the liturgical year, the Ember days refers to a three-day period of fasting and prayer at the beginning of each season (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Quatre-Temps).

[243] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        According to Engelbert Demmer, Aus der Geschichte der Schloßkapelle und der Vikarie Schönstein, Franz Philipp Sartorius held the vicarage of the castle from 1764 to 1798.

        The abbey of Marienthal, whose origins date back to 1423, was located 10 kilometres south-west of Wissen (Bourgeat and Dorveaux, Atlas historique du diocèse de Metz, 1907). It provided the vicariate service from 1669 to 1671. However, there was also a cistercian abbey at Marienstatt, 15 kilometres south-south-east of Wissen, whose monks served the parish of Wissen from 1638, which was deprived of a priest after the ravages committed by the Swedes, and who occasionally served the chapel of Schönstein castle. They also served the vicarage from 1664 to 1669 (http://www.kirchen-sieg.de/, Turistik und Freizeit, Sehenswürdigkeiten, Haus und Kloster Marienthal, 27 février 2014, http://www.abtei-marienstatt.de/, 27 février 2014, P. Stephan Steifen, Durch 2 000 Jahre, et Engelbert Demmer, Aus der Geschichte der Schloßkapelle und der Vikarie Schönstein).

[244] : P. Stephan Steifen, Durch 2 000 Jahre and Katasterdir. Müller, Der große Brand in Wissen am 17. September 1788. The home of Franz Philipp Sartorius was located at what is now corresponds to Bogenstraße 1 or Banhofstraße 10 (Der große Brand am 17. September 1788).

[245] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 183, for the indication Rentmeister Schönstein [collector in Schönstein].

[246] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The mines of Wildberg were silver-bearing (Ernst Weyden, Das Siegthal, ein Führer von der Mündung bis zur Quelle des Flusses und durch seine Seitenthäler zugleich Handbuch für Reisende auf der Deutz-Siegener Eisenbahn, topographisch-historische Skizzen nebst statistischen und naturgeschichtlichen Andeutungen, T. Habicht, Bonn, 1865, p. 253).

[247] : Handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius (archive of Marion Leihener).

[248] : Baptism certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius (Landeshauptarchiv Coblence, book of baptisms of the Roman Catholic parish of Friesenhagen, 19 January 1757).

[249] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, who incorrectly states Denklingen (Saar), whereas it is Denklingen (Reichshof), a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, 49 kilometres east of Cologne and 10 kilometres west-northwest of Friesenhagen (cf. letter of 29 May 1946 from Otto Sartorius to Otto Ritgen (archives of Marion Leihener) and http://argewe.lima-city.de/, Familienbuch Hamm/Sieg 1670-1870, 21 March 2014, which names this family Thal).

[250] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[251] : Copy of the certificate (church books of Friesenhagen, 7 November 1741) in the archive of Mrs Marion Leihener.

        The Latin expression means: in the parish church, in the corner near the statue.

        Apart from the memorial of Sebastian von Hatzfeldt and his wife Lucia von Sickingen, there are no gravestones in Saint Sebastian church in Friesenhagen. There are a few graves outside the church in front of the porch. Unfortunately, they are buried under ivy and are not suitable for investigation (visit to the site on 11 August 1998).

[252] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, et Unsere Ahnen, tome II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 201.

[253] : https://data.matricula-online.eu/, Deutschland, Paderborn, Meschede, St. Walburga, KB033-01-T, vue 10.

[254] : Catholic parish Sankt Marien of Siegen, church books, 27 April 1745.

        The Latin text means: On 27 April the praenobilis lord Franz Sartorius, administrator in Wildenburg, was united in Friesenhagen, the dismissal letters having been requested here, to the praenobilis young girl Maria Regina Weller, of Siegen, legitimate daughter of the praenobilis and most illustrious Jakob Weller, formerly advisor of the serene prince [of Nassau-Siegen] and the lady Juliana Magdalena Becker.

         The name Wellerin given to the bride is a German feminization of the name Weller.

         On the qualification praenobilis, cf. note 367.

[255] : On the baroness of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein, born Sophie Therese Philippine, baroness von Loe, cf. note 215. It is quite possible that this patronage was purely honorary, since the baroness generally resided in Cologne since her widowhood in 1733 (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., p. 256).

         The use in Germany in the 18th century was still to give two godfathers and a godmother to a boy and a godfather and two godmothers to a girl.

[256] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[257] : Handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[258] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Johanna Franziska Charlotte Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 25 June 1747) in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener.

[259] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[260] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Johanna Franziska Charlotte Sartorius.

        The godfather is Karl Ferdinand, earl von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Schönstein, lord in Wildenburg, Schönstein and Werther, born on 12 October 1712, died in Bonn on 25 August 1766. He was the son of Wilhelm Franz Johann Adolf, baron von Hatzfeldt, lord in Wildenburg, Schönstein, Werther and Merten, and baroness, born Sophie Therese Philippine, baroness von Loe (cf. note 215). He made a brilliant career in the service of the prince-elector of Cologne. He usually lived in Bonn, the residence of the prince, or in Cologne. The godmother is Marie Sofie Charlotte Magdalene, baroness von Bettendorf, born in 1714, dead on 9 April 1753, whom he married in first marriage in 1741. (Jens Friedhoff, pp. 86, 87, 257, 369 and 584, https://www.familysearch.org/, 24 March 2014, and http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/ww-person.html, 24 March 2014).

[261] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Maria Anna [sic] Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 1 July 1749) in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener.

[262] : Copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Becker and Anna Maria Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 21 October 1772) in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener.

         It does not appear that this Franz Anton Becker was related to Maria Regina Weller, whose mother was Juliane Magdalene Becker (cf. note Erreur ! Signet non défini.) (e-mail of 12 September 2000 from Dr Ulrich Liebermeister, who is a descendant of these two Becker families).

[263] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Circle (Kreis in German) refers to an administrative district corresponding more or less to a French canton or arrondissement (Pierre Grappin, Grosswörterbuch deutsch-französich, Librairie Larousse, 1989, art. Kreis).

[264] : Minna Pansch, Erinerrungen an meine Eltern [Memories of my parents by Minna Pansch, granddaughter of Franz Anton Becker and Maria Anna Sartorius, available at http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/], and Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, descendant of Franz Anton Becker and Maria Anna Sartorius, 30 August 2000 and 12 September 2000.

[265] : Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 30 August 2000, and 12 September 2000.

        The sword of honour received by Franz Anton Becker is explained by the fact that he operated a forge that belonged to the prince-bishop, but also by the fact that his brother Ferdinand Becker was Domvikar of Paderborn cathedral. This Ferdinand Becker was a unique character who had a great impact on his nephew Karl Ferdinand and the latter's children, who write about him in their memoirs, even though they did not know him. In particular, he had a great influence on the last prince-bishop of Paderborn, whom he encouraged to carry out a thorough reform of education and to introduce German songs into the liturgy. From 1793 onwards, he came up against a new traditionalist prince-bishop. He found himself accused of heresy and imprisoned in 1798. He escaped in bizarre circumstances and sought to have his trial reviewed.  However, the arrival of the new Napoleonic order in Germany upset his plans. He died in 1814, without having achieved his aims (Heinz Knab, Zur Inquisitionsprozess Ferdinand Beckers 1798, available at http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 27 December 2017).

        Domvikare were priests who assisted the members of a cathedral chapter in their religious duties, without being part of the chapter itself (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Vikar, 28 March 2014).

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (see note 178), 2,150 Reichsthaler would represent 43 000 euros of 2018.

[266] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 30 August 2000 and 12 September 2000.

[267] : Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 12 September 2000.

[268] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Charlotte Franziska Josepha Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 2 October 1751) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

        The godmother is Marie Sophie Charlotte Magdalene, baroness von Bettendorf, wife of Karl Ferdinand, count von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Schönstein, already godmother of her sister Johanna Franziska Charlotte (cf. note 260Erreur ! Signet non défini.).

[269] : Copy the marriage certificate of Johann Mathias Theodor Joseph von Stockhausen and Charlotte Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 5 February 1775) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

         On the von Stockhausen family, cf. note 196.

[270] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[271] : Baptism certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius (Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz, church books of Friesenhagen, 11 January 1792).

[272] : Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., art. Hofrat, and Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. aulique.

[273] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Josef von Stockhausen's father, Wilhelm von Stockhausen (1701-1782), was a judge in Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden and his grandfather, Johann Diederich von Stockhausen (1658-1739) as well. His great-grandfather, Friedrich von Stockhausen (1633-1682) was treasurer [Landschatzmeister] of the prince bishop of Paderborn and judge in Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden. The latter's father, Friedrich von Stockhausen, who died before 1645, was secretary to the territorial bailiff [Sekretär des Landsdrosten] and judge in Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden, and his grandfather, Cyriacus von Stockhausen, who died before 1629, was already a judge in Olpe, Drolshagen and Wenden (Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, DGB 38, 1922, pp. 123-125).

[274] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Regierungspräsident literally means president of the government. The name refers to a high German civil service rank, which Pierre Grappin, op. cit., Regierung, translates as governor or prefect.

[275] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The electorate of Cologne had been cut in two by the annexation of the left bank of the Rhine by France in 1794. Its administration then moved to the right bank, the chapter [Domkapitel] to Arnsberg, the government [Regierung] to Recklinghausen and the court [Hofkammer] to Brilon. In Napoleon's political reorganisation of Germany (see note note 133), Westphalia passed to Hesse in 1803 and then to the new kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. In 1815, it became part of Prussia. This explains why Heinrich Amecke served successively the elector of Cologne, the grand duke of Hesse and the king of Prussia. What is not known is his attitude between 1807 and 1813. Did he refuse to serve Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia? Was he dismissed by him? Or, having served him, did he prefer to forget this episode afterwards?

        Max von Stockhausen, born in Koblenz in 1890 and died in Stockhausen bei Meschede in 1971, was the son of a general. In 1911 he began a career as a civil servant in the service of Prussia, as a referendary in the government of the district of Münster. He served as a reserve officer during World War I. From 1922 he worked in the Reich chancellery, successively as Assessor, Regierungsrat and Oberregierungsrat. In 1926 he joined the Centre Party (Zentrumpartei). In the same year he married Marie Antoinette von Papen, daughter of chancellor Franz von Papen. In 1933 he was appointed Regierungspräsident in Arnsberg. In 1935 he was placed on inactive status and in 1940 he was disbarred for refusing to join the National Socialist Party. He then retired to his property in Stockhausen (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Max von Stockhausen, 3 April 2014).

[276] : Copy of the death certificate of Regina Sartorius, born Weller (church books of Friesenhagen, 21 January 1754) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[277] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[278] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 968863, 15 July 1751 and 2 May 1755, and copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius and Maria Theresia Spätgen, born Lünenschloß (church books of Friesenhagen, 2 May 1755) in the archives of Marion Leihener. Despite this double registration, it is likely that the marriage was celebrated in Cologne, which offered more resources and where the bride's sisters lived. In addition, the officiant was a canon of St. Cunibert's in Cologne (see note 280).

        In this Latin marriage record, Maria Theresia Lünenschloß's first husband is called Henricus de Spätgen [Heinrich von Spätgen]. He was certainly a notable, because on the one hand he is described as a praenobilis and on the other hand the marriage, recorded in the registers of the parish of St. Cunibert in Cologne, was celebrated in sacello consecrato domestico aula Veteris Campis [in the private consecrated chapel of the palace of Vetus Campus [Latinisation of a place which could be the town of Xanten, on the Lower Rhine, whose Latin name was Vetera Castra [The Old Camps], unless it was a place in Cologne itself where, for example, a conventus Veteris Montis existed (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., p. 280)] (NRWPSAR, parish registers of St. Cunibert of Cologne, 15 July 1751).

        Otto Titan von Hefner, Stammbuch der blühenden und abgestorbenen Adels in Deutschland herausgegeben von einigen deutschen Adelleuten, vol. III, Georg Joseph Manz, Regensburg, 1865, p. 399, indicates a Spätgens family in Silesia, but originating from the Berg country, of which one member, the Oberamtrat Heinrich Gottfried Spätgen, born in Silesia on 22 February 1715, received a title of baron of the Bohemian kingdom.

[279] : Gerd Schlang, 19 October 2000.

        The origin of the family Lünenschloß or Leunenschloss, etc. (I have identified more than twenty-five variants of the name), dates back to 1356, when it is mentioned on the occasion of the acquisition of the lordship of Hardenberg by count Gerhard von Berg. It then appears under the name of Luneslo as holding in fief the farm of Unter-Lunes in Neviges. This village, 20 kilometres north-east of Düsseldorf, was under the control of the lord of Hardenberg, himself a vassal of the duke of Berg. In times of war, the owners of the fief of Unter-Lunes owed various services to the territorial lord [Grundherr], the count of Hardenberg. The summary genealogy of the Lünenschloß family is as follows:

         I- Jakob zu Lünissla, born in Neviges in 1522, was one of the owners of the Lunes farm. He was probably an influential adviser to Wilhelm von Bernsau, lord of Hardenberg, himself an adviser to the duke of Berg. He died in Neviges on 9 November 1579. In his first marriage he married Christina von Lohe, daughter of Petrus von Lohe, who was born in Mettmann, 14 kilometres east-north-east of Düsseldorf. He remarried twice more. Of which from the first marriage:

         II- Caspar a Lueneslos, born in Neviges around 1550, studied theology at the University of Cologne. In 1576, he was granted the vicariate of St. Margaret in Neviges and that of Antoniusheide (today Tönisheiden, 20 kilometres east-north-east of Düsseldorf) by the count of Hardenberg. Under the influence of the parish priest of Neviges, he turned to Protestantism and can be considered the founder of the Reformed community of Neviges. In 1580 he was appointed pastor of the church in Sonnborn (today's district of Wuppertal). He was one of the seven pastors and two laymen who held the first synod of the Reformed Church of the duchy of Berg in Neviges on 21 July 1589. He married Katharina Schwarz, born in Solingen, of whom:

         III- Johannes von Leuneslos, born in Sonnborn on 4 June 1583, pastor of Solingen from 1614 to 1656, died in Solingen on 21 March 1655. He married in Solingen on 2 February 1615 Maria Metzgin von Weyersberg, born in Solingen in 1598, died in Solingen on 15 [or 17] August 1673, of whom:

         IV- Abrahamus von Luneschloss, born in Solingen on 19 August 1629, died in Solingen on 6 November 1679. He married on August 11, 1671 Anna Melchers, daughter of Johann Melchers, born in 1643, died in Cologne on July 12, 1692, of which:

         V- Abrahamus Leunenschloss, born in Solingen on 4 May 1675, adviser, and secretary of war to the Elector Palatine [Kurpfälzischer Rat und Sekretär, seren. elect. palat. belli secretarius], died in Düsseldorf on 13 April 1740. He married Maria Christina Schmitz, daughter of August Schmitz, in Cologne on 7 October 1713, born on 22 February 1690 and died in 1772. He seems to have converted to Catholicism, perhaps under the influence of his wife, who was certainly Catholic (one of his close relatives, godfather to several of their children, Wilhelmus Chrysancthus Schmitz, was a canon [Wilfried Sartorius, 14 December 2003]). Politics may also have played a role in his conversion: when the very Protestant Simmern branch of the Bavarian ducal family died out in 1685, it was succeeded by a Catholic branch, that of Zweibrücken-Neuburg, in the Palatinate. From then on, to make a career in the public service of the duchy of Berg, one had to be Catholic, as access to jobs at the Duke's court and in his service was forbidden to Protestants (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Palatinat, Volkmar Wittmütz, Kleine Wuppertaler Stadtgeschichte, Verlag Friedrich Pustert, Regensburg, 2013, p. 43, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Kurpfalz, 8 February 2014). In any case, all thirteen children of Abraham Leunenschloss and Maria Christina Schmitz were baptized in the Catholic religion in the church of St. Lambert in Düsseldorf. Of which:

        VI- Praenobilis et honoratissima domina Maria Theresia Francisca de Lueneschloss, baptized in Düsseldorf on 5 October 1720, died on 27 January 1771. She married in first marriage in Cologne, parish of St. Cunibert, on 15 July 1751 the praenobilis dominus Henricus de Spaetgen, of Juliers, and in second marriage Franz Anton Sartorius.

         (Sources: NRWPSAR, parish registers of the parish of St. Cunibert in Cologne, Gerd Schlang, 19 October 2000, https://www.familysearch.org/, 5 April 2014, http://www.bbkl.de/, art. Luneslat (Lüneschloβ), Kaspar, 5 February 2015, and http://www.chez.com/chazelle/aoeaasc.htm, 5 April 2014).

[280] : Copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius and Maria Theresia Spätgen, born Linnenschloß.

[281] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[282] : Copy of Maria Clara Elisabeth Sartorius' baptism certificate (church books of Friesenhagen, 3 February 1758) in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener.

[283] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[284] : The Pape family is from Marpe where it is known from the 1420's (Anton Pape-Spieckermann, Genealogie und Geschichte der Familie Pape im südlichen Westfalen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, shaped by Robert J. Sasse, May 2005, available on http://www.rjsasse.de, 23 May 2014).

[285] : Copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Theodor Pape and Elisabeth Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 11 September 1779) in the archives of Marion Leihener and Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The Gograf was a judge who presided over the Gogericht. The name Gau or Go referred to groups of villages in the former Saxon territories between the Rhine and the Elbe. The Gograf was therefore literally the count of Go and the Gogericht the court of Go. The Landgoding was the assembly of the entire population der seinen eigenen Rauch hatte (which had its own herd). The institution of the Gogericht dates back to the Middle Ages. The Gograf said the law and presided over the panel of judges or aldermen (Schöffen) who pronounced the sentence. The Gogericht was a civil court of justice which had to deal with guardianships, but also with all kinds of disputes concerning property, inheritance, sales, etc. In criminal cases, the Gogericht dealt with threats with weapons, assault, kidnapping, rape, blood crimes and many other matters. He exercised his power harshly against murderers, thieves, heretics, witches and vagrants. The parties could only speak through a lawyer (Anwalt). The sentence usually consisted of fines: 2 to 4 marks for bodily injury, 5 marks for homicide. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Gograf, usually a burgher, was often no more than the executor, together with his Goknechten (Go's servants), of the administrator's decisions, when it was only a title (Haberkern and Wallach, Hilfswörterbuch für Historiker, Tübingen 1987, volume 1, p. 251, Bernd Schonlau, Bad Iburg, Weg und Gestalt einer historischen Stadt, edited by the Heimatbund Osnabrücker Land, 1984, Wilhelm Voß, Hof- und Familiengeschichte Funke, eine sauerländische Hof- und Sippengeschichte, Münster, 1944, edited by S. Tillmann, 2005, pp. 39-41, http://www.metelen.de/geschichte/gogericht.htm, 10 December 2006 [link expired, 23 May 2014], http://www.emstek.de/, 10 December 2006 [link expired, 23 May 2014], and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Gogericht, 23 May 2014).

[286] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[287] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Maria Anna Josepha Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 28 August 1762) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[288] : Copies of the baptism certificates of Johann Daniel Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 27 July 1786) and Adolph Ludwig Sartorius (ibid., 1 August 1790) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[289] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and https://www.familysearch.org/ batch number M 986489, 28 October 1807.

[290] : Private deed of 22 July 1802 (archives of Marion Leihener).

         If the estimate we have attempted (cf. note 182), 810 Thaler would represent 16 000 euros of 2018.

[291] : Jens Friedhoff, pp. 42, 460, 529, 558, 559, 575, 586 and 587, Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor and http://home.t-online.de/home/Sebastianus.Friesenhagen/kloster.htm, 23 November 2004 [link expired, 10 December 2006].

        In a very modern way, the Erbvereinigung dealt, among other things, with the education of children and included the obligation for the sons of the family to visit foreign countries and learn their language. Thus, the three famous brothers Melchior, Franz, and Hermann de Hatzfeldt (cf. note 210) spent three years in Lorraine, at the Jesuit university of Pont-à-Mousson, and in France, before continuing on to the renowned University of Siena in Italy, where they stayed for a year (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 529-530).

        The Latin expression cujus regio, ejus religio means: To such a country, such a religion. It was first used at the time of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, which attempted to restore religious peace in the Holy Roman empire. It meant that subjects had to practice the religion, Catholic or Lutheran, of their prince. After the Treaties of Westphalia, the application of this principle was fairly liberal, except for certain Catholic princes such as the Habsburgs (François Bluche, op. cit., art. cujus regio, ejus religio, pp. 439-440, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, article Augsbourg (paix d'), https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden, 21 décembre 2017, et https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Paix d'Augsbourg, 21 décembre 2017).

[292] : Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 156 and 157, brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, p. 4, Das Kirchspiel Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, and http://home.t-online.de/home/Sebastianus.Friesenhagen/kloster.htm, 23 November 2004 [link expired, 10 December 2006].

[293] : Das Kirchspiel Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, which describes in detail the overly complex religious status of the seigneurie of Wildenburg between 1556 and 1639.

[294] : http://home.t-online.de/home/Sebastianus.Friesenhagen/kloster.htm, 23 November 2004 [link expired, 10 December 2006].

         On the three brothers Franz, Hermann and Melchior von Hatzfeldt, cf. note 210.

[295] : Brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, pp. 3, 9, 10 and 12, and Das Kirchspiel Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor.

        Sebastian von Hatzfeldt-Crottorf-Gleichen (1654-1708), count of the Empire [Reichsgraf], was the son of Hermann von Hatzfeldt, one of the three famous Hatzfeldt brothers (see note 210). The countess of Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Weisweiler was Anna Maria Amelia Barbara von Rabant (1650-1726), wife of Adolf Alexander von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Weisweiler (1644-1721) (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 60-62, 116-117, and http://www.ww-person.com/, 27 May 2014).

        Monseigneur de La Margelle was Gottfried Ulrich de La Margelle et d'Eysden, born at Eysden castle in the principality of Liège in 1635, died at Gronsfeld castle in 1703. Ordained a priest in 1661, canon of Liège in 1668 and prior in Maastricht in 1682, he voted in favour of Joseph Clement of Bavaria at the time of the election of the bishop of Liège by the chapter in 1694. The latter, who was also archbishop of Cologne, appointed him as his coadjutor to the latter see. The Pope appointed him titular bishop of Nicopolis and coadjutor of Cologne on 3 December 1696 (art. Gottfried Ulrich de la Margelle and Josef Clemens von Bayern, 27 May 2014).

[296] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 201.

         If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 1 100 Thaler would represent 22 000 euros of 2018.

[297] : Genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[298] : Copy of the certificate of burial of Franz Anton Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 19 December 1780) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

         There is no trace of a tombstone in the church of St. Sebastian in Friesenhagen (see note 251).

[299] : Anton Pape-Spieckermann, op. cit., p. 226.

[300] : Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz, church books of the Catholic parish of Friesenhagen, 19 January 1757.

        The Latin text means: On 19 January was born and the same morning was baptized Georg Anton Franz Sartorius legitimate son of the praenobiles husband and wife lord Franz Anton Sartorius, satrape in lower Wildenburg, and Theresia, of Wildenburg. The godfather was the praenobilis lord Georg Anton Langenfeld, administrator of the Wildberg.

         On the qualification of praenobilis, cf. note 367.

[301] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, pp. 202 and 203.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 5 928 Thaler and 3 657 Thaler would respectively represent 120 000 and 70 000 euros of 2018.

[302] : Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt-Werther-Schönstein, born in Bonn on 23 November 1756, died in Vienna on 3 February 1827, was the son of Karl Ferdinand von Hatzfeldt, lord of Wildenburg, Schönstein and Werther (see note Erreur ! Signet non défini.) and his second wife, baroness Maria Anna Elisabeth von Venningen. In 1769 he entered the service of the Elector of Cologne as a captain in the von Kleist regiment, which he left in 1779 with the rank of Obristwachtmeister [major]. He then entered the service of the Elector of Mainz and rose to the rank of Generalmajor. In 1790, he took part in the suppression of the Liège revolution. When Mainz was taken by the French revolutionary armies, he was the first to speak out in favour of the city's surrender. In 1795 he entered the service of Prussia, which appointed him Generalleutnant [major general] in 1802 and made him prince of Trachenberg in 1803. When Napoleon's armies invaded Prussia in 1806, he was put in charge of public affairs in Berlin. From his marriage to countess Friederike von der Schulenburg-Kennert came, among other children, countess Sophie von Hatzfeldt, famous for her divorce from her husband and cousin Edmund von Hatzfeldt and her affair with the Jewish lawyer Ferdinand Lassalle (cf. note 210) (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit, pp. 24, 70, 87, 106, 120, 284, 302, 349, 363, 558, 560 and 580, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt, 27 January 2016).

[303] : P. Palmatius Säger (OFM), Die Residenz der Thüring. Franziskanerprov zu Friesenhagen, pp. 266 and 267, in Franziskanische Studien, volumes 52-53 (1970), Dietrich-Coelde Verlag.

[304] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The summary genealogy of the Capito family is as follows:

        I- Andreas Capito, burgher of Lauterbach, 50 kilometres east-north-east of Gießen an der Lahn (Land of Hesse), and physician, died in Lauterbach on 19 November 1647, father of:

        II- Paul Capito, baptised in Lauterbach on 26 January 1644. He settled in Kirchen (Sieg) around 1660 as a notary [Landschreiber]. He married Elisabeth Gertraud Utsch, daughter of Johannes Utsch, innkeeper, and alderman, in Freusburg, 3 kilometres north of Kirchen, on 7 November 1673. He died in Kirchen on 27 April 1711. He and his wife were the originators of the Capito family, which can still be found today in the Kirchen region. Among them are:

        III- Johann Andreas Capito, baptised in Freusburg in February 1686, died on 18 February 1755. He married in Kirchen on 25 October 1712 Anna Elisabeth Fischbach, daughter of Stephan Fischbach, from Daaden, a town near Siegen, of whom:

        IV- Johann Daniel Capito, born in Kirchen on 25 October 1731 and died in Kirchen on 12 December 1796. He married in Kirchen on 8 July 1755 Anna Elisabeth Reinschmidt, daughter of the late Johann Reinschmidt, from Struthütten, 8 kilometres east-south-east of Kirchen, of which:

        V- Wilhelmine Capito, born in Kirchen on 20 May 1762 and baptised in Kirchen on 23 May 1762.

        (Sources: EKiHN, parish registers of Lauterbach, 26 January 1644 and 19 November 1647, EKiR, Evangelische Archivstelle Boppard, KB 196/1, pp. 42, 317 and 330, KB 238/1, pp. 39, 137, 620, 633, 647, 720 and 747, and KB 238/5, p. 9, copies of the Freusburg Lutheran parish registers, 7 November 1673 and February 1686, and of the Kirchen Lutheran parish registers, 25 October 1712, 29 October 1731, 18 February 1755, 8 July 1755 and 23 May 1762 in letters of 1 July and 10 August 1998 from the retired pastor Hans Fritzsche, letter of 20 January 1999 from the Sächsiche Staatsarchiv Leipzig and the family book kept by Wilhelmine Capito in the archives of Marion Leihener).

[305] : Letter of 10 August 1998 from retired pastor Hans Fritzsche.

[306] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and EKiR, Evangelische Archivstelle Boppard, KB 238/1, p. 647.

        The Schultze or Schultheiß was elected by his community. He was at the head of the communal administration, which managed the communal property, organised the rotation of crops and the exploitation of forests. The community very often administered its own justice, at least when it did not concern crimes reserved for the lord's justice (Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 137 and 194). In the 17th and 18th centuries, the office increasingly corresponded to the current Bürgermeister [mayor] (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Schultheiß, 8 February 2016).

         http://www.nithart.com/schulthe.htm, 11 June 2014, gives the following details, valid in all rigour for Alsace, but certainly transposable to Germany: the Schultheiß [praefectus or praetor in Latin] represented the lord of a town or village. He was a sort of lordly mayor, without any powers of his own, a sort of trustee and administrator. He exercised civil jurisdiction over all the citizens of the town or village, except for the holders of offices directly under the lord or the bishop. According to the Histoire d'Alsace published by Philippe Dollinger, the Schultheiß was the village chief appointed by the lord. His role was to enforce the lord's rights and to preside over the village court. The latter, made up of jurors or aldermen appointed by the peasants, judged land issues. It often had the power of lower justice. The office of Schultheiß was not hereditary, but the lord could pass it on from father to son at his own discretion.

[307] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Two of Franz Theodor Wilhelm Pape's brothers, Johann Christoph Florenz (1747-1802) and Kaspar Josef Heinrich (1754-1812), had taken Holy orders at the Benedictine abbey of Grafschaft after studying at the university of Paderborn. The first became parish priest of Velmede (1780-1793) and then prior of Belecke, and the second parish priest of Warstein (1781-1812). The Pape family was also closely related to the Stockhausen family, notably through the marriage of Kaspar Theodor Georg Pape (first cousin of Franz Theodor Wilhelm, husband of Maria Clara Sartorius) with Klara Juliana Maria Baptista von Stockhausen and through that of Maria Josefa Antonetta Philippina Pape (sister of Kaspar Theodor Georg) with Franz Ferdinand Anton Xaver von Stockhausen (brother of Klara Juliana Maria Baptista) (Anton Pape-Spieckermann, op. cit., pp. 209, 219, 221 and 222).

[308] : The complete scholar that Wolfgang Fabricius Köpfel, known as Capito, waq, was born in Haguenau (Bas-Rhin) in 1478.  He was the son of a master blacksmith [Schmiedmeister] and town councillor [Ratsherr] of Haguenau. He studied humanities and medicine in Pforzheim, Baden, law in Ingolstadt and theology in Freiburg im Breisgau. In 1515, he became a preacher at Basel cathedral and professor of theology at the university. His Hebrew knowledge had made him appreciated by Erasmus, whose collaborator he had been. He also gained the friendship of another great reformer, Œcolampadius. The archbishop of Mainz wanted him at his court as preacher, secretary, and adviser. Capito ensured relations between the prelate and Luther, with whom he was in correspondence. He returned to Strasbourg in the spring of 1523 as prior of the chapter of St. Thomas to continue his studies. Zell, the introducer of the Reformation in Strasbourg, helped by one of Capito's protégés, the former Dominican Martin Butzer or Bucer, of Selestat, won him over to the new ideas. Zell, Bucer, Capito and Heyd, known as Hedion, Capito's pupil and later successor in Basel and Mainz, worked together to reform the city. Capito died of the plague in Strasbourg in 1541. He wrote a Hebrew grammar, a Life of John Oecolampadius and the Kinderbericht, the first reformed catechism published in Strasbourg (1527). He also published with Bucer a Confession of the Four Cities or Tetrapolitana (1530) (Emile G. Léonard, Histoire générale du protestantisme, 2nd revised edition, first volume, La Réformation, Presses universitaires de France, 1980, pp. 134, 148 to 150 and 159, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Capiton, and Nouveau dictionnaire historique ..., volume II, p. 426, art. Capiton, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wolfgang Capito, 9 February 2016, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Wolfgang Capiton, 9 February 2016).

        All these Reformed broke their vows of celibacy. Oecolampadius, although a priest, married a young girl whose beauty had touched him. Capito followed his example. His first wife [sic, in fact the second, for he was already a widower from a first marriage] was Oecolampadius' widow. The second wife was piqued by the beautiful spirit and even took it upon herself to preach when her husband was ill (Nouveau dictionnaire historique ..., ibid. and volume VII, p. 428, art. Œcolampade). This second wife of Capito, Wibrandis Rosenblatt, was a character. Born in Bad Säckingen in 1504, she was the daughter of a captain in the service of emperor Maximilian I. Weary of her husband's constant absences, Wibrandis' mother returned with her children to her native Basel. In 1524, Wibrandis married the Basel humanist Ludwig Keller, known as Cellarius, who left her a widow with a daughter two years later. In 1528 she married the famous Basel reformer Johannes Häuschen, known as Oecolampadius, who was 22 years older than her and to whom she bore three children. Widowed again in 1531, she then married Capito, himself the widower of Agnes Rontell. She settled in Strasbourg with her new husband and had five more children. Amid financial difficulties, she had to look after the household of a selfish, melancholic and insomniac husband, who welcomed not only their own children, but also those of Oecolampadius, visiting friends and the needy. At the end of 1541, the plague struck Strasbourg. Widowed for the third time, Wibrandis then married Bucer, whose real name was Kuhhorn, himself the widower of a former religious woman who had given him thirteen children, of whom only one physically and intellectually disabled son survived. She had two more children. While her husband travelled around Europe in search of impossible rapprochements between Catholics and Protestants and between the different Protestant churches themselves, she ran a household composed of the children of her last two marriages, her husband's son, her mother, an orphaned niece, and numerous guests, both needy and refugees. In 1549, faced with threats in Strasbourg, Bucer accepted the invitation of the English bishop Cranmer and moved to Cambridge. Wibrandis visited him twice, the second time to see him die. She returned to Strasbourg in 1551. In 1553 she returned to her old mother in Basel, where she died in 1564.

        Capiton does not seem to have had any children from his first marriage to Agnes Rontell, from a prominent Strasbourg family. However, he had five children by Wibrandis Rosenblatt, including a son, Hans Simon, born in 1537. The latter seems to have been a kind of bad subject. After studying theology in Basel, he enrolled at the jniversity of Marburg in 1556. In the last known letter to him, his mother complained that she had no news of him and lectured him. His family came to believe that he must have died in a fight or from illness (Maria Heinsius, Wibrandis Rosenblatt (1504-1564) : Die bewährte Pfarrersfrau in Das unüberwindliche Wort, Frauen der Reformation, Chr. Kaiser Verlag, Munich 1951, http://www.asn-ibk.ac.at/bildung/faecher/geschichte/maike/frauen/ren21.htm, 25 November 2004. Also see http://web.uscx.net/thanko/cow/bucer.htm, 15 April 1999 [link expired, 5 April 2003], http://www.bible.org/docs/history/schaff/vol7/schaf165.htm, 5 April 2003 [link expired, 25 November 2004], http://www.netbible.com/docs/history/schaff/vol7/schaf149.htm, 5 April 2003 [link expired, 25 November 2004], http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/03025d.htm, 11 June 2014, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wibrandis Rosenblatt, 9 February 2016).

        While his family was worried about him, Hans Simon, known in Germany as Capito, lived happily in Marburg, where he had to get married. It is probably his descendants who are found in the following century settled in Lauterbach, Hesse, 50 kilometres from Marburg, including Andreas Capito, a Lauterbach burgher and physician, mentioned in note 304, probably a grandson of Hans Simon (retired pastor Hans Fritzsche, 1 July and 10 August 1998, Martin Kipping, 1 November 2002, and http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/a/p/John-M-Capito-jr/tree1.html, 11 June 2014).

        Capiton or Capito is another example of a Latinisation of Köpfel, a diminutive of Kopf [head in German, caput, -itis in Latin]. As a declensional language, German has retained the nominative Capito, but also the genitive Capitonis, which is found in the oldest records. As French names are derived from the Latin accusative, the form Capiton, by apocope of a hypothetical Capitonem, has prevailed in our language.

[309] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., p. 239.

[310] : EKiR, Evangelische Archivstelle Boppard, KB 238/1, p. 647.

        The German text means: Monday 24 May, in the afternoon between 2 and 3 o'clock, I united in marriage the gentleman Franz Anton Sartorius, administrator of the counts of Hatzfeldt in Wildenburg, to Maria Wilhelmina Friderike Capito, eldest daughter of the gentleman trustee of this place, Johann Daniel Capito, of Kirchen, in the house of the father, with the authorisation of the higher authority, without prior publication of a ban, and on this occasion, I pronounced a sermon.

        On the form Capitoin, a German feminization of the name Capito, cf. note 100.

[311] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[312] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., p. 239.

[313] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[314] : Copy the baptism certificate of Anton Wilhelm Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 14 March 1785) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[315] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Johann Daniel Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 27 July 1786) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[316] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[317] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Maria Theresia Christina Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 1 November 1788) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[318] : Family book held by Wilhelmine Capito (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[319] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Joseph Anton Hermann Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen 30 September 1787) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

[320] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius (church books of Friesenhagen, 1 August 1790) in the archives of Marion Leihener.

         Although this certificate indicates that Adolph Ludwig was born on 31 July 1790, he himself insists in his family book on the fact that he was born on 26 July. He relies in particular on her the written testimony of his mother (archives of Marion Leihener).

[321] : Baptism certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius (Landeshauptarchiv Koblenz, church books of the Roman Catholic parish of Friesenhagen, 11 January 1792).

         The Latin text means: On 11 January Ferdinand Joseph legitimate son of the praenobilis lord Georg Anton Sartorius, satrap at the castle of Wildenburg, and the praenobilis lady satrapesse Wilhelmina, spouses, was baptized. Godfather and godmother Joseph de Stockhausen, aulic counsellor and judge in Olpe, and Elisabeth Quantal, wife of the merchant Daniel Quantal.

         On the name, Quantalin, a German feminization of the name Quantal, cf. note 100Erreur ! Signet non défini..

         About the qualification of praenobilis, cf. note 367.

[322] : Bourgeat and Dorvaux, op. cit., and http://nrw-geschichte.de/geschichte/nrwhist.htm, 27 June 2014.

[323] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Anton Wilhelm Sartorius.

        On Anton Wilhelm Lünenschloß, cf. note 356.

        On the term satrapa, cf. p. 70.

[324] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Johann Daniel Sartorius.

[325] : Baptism certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius.

[326] : Regina Capito, sister of Johann Daniel, married a Mr. Quantal, from Struthütten (Genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius in the archives of Mrs Marion Leihener). Daniel Quantal is probably their son.

[327] : Dillenburgische Intelligenz-Nachrichten des Jahres 1785, Dillenburg, volume XIII, XXXVI. Stück, 27 August 1785, column 589.

[328] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (see note 182), 3 000 Thaler would represent 60 000 euros in 2018. As a simple deposit, this gives an idea of the sums that the Sartorius could have raised as receivers of the counts of Hatzfeldt-Schönstein. As a reference, the annual silver revenue of the neighbouring lordship of Crottorf was about 2 000 Thaler at the end of the 17th century. It is true that this was supplemented by substantial income in kind. The annual salary of the principal officers of the Hatzfeldt family was around 100 Thaler, also supplemented by substantial benefits in kind (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 226, 238, 239 and 515).

[329] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203.

        The Histoire des pays tchèques edited by Pavel Bĕlina, Petr Čornej and Jiří Pokorný, translated from the Czech by Miroslav Prada and Marie-Jeannine Salé, Editions du Seuil, 1995, p. 265, indicates that a Directorium in publicis et cameralibus was created in 1749 for Austria and Bohemia, translated into French as Directoire pour l'administration politique et financière [Directorate for political and financial administration]. Cameralis should therefore be understood in the sense of general administration as opposed to publicus, which would cover politics in the classical sense.

[330] : Family book held by Wilhelmine Capito (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[331] : Site visit on 11 August 1998.

[332] : Article [without date] of the Siegener Zeitung in letter of 14 December 1998 from retired pastor Hans Fritzsche.

[333] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, and Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 203, and EKiR, Evangelische Archivstelle Boppard, KB 238/5, p. 9.

[334] : Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp (vital records of Barmen, Wuppertal, 25 March 1819).

[335] : It is in the marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp that Georg Anton Franz Sartorius, then deceased, is called Oekonom.

         The equivalence of the terms Oekonom and Ackersmann or Landwirt (farmer) is attested by several certificates concerning the Prinzen family (cf. note 423), in a letter of 7 March 1997 from Mr Hans Sartorius and by http://de.wiktionary.org/, art. Ökonom, 19 September 2014, which gives the vieillis meaning of owner of a farm or administrator [Verwalter].

[336] : Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 257 to 259, et Alfred Fierro, André Palluel-Guillard et Jean Tulard, Histoire et dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire, Robert Laffont, 1995, p. 534.

[337] : Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard and Alfred Fierro, Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française 1789-1799, Robert Laffont, 1987, p. 516.

[338] : Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 22, 25 and 67.

[339] : Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 260 to 262, Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 436 to 440 and 443, and Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Saint Empire romain germanique, pp. 1503 to 1506.

         Articles 13 to 25 of the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine, which came into force on 12 July 1806, described in detail the exchange of territories between the member states and the annexations they made at the expense of the princes and counts who did not join and who were called mediatized. The latter included the count of Hatzfeldt (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Rheinbundakte et Mediatisierung, 29 September 2014. Cf. also note 133).

[340] : Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., p. 71, Friesenhagen im Wildenburger Land, eine Gemeinde stellt sich vor, P. Stephan Steifen, Durch 2 000 Jahre, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Groβherzogtum Berg and Wildenburger Land, 29 September 2014.

[341] : Brochure St Sebastianus Wildenburger Land, pp. 25 and 26.

        Between 1986 and 1988 the Hatzfeldt administration undertook the consolidation and restoration of the remains of Wildenburg castle. The work concerned the lower porch [Torborgen], the surrounding wall, the former castle chapel, vaults, the cellar staircase, the two-storey armoury [Säbelschmiede], the guardhouse, as well as the large vault and the walls of the former stable facing the valley (http://www.ich-geh-wandern.de/burg-wildenburg-wildenburger-land, 1 October 2014).

        On the Silesian possessions of the house of Hatzfeldt, see note 210. The branch of the counts of Gleichen and lords of Trachenberg died out in 1794. The Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Schönstein inherited their property and turned to Silesia (Jens Friedhoff, op. cit., pp. 69 to 73).

[342] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[343] : Letter of 28 August 1996 from Bistumsarchiv Trier.

[344] : Archiv Siegblätter, Als die Kosaken in Schönstein lagen, in Wissener Heimatbuch.

[345] : The books of the Catholic parish Sankt Michael of Kirchen (Sieg) record the burial on 24 February 1819 of an Antonius Sartorius who died the day before at the age of 64, without further detail. However, the marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius specifies that his father died in Kirchen. This is corroborated by the family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener). Cf. also the comment at annex 8.

[346] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[347] : Joseph Rovan, op. cit., p. 16.

[348] : Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Saint Empire romain germanique, pp. 1503 to 1506.

[349] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[350] : Joseph Rovan, op. cit., p. 193.

        On middle and lower justice, cf. note 209.

[351] : Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 30 August 2000.

[352] : Georges Duby and Armand Wallon (under the direction of), Histoire de la France rurale, volume 2, L'âge classique des paysans, 1340-1789, volume led by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Editions du Seuil, 1975, pp. 132 to 137, Pierre Goubert, op. cit., pp. 42 to 44, 154, 155 and 228 to 230, and Jean-Marc Moriceau, op. cit., pp. 118 to 124.

[353] : Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 30 August 2000.

[354] : A message of 1 April 2003 by Detlef Hahne on the de.sci.genealogy and soc.genealogy.german forums gives as equivalent to the Latin satrapa the German term Statthalter, which Pierre Grapin, op. cit., Statthalter, translates as gouverneur [governor], and which Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., Statthalter, defines as an official representing the head of state or the government in a province.

[355] : Georges Duby and Armand Wallon, op. cit., volume 2, pp. 288 and 289, François Furet and Denis Richet, La Révolution française, Hachette and Société d'Etudes et de Publications Economiques, 1965, and Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1973, pp. 40 and 41, and Jean-Marc Moriceau, op. cit., pp. 156 to 160.

[356] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        Wilhelm Anton Lünenschloß (1715-1796) was the brother of Theresia Lünenschloß, wife of Franz Anton Sartorius. He was an important person. He lived in Düren, one of the four large towns in the duchy of Jülich, which lies between the bishopric of Cologne and the Dutch border. From 1755 to 1764 he was administrator of the bailiwick of Nörvenich [Vogtverwalter im Amtes Nörvenich], a town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, 10 kilometres west of Düren. Since 1752 he was also Wehrmeister in the duchy of Jülich [Jülichscher Wehrmeister]. The Wehrmeisterei was a forest region of the duchy of Jülich, about 300 square kilometres in size, situated between Düren and Aachen. It was bounded by the towns of Jüngersdorf, Derichsweiler, Kreuzau, Bergstein, Vossenack, Roter Wehe, Wehe and Langerwehe. The administrator [Verwalter] of this territory was called Wehrmeister, although this did not imply any defence responsibility. The Wehrmeister had full powers of administrator [Amtmann] in the Wehrmeisterei, Vicht (Stolberg), Zweifall (Stolberg), Hürtgen and Nörvenich. The Wehrmeister was supported by 12 hereditary foresters [Erbförster], whose position was linked to the possession of a forest house [Forsthof]. The hereditary foresters and their servants [Forstknechte] joined the Wehrmeister when he carried out one of his control missions (Lothar Müller-Westphal, Wappen und Genealogien Dürener Familien, Hausmarken, Wappen, Notarzeichen und biografischen Daten von 7 000 Personen aus acht Jahrhunderten, Düren 1989, pp. 563 and 945, http://www.wehrmeister.de/wehrmeis/index.html, 31 January 2005 [link expired, 31 October 2014] and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wehrmeisterei, 31 October 2014).

[357] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[358] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Joseph Anton Hermann Sartorius.

        Freusberg, or rather Frausburg, is a part of Kirchen (Sieg), 4 kilometres north of Kirchen. A castle was built here around 1100. The lordship of Freusburg, which was a fief of the electorate of Trier, had belonged to the house of Ansbach-Brandenburg since 1741 (Prof. Dr. K. Fuchs, Die Freusburg, in Jahrbuch 1976 des Kreisheimat-Verein Altenkirchen-Westerwald, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Burg Freusburg and Freusburg, 10 January 2018).

[359] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Joseph Anton Hermann Sartorius.

        Grobach could not be located.

[360] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

        The Latin saltus designates a region of wood. On the juges gruyers, see Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. gruyer and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. gruyer, 10 February 2016.

[361] : Otto Ritgen, Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius.

[362] : Baptism certificate of Georg Anton Franz Sartorius.

[363] : Copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Becker and Anna Maria Sartorius.

[364] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Johanna Franziska Charlotte Sartorius.

[365] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Charlotte Franziska Josepha Sartorius.

[366] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Maria Anna Sartorius and copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Becker and Anna Maria Sartorius.

[367] : Copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Anton Sartorius and Theresia Lünenschloβ; and copy of the marriage certificate of Franz Theodor Pape and Elisabeth Sartorius.

        The qualification of praenobilis is also found in Belgium in the 18th century. A baptism record at Waret-la-Chaussée on 18 July 1757 cited in Eric Berger, Une branche de la famille Doucet à Wansin [Le Parchemin, n° 296, March-April 1995, p. 85], mentions Praenobilis Dominus Charles Vincent Legros and Praenobilis Domicella Jeanne Françoise Legros de Marche. Baptismal certificates in Antwerp (Saint Jacques) on 18 November 1740 and 2 January 1753 quoted in Georges Englebert, Une famille anversoise émigrée en Autriche : les Wouwermans [Le Parchemin, n° 301, January-February 1996, p. 39] mention Praenobilis Dominus Jacques-Joseph Wouwermans, Praenobilis domina Dorothée Pelgrom, Praenob. Wenceslas Pelgrom and Praenob. Pétronille Van Costenoble, widow of Praenob. Pierre-Jacques Wouwermans. The latter author adds, with regard to this family: no trace of ennoblement has been found, either in the collections of the A[nnuaire de la] N[oblesse] B[elge] or the E[tat] P[resent de la] N[oblesse belge], or in the Armorial de la Noblesse belge, 1992, by Paul Janssens and Luc Duerloo. However, it is noted that many members of this family have been attributed noble qualifications in the parish registers. Similarly, Alfred Lamarche, Les alliances Van der Heyden a Hauzeur-Lesoinne 1818 et 1831 [Le Parchemin, recueil XXX, 1980, p. 44], mentions two letters in Latin addressed from Duisburg in 1750 and 1765 respectively by the renowned German Doctor Seidenfrost to Thomas Lesoinne, beginning with Praenobilissimo atque Celebrissimo viro T. Le Soinnes, M.D. Salutem optat J.G. Seidenfrost.

        According to Hans Sartorius, 7 March 1997, the mark praenobilis - word for word very important [sehr bedeutend] - must express recognition. In Germany the word hochwohlgeboren [of very high birth] was often added to the name; for example, the address was written: Herrn X... hochwohlgeboren or Herrn hochwohlgeboren X... On this last point, see note Erreur ! Signet non défini..

        An extract from the baptismal certificate of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius from 1826 (archives of Mrs. Marion Leihener), which is the German translation of the Latin original, provides the equivalence praenobilis = sehr berühmt [very famous].

[368] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Joseph Anton Hermann Sartorius.

[369] : Copy of the baptism certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius.

[370] : After starting out in journalism, the poet Jules Laforgue (Montevideo 1860 - Paris 1887) had been from 1881 to 1886 a reader of the empress Augusta, wife of the emperor William I (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, article Laforgue (Jules) and table Hohenzollern, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Jules Laforgue, 10 February 2016).

[371] : Quoted in Pierre Bertaux, La vie quotidienne en Allemagne au temps de Guillaume II en 1900, Librairie Hachette, 1962, p. 52.

         It is amusing that Jules Laforgue refers, like Hans Sartorius, to the term hochwohlgeborene (cf. note 367).

[372] : Großherzoglich-Hessisches Regierungsblatt auf das Jahr 1820, Darmstadt, Verlag der Großherzoglichen Invaliden-Anstalt, p. 557.

[373] : Georg Ludwig Hartig, Allgemeines Forst- und Jagd-Archiv, eine Fortsetzung des Forst- und Jagd-Archivs von und für Preußen, volume 6, Gotta'sche Buchhandlung, Stuttgart et Tübingen, 1822, pp. 243 à 245.

         the Common raven, in German Kolkrabe, is the corvus corax (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Kolkrabe, 23 December 2017, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Grand Corbeau, 23 December 2017).

         Le Königsberg dont il s'agit est Königsberg (Biebertal), entre Gießen et Gladenbach.

[374] : G. W., baron von Wedekind, Neue Jahrbücher der Forstkunde, volume 4, Florian Kupferberg, Mayence, 1828, p. 196,  Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, n° 5, 11 janvier 1838, Jahrbüchlein zur Belehrung, Erheiterung und Gedächtniβhülfe, zunächst den Bewohnern des Groβherzogthums Hessen dargereicht, Erster Jahrgang, 1840, Druck und Verlag von Ludwig Pabst und Ernst Bekker. Darmstadt, 1840, p. 283, Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Groβherzogthums Hessen für das Jahr 1841, Darmstadt, Verlag der Invaliden-Anstalt, Darmstadt, 1841, p. 397, et Karl Friedrich Baur, Forststatistik der deutschen Bundesstaaten, première partie, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1842, p. 268.

[375] : G.W., baron von Wedekind, Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, nouvelle série, volume 13, J. D. Sauerländer's Verlag, Francfort-sur-le-Main, 1847, pp. 152 à 154.

[376] : Groβherzoglich Hessiches Regierungsblatt auf das Jahr 1848, Darmstadt, Verlag der Großherzoglichen Invaliden-Anstalt, p. 384.

[377] : Handwritten note by Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener). In his note Zur alteren Geschichte der Familie Sartorius, Otto Ritgen gives as death date the 16 December 1854.

[378] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 959492, 4 octobre 1843, et M 959493, 18 février 18944, et http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/, WorldConnect, ovenbird, 25 November 2014.

[379] : https://www.familysearch.org/, New York passenger lists, 1820-1891 (Adolf Sartorius et Adolph Sartorius), United States Germans to America index, 1850-1897 (Adolf Sartorius), et United States registers of enlistments in the U.S. Army, 1798-1914 (Adolphus Sartorius).

         The Allegheny Arsenal was established in Pittsburgh in 1814 as a munitions factory, primarily for cartridges, for the U.S/ Army. It employed nearly 1 100 people on the eve of the Civil War. It was destroyed by an explosion in 1862 (https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Allegheny arsenal, 24 décembre 2017).

[380] : https://www.familysearch.org/, United States census, 1860 (Adolphus Satorius).

          The grandson by his mother of a Hessian diplomat who emigrated to Pennsylvania during the Napoleonic Wars, William Alfred Passavant (1821-1894) became a Lutheran minister. He is best known for bringing the Lutheran deaconess movement to the United States. He was particularly interested in social problems, including the reception of German and Scandinavian immigrants. He founded many hospitals, including one in Pittsburgh, the Pittsburgh infirmary in 1849 with the help of four German deaconesses (https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. William Passavant, 24 December 2017, https://www.afpwpa.org/, 24 December 2017, and http://www.flcpittsburgh.org/, 24 December 2017).

[381] : https://www.familysearch.org/, United States civil war soldiers index, 1861-1865 (Adolphus Sartorius), United States Germans to America index, 1850-1897 (Adolf Sartorius), et United States registers of enlistments in the U.S. Army, 1798-1914 (Adolphus Sartonies, Adolphus Sartonius et Adolphus Sartorius, 20 et 21 octobre 1861).

         The Civil War lasted from 12 April 1861 to 9 April 1865. The Ordnance Corps was responsible for supplying the Union Army with arms, ammunition and supplies (https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. American civil war andt Ordnance Corps (United States Army), 24 December 2017, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Corps de l'ordonnance (United States Army) et Guerre de sécession, 24 December 2017).

[382] : Draft apprenticeship contract of 10 February 1807 (archives of Marion Leihener). See copy of the original at annex 6.

[383] : Martin Kipping, 1 November 2002.

[384] : http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Jung Wilhelm, 29 November 2014,  and https://kirchener-heimatverein.de/persoenlichkeiten/, 15 novembre 2020.

         Friedrich August Jung was the son-in-law of Johann Carl Wuppermann (1741-1810), who had made his fortune in the ribbon and Barmen's articles [Barmer Artikel] trade and whose business he continued successfully (http://barmen-200-jahre.de/index.php/home/item/96-wuppermann, 3 December 2014).

        The great man of the Jung family was Wilhelm (1800-1867), son of Lorenz. A little younger than Adolph Sartorius, he followed an identical course of study. After studying at a public school in Kirchen, he went to work in Elberfeld in the house of his uncle Friedrich August, whose daughter Sophie he married. He returned to Kirchen where he expanded and modernised the family business (ibid.).

[385] : Ida Bull, Merchant households and their networks inthe eighteenth century Trondheim, in Continuity and change, 17, n° 2 (2002), p. 223.

[386] : Draft apprenticeship contract of 10 February 1807.

[387] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[388] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, 1 200 Jahre Barmen, die Stadtgeschichte, Edition Köndgen, Wuppertal, 2009, pp. 32 to 35 and 149 to 151, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Barmen, Berg and Wuppertal, Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., Verlag Friedrich Pustert, 2013, pp. 14, 15 und 129 to 131, and CD ROM Encyclopedia Universalis, 1997, art. Berg.

[389] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op; cit., pp. 42 to 44, Johann F. Knapp, Geschichte, Statistik und Topographie der Städte Elberfeld und Barmen im Wupperthale; mit Bezugnahme auf die Stadt Solingen und einige Städte des Kreises Lennep, Wilh. Langewiesche, Iserlohn and Barmen, 1835, p. 232, Wilhelm Langewiesche, in association with G. Siebel, G. Goutelle, G. K. Hötte and G. Röls, Elberfeld und Barmen, Beschreibung und Geschichte dieser Doppelstadt nebst besonderer Darstellung ihrer Industrie, einem Ueberblick der Bergischen Landesgeschichte, Barmen, 1863, p. 264, V. P. Sonderland, Die Geschichte von Barmen im Wupperthale nach der Zeitfolge der merkwürdigen Ereignisse, welche sich in Barmen von den früheren Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1821 eingetragen haben, Heinrich Büchler, Elberfeld, 1821, pp. 23 and 24, Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 19 and 20, and http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 5 December 2014.

[390] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., pp. 65 and 152, Jean Bruhat, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, essai biographique, Le Club Français du Livre, 1971, pp. 23 to 25, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Wuppertal., and Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, Albin Michel 1982, pp. 108, 109, 126, 128, 201 and 248.

[391] : Joseph Rovan, op. cit., p. 465, and Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard and Alfred Fierro, op. cit., p. 446.

[392] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., p. 77, Alfred Fierro, André Palluel-Guillard and Jean Tulard, op. cit., p. 534, Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., pp. 17 to 20, Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., pp. 261 to 265, V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 171, 172 and 180, Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, pp. 82, 181, 277 and 314, Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Berg, p. 196 to 200, and Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 65 and 66.

[393] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., pp. 65, 152 and 161, Jean Bruhat, op. cit., pp. 23 to 25, Jean-Paul Bled, Histoire de la Prusse, p. 286, Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., pp. 78 and 81, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Wuppertal, Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., pp. 20, 21 and 38 to 40, Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., pp. 122, 123 and 131, V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 181 to 188, Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, pp. 108, 109, 126, 128, 201 and 248, Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard and Alfred Fierro, op. cit., p. 446, and Volkmar Wittmütz, op; cit., pp. 66 and 67.

[394] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., pp. 81 to 84, Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., pp. 132, 133 and 206, V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 184 to 188, Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Berg, pp. 196 to 200, and Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 68 and 69.

[395] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., pp. 77 and 84 to 87, Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., pp. 24 to 26, 76, 77, 145 and 187, Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., pp. 124, 133, 206 and 250, V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 188 to 199, et Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 69 and 70, and http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 11 December 2014.

        881 173 gold francs of 1813 amount to 5 to 6 million euros of 2016. Recall that the population of Barmen did not exceed then 20 000 (V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., p. 9).

[396] : Family book held by Wilhelmine Capito.

[397] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Landwehr (Militär), 11 December 2014.

[398] : Jean Bruhat, op. cit., pp. 23 à 25, Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. blocus continental, Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., pp. 76, 77 et 145, Wilhelm Langewiesche et al., op. cit., pp. 124 et 125, V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 197 à 199, Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, pp. 82, 108, 109, 126, 128, 181, 201, 248, 277 et 314, et Jean Tulard, Dictionnaire Napoléon, art. Berg, pp. 196 à 200, et Confédération du Rhin, pp. 457 à 462, Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard et Alfred Fierro, op. cit., p. 446, et Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., p. 70.

[399] : Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro and al., op. cit., pp. 209 to 212, 214 and 218, Jean Bruhat, op. cit., pp. 23 to 25, 31 to 33 and 36 to 38, H. F. Peters, Jenny la Rouge, Madame Karl Marx, née baronne von Westphalen, translated from German by Léa Marcou, Mercure de France, 1986, pp. 79, 106, 108, 118 and 119, and Jean Tulard, Le Grand Empire, pp. 108, 109, 126, 128, 201 and 248, and Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., p. 70.

        On the uprisings of 1848 and 1849, cf. infra.

[400] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

        Johann Salomon Gauhé der Ältere was born in Kleve in 1778 and died in Barmen in 1851. He was a Lutheran and was a ribbon merchant and owner of a dye works [Garnhändler, Färbereibesitzer] on Berliner Straße in Barmen. In 1805 he married Anna Elisabeth Hösterey, who was born in Barmen in 1784. She was the daughter of Johann Peter Hösterey, born in Schwelm in 1751, died in Barmen in 1835, owner of a dye works [Färbereibesitzer], Mühlenweg in Barmen, and Anna Elisabeth Scharpenberg (http://www.zeitlebenszeiten.de/, 12 December 2014).

        Barmen was only established as a municipality in 1808, during the French occupation. At that time, it was not a town in the strict sense of the word, but a collection of localities: Gemarke, Wichlinghausen, Rittershausen, Heckinghausen and Wupperfeld. Wupperfeld had developed from 1780 onwards around an Evangelical church built in the Wupper valley and in 1821 had more than a hundred houses and 1 600 inhabitants (see P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 6 and 7, and Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., p. 184). The name Wupperfeld [word for field of the Wupper] is sufficient to express the proximity of the river of this name. Lange could not be precisely located (http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 12 December 2014, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Oberbarmen, 12 December 2014).

        In 1821, Barmen had 50 dyeing factories (V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., p. 11).

        Turkey red is a cheap cotton fabric, usually red in colour, called Andrinople red or Turkey red [the German word for andrinople is actually türkisch rot] (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. andrinople, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Türkischrotfärbung, 11 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Edirne, 11 January 2018).

[401] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., pp. 88 et 89.

[402] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[403] : While staying in July 1985 at the Alfa hotel, Hirnstrasse in Munich, I was surprised to discover on the wall of my room a reproduction of an old engraving with this single caption Barmen. The following description is based on it. Although there was no indication of the date, one can assume that it corresponded to the end of the 18th or the very beginning of the 19th century. However, the attribution of the building to Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius, whose presence is undoubtedly linked to a textile activity, is obviously only an assumption on my part.

[404] : Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., p. 276, and V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., p. 9.

[405] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op; cit., p. 60, http://www.kultura-extra.de/kunst/portrait/tuerkisch.html, 19 December 2014, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Türkisch Rotgarn, 24 December 2014.

[406] : Wilhelm Langewiesche and al., op. cit., p. 273.

[407] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

         If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 13 500, 3 794 and 7 150 Thaler would respectively represent 270 000, 75 000 and 140 000 euros of 2018.

[408] : Theodor Striethorst, Archiv für Rechtsfälle die zur Entscheidungen des königlichen Ober-tribunals gelangt sind, new follow-up, fourth year, first volume, J. Guttentag, Berlin, 1861, pp. 270 to 273.

[409] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

         If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 39 953 and 35 113 Thaler would respectively represent 2016.

[410] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., pp. 15 to 17.

[411] : Marriage certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius and Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 25 March 1819.

         In der Bridden corresponds to the current Bredde street in Oberbarmen (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Bredde (Barmen), 20 January 2015).

[412] : The summary genealogy of the Heidkamp (or Heydkamp) family is as follows:

        I- Joannes Heidkamp married Barbara Winckel [or Winckels] in Derendorf, in the western suburbs of Düsseldorf, on 21 May 1714, of whom:

        II- Wilhelmus Petrus Heidkamp, baptised in Derendorf on 6 August 1719, married in Derendorf on 7 July 1740 Maria Catharina Burggartz, of whom:

        III- Michael Anton Heidkamp, born in Derendorf on 21 February 1749, gardener, died in Ratingen, northern suburb of Düsseldorf between 1793 and 1819. He married in Derendorf on 18 November 1774 Maria Francisca Heck, daughter of Johannes Heck and Maria Catharina Frantzen, of whom:

        IV- Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, born in Ratingen on 2 September 1793, died in Kleve on 21 October 1862.

        (Sources: Ratingen municipal archives, church books of the Roman Catholic parish, 2 September 1793, Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 25 March 1819, Kleve vital records, 21 October 1862, letter of 20 May 2001 from Wilfried Sartorius and https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 942691, C 942701, M 942701, M 942712, C 988291, J 988292, K 988292 et M 988293).

[413] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., p. 38.

[414] : Birth certificate of Adolph Sartorius, Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 24 December 1819.

        When, during the Thirty Years' War, the Swedish troops took up their winter quarters in Barmen in 1634, judge Esgen, in agreement with the aldermen, decided to divide his jurisdiction into twelve Rotten [literally troops], each under the authority of a Rottmeister, to better coordinate the settlement of the Swedes and to distribute the burden fairly. This division, modified over time, remained. The Scheurer Rotte was thus combined with others in the Gemarker Rotte. To the west of Wupperfeld, Gemarke had 20 streets, 700 houses and 8 400 inhabitants. There was a Catholic church. The name Scheuren came from the name of a former farm (see P. Sonderland, op. cit., pp. 6, 7, 43 and 44, Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., p. 35, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Barmen and Scheuren (Wuppertal), 11 February 2016).

[415] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 8 December 1820.

[416] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 4 April 1822.

        Mentioned as a merchant in Barmen in the marriage certificate of his brother Adolph in 1844, he is probably the Robert Sartorius, from Barmen, who became agent of the Feuer-Versicherungs-Anstalt "Borussia" in Düsseldorf on 26 August 1853 and of the Azienda Assicuratrice in Trieste on 19 May 1855 (Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1853, n° 49, p. 492, and Jahrgang 1855, n° 33, p. 315). However, according to Wilfried Sartorius, he would have emigrated in 1846 to Leipzig (Barmen was then a part of the kingdom of Prussia and Leipzig of the kingdom of Saxony), where he would have founded a line (Wilfried Sartorius, 4 January 2003).

[417] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 20 October 1823.

[418] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 17 January 1825.

[419] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 7 June 1826.

[420] : A 23-year-old Dieter Emil Sartorius, domiciled in Barmen, is cited as a witness in the birth certificate of Helene Ferdinandine Sartorius, daughter of Adolph Sartorius (Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 16 July 1851).

[421] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 968138, 11 June 1864.

[422] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 1 October 1846.

        Mönchengladbach, a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, district capital of Düsseldorf, 23 kilometres west-southwest of Düsseldorf, in the Cologne basin, 255,430 inhabitants in 2013, owed its development from the 19th to the mid-20th century to the textile industry: cotton, wool, man-made fibres, spinning, weaving and finishing, dyeing, clothing, knitting, iron foundries, rolling mills, mechanical engineering (textile machinery) (Grand Larousse encyclopédique in dix volumes, art. Mönchengladbach, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Mönchengladbach, 20 January 2015).

        In view of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius's remark about the business relationships he and his brother had with manufacturers in Rheydt, Gladbach and Kaldenkirchen (cf. note 409), it is likely that the Drissen family was one of them.

        Johann Peter Drissen and Ferdinandine Sartorius had nine children, all born in Liège. Curiously, while one might have thought that Johann Peter Drissen's activity, like that of the rest of his family, was in textiles, we see him as an arms manufacturer in Liège between 1854 and 1871 (AGR, 17418/0_0371, view 492, 17426/0_0317, view 350, 17430/0_0468, view 564, and 17497/0_0005, views 92 and 93). He then seems to have handed over to his eldest sons, Alfred, holder of a patent for a central percussion revolver with extractor (23 September 1873) and Ferdinand, owner of a firearms factory in Liège, whose activities were taken over in 1900 by Bernard E. et Cie (http://www.littlegun.be/, 6 February 2018).

        Two other sons, Eugène and Charles, respectively non-commissioned officer in the grenadiers and merchant in Saint Petersburg and Belgian arquebusier, appear at the wedding of their brother Ferdinand in 1871 (AGR, 17497/0_0005, view 92, and Le Voleur illustré : cabinet de lecture universel, 6 April 1877).

        As for the youngest, Oscar, born on 8 February 1854, he seems to have been a bad subject. He settled in Paris. In August 1878, he founded a wholesale and semi-wholesale salting business in rue de Provence. A beer entrepreneur, rue des Martyrs, he went bankrupt in June 1881. A factory agent, he married a milliner, Clarisse Angéline Buferne, at the town hall of the 18th arrondissement on 28 August 1895, with whom he lived as a cohabitant and from whom he had had a daughter fifteen years earlier. He ran a general grocery shop on boulevard Diderot and went bankrupt again in March 1925 (Archives de Paris, V4E 3671, act no. 1123, V4E 3784, act n°. 4278, and V4E 10348, act n°. 1408, AD Yonne, 5Mi 669/3, view 29, Archives commerciales de la France, 18 August 1878, Le Petit Bulletin des Tribunaux, 30 June 1881, and L'Homme libre : journal quotidien du matin, 9 March 1925).

        The family was completed by four daughters, three of whom were married to Germans, all of whom returned to Germany (AGR, 17497/0_0005, view 93, https://www.findagrave.com/, Mathilde Drissen, 9 May 2015, and https://www.familysearch.org/, family tree, L6RB-VVW and L8T2-J87).

[423] : Marriage certificate of Adolph Sartorius and Maria Rosalia Drissen (Rheydt, Mönchengladbach, vital records, 22 May 1844).

        The summary genealogy of the Drissen family is as follows:

         I- Joes Driessen, married Anna Foosen, of whom:

         II- Matthaüs, known as Tivus, Driesen [or Driessen], born in Gladbach on February 28, 1749, cited on November 12, 1817, was a bursar and died in Pungs [now Pongs] bei Rheydt, a locality in the western suburbs of Rheydt. He had married Catharina Lambertz, daughter of Michael Lambertz and Anna Meer, in Rheydt on 11 August 1772, and was baptised in Rheydt on 22 February 1757.

         III- Johann Peter Drissen [or Driessen], baptized in Rheydt on July 31, 1782, died in Honnef (today Bad Honnef am Rhein) on February 26, 1875. He was a manufacturer, probably of textiles, judging from the industries of Mönchengladbach (see. note 422Erreur ! Signet non défini.). Textiles could also be the reason for the connection between the two families Sartorius and Drissen (see. notes 409 and 422). Peter Drissen is also mentioned as owner and member of the factory council in Rheydt. He had married Anna Christina Prinzen in Liedberg (now Korschenbroich) on 12 November 1817, who was born in Glehn (now Korschenbroich) on 9 February 1790 and died in Honnef on 20 October 1875. She was the daughter of Peter Prinzen, born around 1760, Oekonom, and Maria Catharina Flisgen [or Flisges], born in Steinforth (today Korschenbroich) around 1753 and died in Liedberg on 27 March 1826.

         IV- Maria Rosalie Drissen, born in Rheydt on 2 February 1822 and died in Honnef on 17 January 1910.

         (Sources: NRWPSAR, Rheydt parish registers, 22 February 1757, 11 August 1772 and 31 July 1782, Sankt Pankratius Catholic parish of Glehn, baptism register, 9 February 1790, EC of Liedberg, Korschenbroich, 12 November 1817, 28 March 1826 and 9 December 1841, EC of Rheydt, Mönchengladbach, 7 January 1822 and 22 May 1844, and EC of Bad Honnef am Rhein, 27 February 1875 and 20 October 1879).

[424] : Gustav Toepke, Die Matrikel der Universität Heidelberg, sixth part, von 1846 bis 1870, Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg, 1907, p. 61.

         He had studied at the royal college of Essen and obtained his Abitur at the age of 19 3/4 on 17 August 1847 (Einladungschrift zu der am 25. und 26. August 1843 abzuhaltenden öffentlichen Prüfung der Schüler des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Essen, Essen, 1830-1847, p. 24.). Appointed Auscultator [trainee] in Aachen and Elberfeld in the second half of 1852, he was promoted Referendar to the Landgericht [court of first instance] of Elberfeld on 1 July 1854. He was transferred, at his request to the same position to the Landgericht of Kleve on 2 January 1855 (Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1853, n° 2, p. 15, Jahrgang 1854, n° 50, p. 563, and Jahrgang 1855, n° 4, p. 40).

[425] : Wilfried Sartorius carefully keeps one of these cups that came up to him, as well as some silver pieces with the monogram A. S. [Adolph Sartorius] (meeting with Wilfried Sartorius, 21 July 2007).

[426] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

        Pastor Karl August Döring (1783-1844) is a figure of German social Protestantism. He was appointed pastor of the Lutheran community of Elberfeld in 1816, where he created there youth fellowships and organized missions. He is the author of more than 1 200 Lieder (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, volume 5 (1877), art. Döring, Karl August, pp. 348 and 349, and http://www.bbkl.de/, art. Döring, Karl August Döring (1783-1844), 29 January 2015).

        The Roman Catholic religion was a minority in Elberfeld and Barmen. In 1821, Barmen had 1 876 Catholics against 10 784 Lutherans and 7 172 Calvinists. In 1830, Elberfeld counted 5 800 Catholics against 24 300 protestants (V. P. Sonderland, op. cit., p. 9, Johann F. Knapp, op. cit., pp. 210 and 211, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wuppertal, 11 February 2016).

[427] : Joseph Rovan, op. cit., p. 467.

[428] : Certificates of the town hall of Barmen (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

[429] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius. The article of the Siegener Zeitung already mentioned (cf. note Erreur ! Signet non défini.) indicates that the house known as Sartorius Erbe was acquired in 1830 by a Stein family. It is quite possible that it bought it from Wilhelmine Capito who then liquidated the property she still had in Kirchen.

[430] : Family book held by Wilhelmine Capito.

[431] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 2 January 1834.

[432] : Annotation of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius on the genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius.

[433] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius [Biography of Rosalie Sartorius]. The original of this document, written by Rosalie Sartorius herself about 1920, was held by her grand-nephew Jürgen Schenk, pastor in former East Germany, who died in 2000, (Wilfried Sartorius, 1 May 2001, and Hartmut Sartorius, 5 mai 2001).

         From 1811 onwards, the mayor of Barmen built the Allee, today's Friedrich-Engels-Allee, along the Wupper near the Haspel bridge on the border between Barmen and Elberfeld. Planted with lime trees, it soon became the most beautiful avenue in Barmen. In the 1825s, double houses of classical architecture, known as Haspel Häuser, were built here (http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 31 January 2006).

[434] : Annotation of Adolph Ludwig Sartorius on the genealogy of the Sartorius family established by Georg Anton Franz Sartorius.

        The establishment of the Unterbarmen cemetery dates back to 1822, when the local Lutheran community gained autonomy from the Elberfeld community (http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 31 January 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wuppertal, 31 January 2015).

[435] : Tristram Hunt, Engels, le gentleman révolutionnaire, translated from English by Marie-Blanche and Damien-Guillaume Audollent, Flammarion, 2009, pp. 25 sq. and 123, Neue Deutsche Biographie, vol. 4 (1959), art. Engels Friedrich, p. 520, and 123, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Engels (Fabrikant), 11 February 2016.

         For the anecdote, a van Ermen, owner of a factory [Fabrikbesitzer] in Manchester, thus certainly of the same family, married a certain ... Juliane Sartorius. Born in 1810, she belonged to the Sartorius family of Nassau-Hachenburg (see Chapter 1) (retired pastor Otto Sartorius, op. cit., p. 21).

[436] : Friedrich Engels, Briefe aus dem Wupperthale published in the Telegraph für Deutschland of March and April 1839, assembled in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Werke, Karl Dietz Verlag, East-Berlin, 1976, volume 1, p. 428.

         The French writer Paul de Kock (1793-1871), son of Jean Conrad de Kock, whom we met as a partner of the Sartorius, banker in Paris (cf. note Erreur ! Signet non défini.), boasted of having published 400 volumes and performed 200 plays. His work, which has been forgotten today, was extremely popular in his time, both in France and abroad. Frederick Marryat (1792-1848) was a British naval officer who published many accounts of maritime life, children's books and a voluminous A Diary in America. Tromlitz is the pseudonym of August von Witzleben (1773-1839). After serving successively as an officer in the service of Prussia, the contingent of the grand duchy of Berg, Russia and finally the Hanseatic legion, he devoted the second half of his life to writing novels with a historical background. Johann Nestroy (1801-1862), an Austrian actor and comic author, performed his own comedies and vaudevilles with great success (Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Kock (Paul de), Marryat (Frederick) and Nestroy (Johann), https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Paul de Kock, Frederick Marryat, August von Witzleben and Johann Nestroy, 11 February 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Charles Paul de Kock, Frederick Marryat and Johann Nestroy, 11 February 2016, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Paul de Kock, 11 February 2016).

         Young Germany was an intellectual movement born around 1830, liberal and Francophile, launched by Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) and Börne, who had emigrated to Paris, and supported in Germany by the writers Karl Gutzkow (1811-1878), Heinrich Laube (1806-1884), Theodor Mundt (1808-1861), Georg Herwegh (1817-1875), Karl Immermann (1796-1840) and L. Wienhand, who was largely inspired by Saint-Simonian ideas. In 1835, the Frankfurt diet condemned Young Germany as contrary to religion, morality and social order and banned Gutzkow's Deutsche Revue and the works of his fellow students. The nationalist agitation of 1840 dealt a severe blow to the movement, which disappeared after 1848. There is no need to introduce Heinrich, or Henri, Heine, one of the greatest German poets, who, because of his political ideas, had to go into exile in 1831 in Paris, where he ended his life. In 1838, Gutzkow founded the newspaper Telegraph für Deutschland in which Engels published his Briefe aus dem Wupperthale (ibid., art. Gutzkow (Karl), Heine (Heinrich), Jeune Allemagne and Mundt (Theodor), Tristram Hunt, op. cit., pp. 49 to 51, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Gutzkow, Georg Herwegh, Karl Immermann and Heinrich Laube, 2 February 2015).

[437] : Jean Bruhat, op. cit., pp. 25, 31 to 33 and 36 to 38, Friedrich Engels, op. cit., p. 426, H. F. Peters, op. cit., pp. 79, 106, 108, 118 and 119, and Tristram Hunt, op. cit., pp 35, 36, 43, 56 and 57.

[438] : Friedrich Engels, op. cit., p. 418.

[439] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., p. 179, and http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 5 February 2015.

[440] : Friedrich Engels, op. cit., p. 417.

[441] : Jean Bruhat, op. cit., pp. 25, 31 to 33 and 36 to 38, H. F. Peters, op. cit., pp. 79, 106, 108, 118 and 119, and Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Engels.

[442] : Tristram Hunt, op. cit., p. 69, and http://www.bbkl.de/, art Lassalle, Ferdinand; 5 February 2015.

        On Lassalle, whose path, curiously, crossed that of the Hatzfeldts, cf. note 210.

[443] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., pp. 103 and 104, and Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., p. 107.

[444] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[445] : Circular of 1 August 1831 announcing the creation of the firm Keller & Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

        The family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius lists my brother-in-law Wilhelm Keller as godfather to his son Alex, born on 25 June 1829. Alex's godmother was none other than Anna Gertrud Heidkamp, wife of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius (ibid.). The trio Wilhelm Keller - Adolph Sartorius - Ferdinand Sartorius thus knew each other well.

[446] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[447] : Circular of 1 August 1831 announcing the creation of the firm Keller & Sartorius.

[448] : Friedrich Engels, op. cit., p. 413.

[449] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[450] : Rüttger Krüning, Adress-Buch für Rheinland-Westphalen, zum Vortheil armer Kranken herausgegeben, Elberfeld, Lucas, 1833, cited in Hisashi Watanabe, Die Wuppertaler Unternehmer in den dreissiger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts: eine Analyse des Adreβbuches von 1833 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses zwischen Baumwolle und Seide, p. 149.

[451] : Sébastien Bottin, Almanach du commerce de Paris, des départemens de la France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Bureau de l'Almanach du commerce, 1837, p. 963.

[452] : Rüttger Krüning, op. cit., p. 116.

[453] : Sébastien Bottin, Annuaire général du commerce, judiciaire et administratif de France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1842, p. 1582, 1843, p. 1590, 1844, p. 1590, 1845, pp. 1482, et 1846, p. 1480.

[454] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[455] : Offizieller Katalog der Gewerbe-Austellung in Düsseldorf, 1880, Selbstverlag des Vorstandes, Düsseldorf, second edition, 1880, p. 114.

[456] : C. E. Lehmann, Wohnungs-Anzeiger und Adressbuch der Oberbürgermeisterei Düsseldorf pro 1850, at the author's in Düsseldorf, p. 164.

[457] : Amtlicher Bericht über die Industrie-Ausstellung aller Völker zu London im Jahre 1851 von der Berichterstattungs-Kommission der Deutschen Zollvereins-Regierungen, zweiter Theil, Verlag der Dekerschen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin, 1852, p. 26, and Official catalogue of the Great Exhibition of the works of industry of all nations 1851, corrected edition, Spicers Brothers, wholesale stationers; W. Cloves & Sons, printers, London, 1851, p. 268.

         Of the 150 Turkey red dyers of 1809, only 7 remained in Elberfeld and 17 in Barmen in 1861 (Wilhelm Langewiesche, op. cit., pp. 309 and 310).

[458] : Katalog der Provinzial-Gewerbe-Austellung für Rheinland und Westphalen in Düsseldorf eröffnet am 15. Juli 1852, fifth edition, Buchdrückerei von Hermann Voβ, Düsseldorf, p. 39.

[459] : Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1853, p. 400.

[460] : Vorwärts, Magazin für Kaufleute, Illustrierte Mittheilungen, Abhandlungen und Schilderungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der Handelsthätigkeit, unter Mitwirkung von Dr. Ed. Amthor, Direktor der Handelschule und kaufm. Hochschule in Gera, Ritter, u.s.w., new series, first volume, Wilhelm Nübling, Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1865, p. 197.

[461] : Margaret Asmuth, Gewerbliche Unterstützungkassen in Düsseldorf: die Entwicklung der Krankenversicherung der Arbeitnehmer 1841 bis 1884-1885, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv zu Köln, 1984, p. 83.

[462] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius

[463] : Marriage certificate of Adolph Sartorius and Maria Rosalia Drissen.

[464] : Annuaire général du commerce, judiciaire et administratif de France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1842, pp. 1583 and 1584, 1843, p. 1591, 1845, pp. 1482 and 1483, 1846, p. 1480, 1849, p. 1459, 1850, p. 1950, 1851, p. 1956, 1852, p. 1961, 1853, p. 2166, 1854, p. 2213, and 1855, p. 2213.

[465] : Annuaire général du commerce, judiciaire et administratif de France et des principales villes du Monde ..., Paris, Firmin Didot frères, 1842, pp. 1583 and 1584, 1843, p. 1591, 1845, pp. 1482 and 1483, 1846, p. 1480, 1849, p. 1459, 1850, p. 1950, 1851, p. 1956, 1852, p. 1961, 1853, p. 2166, 1854, p. 2213, and 1855, p. 2213.

[466] : Amts-Blatt für den Regierungbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1844, pp. 433 to 445.

        On Friedrich von Eynern (1805-1882) and his father, cf. https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich von Eynern, 15 February 2015.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 12 000 Thaler would represent 240 000 euros of 2016. Ferdinand Sartorius had invested 100 Thaler in the business, that is 2 000 euros of 2016.

[467] : Amts-Blatt für den Regierungbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1846, pp. 105 to 112.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 90 000, 20 000 and 200 Thaler would represent respectively 1 800 000, 400 000 and 4 000 euros of 2016.

        Each shareholder held an average of ten shares, or 2 000 Thaler in capital (40 000 euros in 2018). This may give an indication of Ferdinand Sartorius' wealth, as this was probably a small investment on his part.

[468] : Hans Joachim de Bruyn-Ouboter, op. cit., p. 93.

[469] : Amts-Blatt für den Regierungbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1846, pp. 105 to 112.

[470] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. August Engels, 22 February 2015, and Hasashi Watanabe, art. cit., p. 145.

[471] : V. P. Sondermann, op. cit., pp. 167 and 168, Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 59 and 60, and http://www.gesellschaft-concordia-barmen.de/, 22 February 2015.

        The directors of this company included Engels and Hösterey, but also Bartels, Bredt, Erbslöh, Eykelskamp, Molineus, von Eynern, Siebel and Werlé, who were also shareholders in the Schwarzbachthaler Wagebau-Gesellschaft and the Gas-Beleuchtungs-Gesellschaft zu Barmen (http://www.gesellschaft-concordia-barmen.de/, 22 February 2015). A Molineus had married a daughter of August Engels (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. August Engels, 22 February 2015). See also Hisashi Watanabe, art. cit., for the composition of the employers of Elberfeld and Barmen employers at that time, notably p. 145 for Engels, pp. 149, 152 and 153 for Siebel, pp. 153 and 155 for Bredt, p. 153 for von Eynern, p. 156 for Erbslöh, p. 157 for Bartels and p. 158 for Eykelskamp.

[472] : Signale für die musikalische Welt, Leipzig, n° 27, 8 Mai 1868. p. 523.

[473] : Amts-Blatt für den Regierungbezirk Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1846, pp. 525 to 534.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 40 000 Thaler and 28 000 Thaler would represent respectively 800 000 et 560 000 euros of 2016. Ferdinand Sartorius had invested 200 Thaler in the case, i.e., 4 000 euros of 2016.

[474] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wuppertaler Bühnen, 25 February 2015.

[475] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius, confirmed by vital records. In 1854 he was without profession and domiciled in Kleve (death certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius, Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 6 December 1854).

[476] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 1 October 1846, and memento of Frau Wittwe Notar Joseph Hopmann geb. Sartorius (archives of Mrs. Marcel Nollet).

         Joseph Hopmann's father was a notary in Elberfeld. The by-laws of the theatre of Elberfeld had been deposited with him (cf. note 473).

[477] : Death certificate of Ferdinand Joseph Sartorius.

[478] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius and obituary of Ferdinand Sartorius in the family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[479] : Kleve vital records, 22 October 1862.

[480] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 968138, 11 June 1864.

[481] : http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Schoeller, Heinrich August, 1 march 2015.

[482] : Theodor Striethorst, op. cit., pp. 268 to 279.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 364 Thaler would represent 7 500 euros of 2016.

[483] : Hisashi Watanabe, art. cit., p. 147.

[484] : Letter of 16 February 1997 from Mr Hans Sartorius.

[485] : Hisashi Watanabe, art. cit., p. 126.

[486] : Letter of 16 February 1997 from Mr Hans Sartorius.

[487] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[488] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[489] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 15 February 1845.

[490] : Barmen vital, Wuppertal, vital records, 10 April 1846.

        Registered on the vital records under the two first names Peter Ferdinand, he later Gallicised them in Pierre Ferdinand.

[491] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 30 July 1847.

[492] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 21 August 1848.

[493] : http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 9 March 2015.

[494] : Henry Bogdan, op. cit., pp. 288 à 296, et Joseph Rovan, op. cit., pp. 496 à 510.

[495] : Jean-Paul Bled, op. cit., pp. 319 to 322, Tristram Hunt, op. cit., pp. 233 to 235, Volkmar Wittmütz, op. cit., pp. 91 to 94, http://members.aol.com/tombeee/1848.html, 28 December 2006 [link expired, 11 March 2015], http://www.solingen.de/, 11 March 2015, and http://www.wolfgang-mondorf.de/barmen.html, 11 March 2015.

[496] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[497] : http://www.barmen2009.de/index.php/component/k2/item/118-lekebusch, 11 March 2015.

[498] : Born on 7 November 1849 (Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 10 November 1849), she died the following year (Wilfried Sartorius, 16 April 2001).

[499] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 15 July 1851.

[500] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 14 April 1856.

[501] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 12 December 1860.

[502] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 23 May 1862.

[503] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[504] : Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium zu Elberfeld, Jahresbericht über das Schuljahr 1861-1862, p. 41.

[505] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        In 1838, the Ursuline nuns opened an elementary and higher school for girls with a boarding school in Altenahr on the site of a Franciscan convent. The name Calvarienberg comes from the fact that a knight returning from the Holy Land in 1440 found a striking resemblance between this place and Jerusalem (http://www.ursulinenkongregation.de/, 15 March 2015).

[506] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        Punch has been translated from the German Bowle, which, according to Gerhard Wahrig, op. cit., art. Bowle, is a drink made of wine, fruit, spices, sugar and Sekt [German sparkling wine].

[507] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        Hamerschmidt is probably the name of the milkman. Christbusch is a wood on the side of the Kaiser-Friedrich Höhe, a hill about 1 kilometre south of the Wupper and the Haspeler Brücke (http://www.stadtnetz-wuppertal.de/, 16 March 2015).

[508] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        This garden must have been of some importance since it required the services of a gardener. Indeed, the death of Johann Peter Drissen was reported in Honnef on 27 February 1875 by forty-eight-year-old Michael Schmitz, who stated that he was the gardener of the deceased [welcher Gärtner des Verstorbenen zu sein angab] (Honnef vital records, 27 February 1875).

[509] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[510] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 813,17, 125, 150 and 413,17 Thaler would represent respectively 16 000, 2 500, 3 000 and 8 000 euros of 2016.

[511] : Wilfried Sartorius still keeps this cup with the following inscription under the saucer: C. Büttner zum E. Sartorius Weihnachten 1848 [C. Büttner for E. [Emil?] Sartorius, Christmas 1848] (meeting with Wilfried Sartorius on 21 July 2007).

[512] : Letter of 18 February 1848 from Ludwig Philipp Gerlach Sartorius to Adolph Ludwig Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[513] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[514] : Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1859, n° 9, pp. 69 and 70, n° 26, pp. 199 and 200, and n° 37, pp. 287 and 288.

[515] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[516] : Letter of 16 February 1997 from Mr Hans Sartorius.

[517] : Amtsblatt der königlichen Regierung zu Düsseldorf, Jahrgang 1862, n° 58, p. 640. The company was registered in the commercial register on 30 April 1862 (ibid.).

[518] : Memento of Adolph Sartorius (archives of Mr Paul Sartorius).

[519] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[520] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        Carlsbad, or Karlsbad, is the present-day Czech town of Karlovy Vary, at the confluence of the Teplá and Ohře rivers (Eger in German). It had its moment of glory in the 19th century with the development of thermalism. The reputation of its waters was worldwide. At the end of the 19th century, Carlsbad received 26 000 curists per year and in 1911 76 000 (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karlsbad, 21 March 2015).

[521] : Meyers Konversationslexikon, 1898, cited in https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karlsbad, 24 March 2015.

[522] : Barmen, Wuppertal, vital records, 5 February 1864.

[523] : Rom., 11, 33 (memento of Adolph Sartorius).

[524] : Reisetagebuch von Carl Hermann Sartorius (archives of Wilfried Sartorius).

[525] : Undated handwritten note of Moritz Sartorius (archives of Mrs. Marion Leihener).

[526] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        The priest cousin Sartorius could not be identified. He is probably a son of one of the brothers of Adolph, Richard or Oswald.

[527] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[528] : Königlicher preuβischer Staats-Anzeiger, p. 922.

[529] : Ibid. and memento of Maria Sartorius (archives of Mrs. Marcel Nollet).

[530] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius, which certainly wrongly places the event in November 1866. Johann Peter Drissen and Anna Christina Prinzen had indeed married on 12 November 1817 (cf. note 423).

[531] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[532] : Letter from Mrs Fernand Sartorius (archive of Paul Sartorius), who wrongly adds that Adolph was never seen again, although his brother Ferdinand knew this in Hamburg in 1893 (see note 533). The sentence is, moreover, ambiguous. Since we know that Ferdinand had already moved to France in 1869 (ibid.), we should probably understand that he came to France and that Adolph left for England.

[533] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[534] : Wilfried Sartorius has been told by his aunt Hannelore Schenk that Adolph Sartorius also had difficulties with a business partner (meeting with Wilfried Sartorius on 21 July 2007).

[535] : Reisetagebuch von Carl Hermann Sartorius.

[536] : Memento of Rosalie Drissen (copy in the archives of Bertrand Sartorius). This document also attributes to her this curious prayer from Azariah's hymn in the furnace: Die auf dich vertrauen, o Herr, werden nicht zu Schanden werden [Those who trust in Thou, O Lord, will not be put to shame] (Daniel, 3, 40). The quotation and reference seem to be approximate. The Bible de Jérusalem gives the following text: ⁴⁰Let this be our sacrifice before Thee this day and may it please Thee that we follow Thee fully, for there is no confusion for those who hope in Thee. ⁴¹And now we set our hearts to follow thou, to fear Thee and to seek Thy face. ⁴²Do not leave us in shame but deal with us according to Thy mercy and according to the greatness of Thy love.

[537] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        Uncle Compes and his wife, whom we met above as the organiser of her parents' golden wedding, were Heinrich Joseph Gerhard Compes, son of Johannes Heinrich Compes, court clerk, and Anna Catharina Roosen, born in Korschensbroich on 20 February 1810, baptised Catholic in Korschenbroich on 21 February 1810, died in Cologne on 12 January 1887, and Maria Catharina Drissen, elder sister of Rosalie, born in Rheydt on 1 March 1819, died in Cologne on 11 May 1906, whom he had married in Rheydt on 11 May 1842 (Reisetagebuch von Carl Hermann Sartorius, https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 943846, 11 May 1842, and http://www.woydt.be/, 3 April 2014).

        Interesting character this Gerhard Compes. He studied law in Bonn and Munich. In 1829 he became a member of the Burschenschaft Germania Bonn. He was also a member of the Marcomannia München and co-founder of the Germania München. In 1835 he settled as a lawyer in Cologne. In the same year he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in Wesel as a leading member of a Burschenschaft but was released in 1837 thanks to a reduction in his sentence. From 1838 to 1880 he worked as a lawyer in Cologne. From the summer of 1842, he took part in a discussion and reading circle on communism and the social question, which Karl Marx also attended. In 1844 he was one of the founders of the Centralverein für das Wohl der arbeitenden Klassen [Central union for the welfare of the working class] in Cologne. Between 1847 and 1859, he was elected several times as a Cologne city councillor. In 1848 he was chairman of the Liberal central committee for the district of Cologne. He took part in the Vorparlament in Frankfurt am Main and was elected by the Siegburg district as a deputy to the National assembly in Frankfurt, where he belonged to the fraction of the Württemberger Hof. In 1849 he was a member of the Gotha Nachparlament. In 1850 he was a member of the People's chamber of the Erfurt Unionsparlament. Since 1847 he was chairman of the supervisory board of the Neußer Hütte. From 1861 to 1880 he was a member of the management and legal adviser [Justitiar] of the Rheinische Eisenbahngesellschaft (Helge Dvorak, Biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Burschenschaft, volume I, Politiker, part 1: A-E, Winter, Heidelberg, 1996, p. 173, Jochen Lengemann, Das Deutsche Parlament (Erfurter Unionsparlament) von 1850. Ein Handbuch: Mitglieder, Amtsträger, Lebensdaten, Fraktionen, Munich, 2000, p. 110, Jonathan Sperber, Karl Marx, sein Leben und sein Jahrhundert, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2013, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Gerhard Compes, 21 April 2012).

[538] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        A sister and brother of Anna Christina Prinzen, the mother of Rosalie Drissen, and Ernst August Drissen, a nephew of the latter, had moved to the Netherlands, in the Eindhoven region (https://gw.geneanet.org/edriessen, 11 May 2015).

        A similar account of the fear of the French army invading Germany and the desperate flight of German families to the neighbouring Netherlands can be found in the Lebenslauf of Julia Becker, wife of Carl Becker, grandson of Franz Anton Becker and Anna Maria Sartorius (see chapter 3) (http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 25 December 2017).

        The freedom enjoyed by French officers prisoners of war in Germany is confirmed by general André Bach, L'Armée de Dreyfus, une histoire politique de l'armée française de Charles X à l'Affaire, Tallandier, 2004, pp. 80-82, and by François Roth, La Guerre de 70, Fayard, 1990, pp. 421-424.

[539] : Honnef, today Bad Honnef am Rhein, vital records, 27 February 1875, and 20 October 1875.

[540] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius, Maria Sartorius's memento and letter from Mrs Fernand Sartorius.

[541] : Adress-Buch der Stadt Bonn, 1885, Druck und Verlag von P Neusser in Bonn, 1885, p. 181.

[542] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius, memento of Maria Sartorius and letter from Mrs Fernand Sartorius.

        At least one pupil of the Sartorius boarding school in 1889 and 1890 is known, the Luxembourger Aline de Saint-Hubert. Born in Luxembourg in 1874 into a family from Diekirch who ran a timber wholesale business in the capital, she married Emile Mayrisch in 1894, a steel engineer and future chairman of ARBED, which later became part of ARCELOR and Mittal. At the turn of the century, Aline de Saint-Hubert contributed to the journal L'Art moderne published in Brussels by Octave Maus, then leader of all the avant-gardes, and to the Jahrbuch für bildende Kunst edited by Max Martersteig. In 1903 she wrote an article on André Gide's L'Immoraliste for L'Art moderne. In 1906, she took the initiative in founding the Association pour les intérêts de la femme [Association for Women's Interests], whose aim was to help the poorest and promote the education of young girls. From 1917 onwards, she and her husband promoted Franco-German rapprochement. In 1928, when her husband died in a car accident near Châlons-en-Champagne, she became vice-president of the Luxembourg Red Cross, which she chaired from 1933. In 1939, she moved to Cabris, in the Alpes-Maritimes, where she died in 1947 (http://lb.wikipedia.org/, art. Aline de Saint-Hubert, 12 mai 2015, et http://laml.lu/, 12 mai 2015).

[543] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[544] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius and memento of Maria Sartorius, which states that she was a preceptressr for six years in a French family.

         The reference to Admiral Humann comes from the letter of Mrs Fernand Sartorius, which it curiously places in Brussels.

[545] : AN, base Léonore, file LH/1324/56, Le Messin, 23 July 1893, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Claude Chavigny, Léon Chavigny, Armand Charles Guilleminot, Edgar Humann et Georges Humann, 22 February 2020.

         A three-column account of admiral Humann's funeral and the speeches given on the occasion, which gives many details of his career, can be found in the Journal des Débats of 13 May 1914. It also lists the many people from the best society who attended. A similar account, without the speeches, in La Dépêche de Brest, 13 May 1914, and Le Gaulois, 13 May 1914.

[546] : AD Seine-et-Marne, census, Saint-Méry, 1896, 53 rue de l'Eglise.

[547] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Edgar Humann and François de Wendel, 24 February 2020.

[548] : https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/.

[549] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Edgar Humann and François de Wendel, 24 February 2020.

[550] : AN, base Léonore, file 19800035/0075/9272.

[551] : https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/.

[552] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Edgar Humann, 7 avril 2021.

[553] : https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/.

[554] : Annuaire des châteaux et des départements, 1897-1898, A. La Fare, Paris [s.d.], p. 398, and Annuaire des châteaux et des départements, 1899-1900, A. La Fare, Paris [s.d.], p. 402.

         Avenue d'Antin is the current avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, in the 8th arrondissement (Jacques Hillairet, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, art. Franklin-D-Roosevelt (avenue), volume I, p. 555).

         From 1900 onwards, admiral Humann's Paris address was 119 rue de l'Université (Annuaire des châteaux et des départements, 1900-1901, A. La Fare, Paris [s.d.], p. 405).

[555] : AD Seine-et-Marne, 6E 306/105, slide 82, 11 September 1899, Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius and mémento of Maria Sartorius.

         She died in Melun, rue de l'Hôpital, at 4 o'clock in the morning, so certainly in hospital. Her memento states that she had been a preceptress near Paris and that she died of typhus. It also reports her last words. According to a handwritten note in the archives of Madame Etienne Delloye, née Colette Sartorius, she was of small stature and was buried in Melun, where she was a lady-in-waiting.

[556] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[557] : Reisetagebuch von Carl Hermann Sartorius.

[558] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius and memento of Rosalie Drissen.

[559] : Honnef, today Bad Honnef am Rhein, vital records, 18 January 1910.

[560] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[561] : Ortrud Meier, born Sartorius, 18 April 2001.

[562] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[563] : Bruno Cabanes, La victoire endeuillée, la sortie de guerre des soldats français (1918-1920), Editions du Seuil, 2004, p. 374, and Joseph Rovan, op. cit., p. 620.

[564] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        The Elise-Philomenenstift was a hospital built from 1886 to 1888 and held by nuns, the Poor servants of Jesus-Christ [Arme Dienstmägde Jesu Christi] (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Katholisches Krankenhaus im Siebengebirge, 17 May 2015).

[565] : Honnef, today Bad Honnef am Rhein, vital records, 15 April 1919.

[566] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

[567] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Bad Honnef, 22 May 2015.

[568] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius. The sisters are of course the nuns of the convent.

[569] : Wilfried Sartorius, 16 April 2001.

[570] : Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius.

        The Lebenslauf von Rosalie Sartorius says: Meine erwachsenen Brüder [...] gingen aus nach Frankreich u. England. Ferdinand ließ sich später in Roubaix mit seiner Familie nieder [My adult brothers [Ferdinand and Adolph] [...] left for France and England. Ferdinand later settled with his family in Roubaix]. Two interpretations seem possible: 1/ Ferdinand and Adolph both left for France, around 1867 or 1868. Then they went to England. Finally, Ferdinand returned to France and settled in Roubaix. 2/ Ferdinand left for France in 1867 or 1868 and stayed there. Adolph left for England. I would lean more towards the first hypothesis. One can imagine that they came together to Paris to visit the 1867 Universal Exhibition (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Exposition universelle de 1867, 2 June 2015).

[571] : Ferdinand Sartorius' stay in Manchester is only a hypothesis. However, the links between Barmen and Manchester were real, as the story of Friedrich Engels, who spent most of his working life in Manchester, shows. In addition, the Sartorius family photograph album (see. note 1) contains several portraits of Ferdinand Sartorius taken in the city. In addition, the archives of Madame Guy Dagnas, née Huguette Sartorius, contained a notebook that belonged to Ferdinand Sartorius and came from Manchester (cf. note 616)/ Finally, the dominant activities in Roubaix, where he later settled, and in Manchester were the same.

[572] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Manchester.

[573] : Cf. chapter 4.

[574] : Jean Bouvier, Les Rothschild, Editions Complexes, 1983, p. 26.

[575] : Edgar Klüsener, Die langsame Rückkehr der Deutschen nach Manchester, 2005, in http://www.muzikquest.de/reportagen/deutsche_in_manchester.html, 2 June 2015.

[576] : Tristram Hunt, op. cit., pp. 280 and 281.

[577] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[578] : Mareike König, Les immigrés allemands à Paris 1870/1871 : entre expulsion, naturalisation et lutte sur les barricades, in Migrance (35), La Commune et les étrangers, Editons, Mémoire-Génériques, 2010, pp. 60 to 70.

[579] : Journal officiel de l'Empire français, n° 237, 29 August 1870, p. 1493.

[580] : Mareike König, art. cit.

[581] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[582] : See chapter 4 and notes 417 and 533.

[583] : Souvenirs de Monsieur Roger Sartorius.

[584] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[585] : Jean-Claude Daumas, Les territoires de la laine, histoire de l'industrie lainière en France au XIX^e siècle, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, 2004, pp. 217 to 222, 260, 286, 293, 297, 320 and 321, Pierre Pierrard, Histoire du Nord, Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie, Hachette, 1978, pp. 353 and 361, Pierre Pouchain, Les maîtres du Nord du XIX^e siècle à nos jours, Perrin, 1998, pp. 61 and 62, and Louis Trenaud (sous la direction de), Histoire d'une métropole, Lille - Roubaix - Tourcoing, Edouard Privat, Toulouse, 1977, p. 348.

         4 million gold francs represent 24 million euros of 2016. 800 million gold francs represent 5 billion euros of 2016.

[586] : He is described as a négociant [merchant] [1880, 1882, 1883, 1885, 1888, 1889, 1893, 1895, 1897] and a négociant en tissus [cloth merchant] [1891, 1894, 1901] (see his marriage certificate (EC Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, 7 February 1880), the birth certificates of his children and the death certificate of his son Pierre (cf. note 603), as well as his death certificate (see. note 629) and his naturalisation file (AN, BB/11/2924, file 14932X93)).

[587] : Jean-Claude Daumas, op. cit., pp. 230 to 232 and 274, and Pierre Pouchain, op. cit., pp. 146, 147, 149 and 373.

[588] : Revue du Nord, volume 39, 1957, p. 24, and volume 51, 1969, p. 232.

[589] : Archives commerciales de la France, 8 September 1878.

        Oscar Leburgue [sic for the vital records], born in Tourcoing in 1851, came from a modest background. His father was a clerk and his elder brother Charles a baker. At his marriage in 1875 to Laure Comerre, daughter of an office manager at the Roubaix town hall, he is described as a commis négociant [trading clerk] (AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 058, slide 51). He and his father-in-law, Narcisse Comerre, appear as witnesses in the birth certificate of Fernand Sartorius, Ferdinand's eldest son (ibid. 1 Mi EC 512 R 015, slide 274).

        It is surprising that Ferdinand Sartorius chose this character, who was certainly well connected, but of negligible importance in the business world of the North, as his partner. There are three reasons for this. The first is that he had probably known him in his previous job (he was a commercial clerk). The second is that he felt it was preferable, even necessary, to have a Frenchman by his side to set up his own business. The third, finally, is probably due to the difficulty for him to penetrate the milieu of the great Roubaix textile dynasties and to find a partner.

        40 000 francs in 1879 is equivalent to 240 000 euros in 2018 (see note 182).

[590] : Journal de Roubaix, 16 December 1882.

[591] : Journal de Roubaix, 24 December 1879.

        50 francs of 1879 represent 300 euros of 2016 (cf. note 182). In the same list, two notaries of Roubaix gave 500 and 200 francs respectively and Désiré Wibaux-Mulliez, future father-in-law of Marie and Louise Sartorius, daughters of Ferdinand, gave 100 francs.

[592] : Le Jacquard, journal de l'industrie lainière, 1882, p. 228, and Journal de Roubaix, 16 December 1882.

[593] : Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Lille (Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing), 6th year, volume 4, 1st quarter 1885, p. 2, and 7th year, volume 5, 1st quarter 1886, p. 4.

[594] : Souvenir of Mr Paul Sartorius. A letter of 17 February 1942 kept in the archives of Mrs Guy Dagnas bears this heading: Manufacture de tissus - maison fondée en 1883 - Fernand et Emile Sartorius - 34 rue Pauvrée - Roubaix [cloth fabric - established 1883 - Fernand and Emile Sartorius - 34 rue Pauvrée - Roubaix].

        Rue Pauvrée is the current rue Jean Monnet.

[595] : General André Bach, op. cit., pp. 546 and 547, Jean Denis Bredin, L'Affaire, Julliard, 1983, pp. 49 and 50, and François Roth, op. cit., p. 637.

[596] : Theodore Zeldin, Histoire des passions françaises, volume 2, Orgueil et intelligence, Editions du Seuil, 1980, pp. 19, 20 and 134.

[597] : Marius Golgath, Le cœur étrange et l'âme française ! Kaufleute, Händler und Unternehmer in Lille, eine vergleichende Studie zur britischen, deutschen und schweizerischen Migration nach Nordfrankreich (1789-1914), Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher, Heidelberg, Weil a Rhein, 2019, pp. 46 à 51 et 56.

         The count of Germans, however, included the Alsatians and Moselans of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen (20-25 % of the total, ibid., p. 59).

[598] : Recollections of one of Emma Blanpain's granddaughters collected at a Sartorius family reunion in the department of France.

        A Conference of Saint Vincent de Paul was created in Roubaix in 1842. Many company directors took part in it (Pierre Pouchain, op. cit., p. 170).

[599] : Marriage certificate of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Louise Catherine Blanpain.

        The mediation of the Martha family is only a hypothesis. However, it is based on the fact that Messrs Martha appear, the notary in his capacity as notary and the doctor as a witness, in the marriage certificate of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Louise Catherine Blanpain. It is corroborated by a handwritten note in the archives of Madame Etienne Delloye, according to which Ferdinand Sartorius got to know his wife because he often went to Brussels to see a friend. According to the same note, Emma Blanpain did not get along with her father's other two wives. She was forced to pay for her own wedding dress.

         Edouard Gaspard Joseph Martha, born in Marcinelle (province of Hainaut, Belgium) on 19 May 1807, died in Brussels on 18 July 1889, was a notary in Brussels. His nephew Alfred Martha, born in Virton (province of Luxembourg, Belgium) on 5 July 1835, was a medical doctor and permanent deputy for the province of Brabant (see. http://www.neptis.be/nuke1/, 14 July 2015, and http://gw.geneanet.org/ypeeters, 14 July 2015).

        The Blanpain family came from the south-eastern suburbs of Brussels, where it has been followed since the mid-18th century. They were probably very modest. Its summary genealogy is as follows:

         I- Joannes Blanpain, born in Vossem (province of Flemish Brabant, Belgium) around 1719, married in Tervuren (province of Flemish Brabant) on 20 May 1749 Anna Catharina De Reymaeker, born in Tervuren on 18 May 1732, of whom:

         II- Pierre Blanpain, born in Tervuren on 17 February 1752, peasant or worker, died in Tervuren on 1 May 1836. He married around 1795 Anne Catherine Fabry, daughter of Petrus Fabry and Maria Anna Hernalsteen, born in Tervuren on 24 January 1766, died in Tervuren on 19 September 1850:

         III- Jean Baptiste Blanpain, born in Tervuren on 3 May 1796, died in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 13 October 1867. He is known to have worked as a labourer and then as a mason-contractor. He probably left the Brussels countryside to work in the construction industry in the new Belgian capital, which was developing very rapidly at the time, until he was able to set up his own business. He married Petronille Ophals in Brussels on 6 September 1823, who was born in Watermael-Boitsfort on 4 June 1791 and died in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 22 April 1858. She too came from a family in the Brussels suburbs. Of whom:

         IV- Pierre Blanpain, born in Brussels on 25 October 1826, died in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 19 September 1878. He became a mason and contractor like his father. He married at first marriage in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 17 July 1854 to Isabelle Ravets, born in Saint-Gilles, in the suburbs of Brussels, on 6 February 1831, who died in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode on 26 January 1867. The Ravets family has been followed since the middle of the 18th century in Hoves, in the province of Hainaut. Isabelle Ravets' father emigrated to Brussels, probably in the 1820s, and worked there as a saddler. Pierre Blanpain and Isabelle Ravets were the parents of Emma Blanpain. Widowed, Pierre Blanpain remarried twice more, in 1867 to Mélanie Ferdinande Gillo (1833-1871) and in 1872 to Marie Louise Duhaut, born in 1841.

        (Sources: EC of Brussels, Saint-Gilles, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and Tervuren, AGR, 84963/0_0258, 84464/0_0004, 83819/0_0208, 85539/0_0342, 85170/0_0005, 83793/0_0540, 0363_000_00006_000_B_0305, 0363_000_00006_000_B_0450, 0363_000_00007_000_0_0001, 0363_000_00007_000_0_0048, 0363_000_00008_000_0_0001, 37907/0_0141, 37908/0_0093, 37908/0_0273 et 316_000_00183_000_0_1277, and https://gw.geneanet.org/jeanpaes, 14 July 2015).

[600] : On the respective origins of Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Blanpain, see the account for Ferdinand and note 599 for Emma Blanpain. On the reception of Emma Blanpain in the Sartorius family, memories of one of Emma Blanpain's granddaughters collected at a Sartorius family gathering in the department of Nord. According to a handwritten note in the archives of Madame Etienne Delloye, Ferdinand Sartorius was disowned by his family because of his marriage.

[601] : Marriage certificate of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius and Emma Louise Catherine Blanpain.

[602] : Assumption based on the fact that in his letters written from Italy (cf. note 616) Ferdinand Sartorius refers to a trip to Nice made by himself and his wife.

[603] : Birth certificates in Roubaix civil records for Fernand (AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 015, slide 274) and Pierre (ibid,, 1 Mi EC 512 R 018, slide 25), born rue d'Inkermann, Emile (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 021, slide 119), Marie (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 024, slide 284) and Hélène (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 028, slide 348), born place du Trichon, Adolphe (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 030, slide 339), Henri (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 032, slide 471), Louise (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 061, slide 291), Jean (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 063, slide 83) and Rose-Anne (1 Mi EC 512 R 072, slide 145), born rue Pauvrée. Pierre died rue Pauvrée (ibid., 1 Mi EC 512 R 102, slide 361).

         In November 1982, the house in rue Pauvrée had disappeared to make way for a modern building. The house in rue d'Inkermann still existed but was in ruins, converted into flats occupied by North African families (visit by Bertrand Sartorius).

[604] : Pierre Pierrard, op. cit., pp. 357, 359 and 360.

[605] : Jean-Claude Daumas, op. cit., pp. 238 to 243, 247 to 250, 329 and 337.

[606] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[607] : A. Andréani, La condition des étrangers en France et la législation sur la nationalité française (lois des 26 juin 1889, 22 juillet et 8 août 1893), traité pratique d'extranéité à l'usage des préfectures, mairies, ambassades, consulats, tribunaux civils, justices de paix, et des étrangers voyageant ou exerçant en France une profession, un commerce ou une industrie, Paris, Librarie Guillaumin et C^ie, 1896, mainly pp. 51 sq.

[608] : AD Nord, M 178/5 (kindly communicated by Marius Golgath).

        The 1 304 Germans residing in the département du Nord in 1896 filed only 162 applications for naturalisation, and only 40 if we exclude the Alsatians-Lorrains from the annexed regions (Marius Golgath, op. cit., p. 317).

[609] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

        If true, the reactionary ideas that the prefect of the Nord attributed to Ferdinand Sartorius were not exceptional in the environment in which he evolved. Jean-Claude Daumas, op. cit.; p. 247, uses the adjective reactionary to characterise the political sensitivity of the industrial families of the Nord.

        150 000 francs and 30 000 francs in 1895 are equivalent to 1 million euros and 180,000 euros in 2020 (see note 182).

[610] : http://www.immigration.interieur.gouv.fr/, 12 juillet 2015, et http://www.archives-judiciaires.justice.gouv.fr/, 12 juillet 2015.

[611] : AN, BB/11/2924, dossier 14932X93.

[612] : Extract from the naturalization decree of Pierre Ferdinand Sartorius issued by the Roubaix town hall (archives of Madame Guy Dagnas and archives of Madame Etienne Delloye).

[613] : Jean Denis Bredin, op. cit. pp. 54 à 104.

[614] : Journal de Roubaix, 3 December 1900.

[615] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., pp. 93 and 95.

[616] : Mrs Guy Dagnas kept this curious document. It is a narrow, elongated, black cloth-covered notebook from Manchester, England, with every second page detached. It was probably a notebook which, thanks to a carbon-like system, kept a copy of what was written in it. The pages removed therefore probably correspond to the letters actually sent and it is therefore only the duplicates that have come down to us. A reproduction of the first page can be found in Annex 27.

[617] : Recollection of Antoine Ménard, husband of his granddaughter Marcelle Lepez. The four or five languages he spoke were obviously German and French, also Italian as we shall see, certainly English (he would have stayed in Manchester and frequently went to London) and probably Flemish (he stayed in the Netherlands during the 1870 war).

[618] : Travel letters of Ferdinand Sartorius.

[619] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., p. 100.

        Born into a family of booksellers, Karl Baedeker published his first guidebook Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln, Handbuch für Schnellreisende [Journey along the Rhine from Mainz to Cologne, a handbook for the hurried traveller] in 1828. He then founded a publishing house that specialised in tourist guides. Their success was such that by 1900 Baedeker had become synonymous with the tourist guide (Pierre Ayçoberry, Marc Ferro et al, op. cit., pp. 198-205, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Baedeker, 8 October 2016).

[620] : Travel letters of Ferdinand Sartorius.

[621] : Recollection of Mrs Louis Gripoix, born Louise Sartorius.

         On Henri Sartorius' talents as a cellist, see chapter 6.

[622] : Travel letters of Ferdinand Sartorius.

        This portrait of Tamagno can be compared with the one Cléo de Mérode paints in her memoirs (Cléo de Mérode, Le ballet de ma vie, Pierre Horay, 1985, p. 111): Among the famous evenings [at the Paris Opera] that remain like so many beacons in my memory, I would cite the revival of Lohengrin. What a memory! [...] Perhaps even more profound was the emotion felt at the premiere of Otello. [...] Tamagno sang the role of the Moor. Tamagno! A prodigious tenor voice, a magical presence; an actor surprisingly alive, authoritative and authentic. He was Otello himself. All the artists sang in Italian the words of Arrigo Boïto.

         Francesco Tamagno was born in Turin in 1850 and died in Varese in 1905. He was so successful that at the end of the premiere of Otello, which Verdi had written for him in 1887, the enthusiastic audience actually carried him on their shoulders to his hotel. There the tenor appeared on the balcony of his room and, for those who had not been able to enter the hall, he began to sing, towering over the crowd, the famous entrance Esultate (http://fr.italopera.com/page.php?ID=181, 11 February 2007 [link expired, 23 October 2015], http://www.operaitaliana.com/autori/interprete.asp?ID=313, 11 February 2007 [link expired, 23 October 2015], https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Francesco Tamagno, 23 October 2015, and http://opera.stanford.edu/performers/Tamagno.html, 23 October 2015).

         Victor Maurel, born in Marseille in 1848, died in New York in 1923, was one of the best Verdian baritones of his time (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Victor Maurel, 24 October 2015).

[623] : Pierre Bertaux, op. cit., p. 100.

[624] : Travel letters of Ferdinand Sartorius.

         The catacombs of Palermo actually contain 8 000 bodies. Their origin dates back to 1599 when the Capuchins mummified one of their brothers who died in the odour of sanctity. The bodies underwent a process of dehydration before being washed with vinegar. Some were embalmed. Monks were buried with their robes on. In the following centuries, being buried in the Capuchin catacombs became a mark of social prestige for the Sicilian aristocracy. The catacombs were thus maintained for centuries thanks to donations from families. The catacombs officially ceased to function in 1880, but the last burials took place in 1920 (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Catacombes capucines de Palerme, 28 October 2015, et http://members.tripod.com/~Motomom/index-3.html, 28 October 2015).

[625] : Travel letters of Ferdinand Sartorius.

[626] : Journal de Roubaix, 2 août 1902.

        The Notre Dame des Victoires college was founded in Roubaix in 1845 by abbé Lecomte, superior of the Tourcoing college. Its social recruitment was very homogeneous and of almost exclusively patronal origin (mortuary image of Pierre Sartorius (Gaëtane Delattre archives) and http://www.histoirederoubaix.com/, 29 October 2015).

[627] : Handwritten note (archives of Mrs Etienne Delloye).

[628] : From left to right in the first row: Marie, Rose-Anne, Emma Blanpain, Jean, Hélène and Louise; second row Henri, Fernand, Emile and Adolphe (archive of Gaëtane Delattre).

[629] : Vital records of Roubaix, 2 December 1901, and handwritten note in the archives of his granddaughter Mrs Etienne Delloye for the details.

[630] : Recollection of Mr Etienne Wibaux.

        This pension case tends to confirm that Rosalie Drissen was, if not destitute, at least in difficulty, so that her son was obliged to support her financially.

[631] : Archives commerciales de la France, 30^ème année, n° 21, 14 mars 1903, p. 333, et Le Jacquard, journal de l'industrie lainière, 30^ème année, n° 6, 30 mars 1903, p. 95.

         250 000 gold francs represent 1 million euros of 2020 (https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2417794).

[632] : AD Nord, M 474/512 N, slides 1145 and 1146.

[633] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578, 1 R 2754, slide 181, 1 R 2908, slide 445, 1 R 2947, slide 665, and 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[634] : Marie-Claude Chamla, L'accroissement de la stature en France de 1880 à 1960 ; comparaison avec les pays d'Europe occidentale, in Bulletin de la société d'anthropologie de Paris, XI^e série, tome 6, fascicule 2, 1964, pp. 207 and 208.

         The average height of conscripts increased sharply from 1920 onwards, reaching 1,70 m in 1960 (ibid.).

         The height of German conscripts was not much different from that of their French counterparts (ibid., pp. 229-230).

          By way of comparison, in the 19th century, almost two-thirds of Landais conscripts were under 1,64m tall: many of those discharged did not exceed the minimum height requirement of 1,57m (Jacques Sargos, L'Esprit des Landes, un pays raconté par l'art, Horizons chimériques, Bordeaux, 2010, p. 240).

[635] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578, for Fernand, 1 R 2908, slide 445, for Adolphe and 1 R 2947, slide 665, for Henri. The education level item is not filled in for Emile.

         This heading was coded 0 for those who could neither read nor write, 1 for those who could only read, 2 for those who could read and write, 3 for those who had a more developed primary education (the case of Fernand, Adolphe and Henri), 4 for those who had obtained a primary education certificate (the case of Jean) and 5 for those who had a bachelor's degree, etc. (Note Pour mieux lire et comprendre un feuillet matricule from the departmental archives of the Haute-Saône).

[636] : Journal de Roubaix, 2 August 1902 and 31 July 1903.

[637] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius (archives of Huguette Dagnas).

         The certificat d'études primaires [certificate of primary studies] sanctioned the end of elementary primary education (between 11 and 13 years of age until 1936) and the acquisition of basic knowledge (reading, writing, mathematical calculation, history-geography, applied sciences (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. certificat d'études primaires, 16 mars 2020). It seems that before World War I, 30 % of an age group obtained the primary school certificate (Philippe Savoie, Quelle histoire pour le certificat d'études ?, in Histoire de l'éducation, 85 I 2000, pp. 49-72).

[638] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[639] : A. Andréani, Loi du 15 juillet 1889, traité pratique du recrutement et de l'administration de l'armée française, mobilisation, réquisitions militaires, écoles Polytechnique, Saint-Cyr, Navale, etc., Nice, imprimerie, lithographie et librairie J. Ventre et C^ie, 1889, mainly pp. VII, VIII and 7, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Service militaire en France, 2 april 2020.

[640] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578.

         The 43rd infantry regiment had been stationed in Lille since 1871 (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Vie militaire à Lille, 24 mars 2020).

[641] : Speech delivered by Jean Sartorius at the silver wedding of his brother Fernand in 1934 (archives of Robert Sartorius).

[642] : AD Nord, 3 E 15950, slide 61.

[643] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578.

[644] : AD Nord, 1 R 2754, slides 181 and 182.

[645] : A. Andréani, Loi du 15 juillet 1889 [...], pp. 8-10.

[646] : AD Nord, 1 R 2754, slides 181 and 182.

[647] : AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 021, slide 119, 1 Mi EC 512 R 191, slide 69, 3 E 15886, slide 244, and 3 E 15249, slide 159.

[648] : See for example Dunkerque sports, 5 February 1910.

[649] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Émile Sartorius and Equipe de France de football en 1908, 26 March 2020.

[650] : Journal de Roubaix, 24 November 1933.

[651] : Athlétic, organe officiel de la fédération française d'athlétisme et de basket-ball, 2^ème année, n° 82, 30 November 1933, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Émile Sartorius and Equipe de France de football en 1908, 26 March 2020.

[652] : Journal de Roubaix, 24 November 1933.

[653] : Journal de Roubaix, 6 April 1907.

[654] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 11 December 1920.

[655] : Journal de Roubaix, 15 June 1906, 12 May 1907 and 7 June 1913, and Le Grand Echo du nord de la France, 12 June 1913.

[656] : Archives commerciales de la France, 7 June 1911, p. 770.

[657] : AD Nord, 3E 15249, slide 159.

[658] : Archives commerciales de la France, 7 June 1911, p. 770.

[659] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[660] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933.

[661] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 June 1938 and 1 July 1944.

[662] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933.

[663] : Le capitaine Albert Leroy, créateur des pigeonniers de guerre français, in Bulletin historique de Lambersart, hors-série n° 2, November-December 2019.

[664] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 18 June 1935.

[665] : Le capitaine Albert Leroy, créateur des pigeonniers de guerre français, in Bulletin historique de Lambersart, hors-série n° 2, November-December 2019.

[666] : Journal de Roubaix, 1 July 1944.

[667] : Journal de Roubaix, 9 December 1911.

[668] : Journal de Roubaix, 10 November 1912.

         Adolphe Sartorius's accompanist was probably Marguerite Pardoen, who obtained a second prize in piano from the Roubaix conservatoire in 1906, became a music teacher and in 1920 married a miller, an honorary captain of the fire brigade. She was awarded the Palmes académqiues in 1937 for services rendered to choral art (Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 20 July 1906, 27 July 1919 and 3 September 1920, and Journal officiel de la République française, n° 40, 17 February 1937, p. 2105).

[669] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 and 446.

[670] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. 84^r régiment d'infanterie, 15 March 2020.

[671] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Service militaire en France, 2 April 2020.

[672] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 et 446.

[673] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. 1^er régiment du génie, 15 March 2020.

[674] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 and 446.

[675] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius (archives of Huguette Dagnas).

        The Vaugirard military dovecote was housed in the fortifications of Paris, at bastion 71, boulevard Victor. It had 500 pigeons (http://collections.forumgratuit.org/:t15800-pigeonnier-militaire-de-sfax-tunisie-en-1910, 17 March 2020, and http://paras.forumsactifs.net/t619-les-courriers-aeriens, 17 March 2020).

[676] : Raymond et Jean Pierre Cartier, La Première Guerre Mondiale, tome I, 1914-1915, Presses de la Cité, 1942, p. 244, and Jacques Meyer, La Vie quotidienne des soldats pendant la Grande Guerre, Hachette, 1967, p. 39.

[677] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933.

[678] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius (archives of Huguette Dagnas).

[679] : Journal de Roubaix, 4 March 1921.

[680] : Journal de Roubaix, 11 January 1911.

[681] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 et 665.

[682] : Jounal de Roubaix, 17 September 1912.

[683] : Journal de Roubaix, 17 September 1912.

[684] : Journal de Roubaix, 7 June 1913.

[685] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Service militaire en France, 3 April 2020.

[686] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[687] : L'Effort, n° 11, May 1913.

[688] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578.

         Within the framework of a compulsory and universal military service, men with physical deficiencies that did not justify reform were required to perform auxiliary service in offices, depots, the health service, etc. (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Mobilisation française de 1914, 15 March 2020).

[689] : https://gw.geneanet.org/archives/etat-civil/colgnecinsee/.

[690] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578.

[691] : AD Ille-et-Vilaine, 10 NUM 35213 922, slide 11.

[692] : AD Nord, 1 R 2650, slide 578.

[693] : AD Nord, 1 R 2754, slides 181 et 182.

[694] : 19^e escadron du train des équipages militaires, historique, guerre 1914-1918, Charles Lavauzelle, éditeurs militaires, Paris, 1921, p. 7.

         Lieutenant Jean Hennessy (1874-1944) belonged to the famous family of cognac merchants. He owed his posting to his perfect command of the English language, but also to his links with his cousin Richard Hennessy, from the English branch of the family, officer in the British army and military attaché. In civilian life, he was in turn a press owner, deputy for the Charente, ambassador, minister and candidate in the 1931 presidential election (François Dubasque, Jean Hennessy (1874-1944), argent et réseaux au service d'une nouvelle république, preface by Bernard Lachaise, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, unpaginated, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Jean Hennessy, 19 June 2020).

         Boni de Castellane, who was briefly placed under his command at the end of 1914, writes about him in his Mémoires: 'Our detachment was under the command of a certain Lieutenant X... [he voluntarily withheld his name], an ill-intentioned little bourgeois, who looked like a sausage with legs. From the day of my arrival, hearing my name, he pricked up his ears and swore to cause me a thousand troubles. However, he was very sweet and introduced me to his wife that evening. [...] I was moping with boredom, for I had nothing to do; and I killed time, since I could not get myself killed (quoted in Laure Hillerin, Pour le plaisir et pour le pire, la vie tumultueuse d'Anna Gould et de Boni de Castellane, Flammarion, 2019, p. 199).

[695] : Jacques Meyer, La Vie quotidienne des soldats pendant la Grande Guerre, p. 41, and Charles Ridel, Les embusqués, Armand Colin, 2007, p. 43.

[696] : Laure Hillerin, op. cit., passim, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. André Maurois et Boni de Castellane, 16 April 2020.

[697] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. interpètes militaires, 16 April 2020.

         On the role of interpreters in the British army, read André Maurois' Les silences du colonel Bramble (Grasset, 1918), in which he recounts, in a fictionalized form, his own experience.

[698] : François Dubasque, op. cit.

[699] : AD Nord, 1 R 2754, slides 181 et 182.

[700] : 19^e escadron du train des équipages militaires, historique, guerre 1914-1918, Charles Lavauzelle, éditeurs militaires, Paris, 1921, p. 43.

         General Pershing, who commanded the American Expeditionary Force in France, chose Chaumont because it was an important railway junction. The American GQG moved there in September 1917 (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. John Pershing, 15 mars 2020).

[701] : Congressional medal of honor, the Dinstinguished service cross and the Distinguished service medal issued by the Wae department since April 6, 1917 up to and including general orders, No 126, War department, November 11, 1919, compiled in the office of the adjutant general of the army, 1919, Washington, Government printing office, p. 833, et Heroes all! A compendium of the names and official citations of the soldiers and citizens of the United States and of her Allies who were decorated by the American government for exceptionnal heroism and conspicuous service abovve and beyond the call of duty in the war with Germany, 1917-1919, Harry. R. Stringer, éditeurn Fassett Publidhing Company, Washington D.C. [without date], p. 347.

[702] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. 42^e division d'infanterie (Etats-Unis), 5 April 2020, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. 42nd Infantry division (United States), 5 April 2020.

[703] : AD Nord, 1 R 2754, slides 181 ans 182.

[704] : Journal de Roubaix, 21 October 1918.

[705] : Heroes all! A compendium of the names and official citations of the soldiers and citizens of the United States and of her Allies who were decorated by the American government for exceptionnal heroism and conspicuous service abovve and beyond the call of duty in the war with Germany, 1917-1919, Harry. R. Stringer, publisher, Fassett Publidhing Company, Washington D.C. [sans date], p. 347.

[706] : Journal de Roubaix, 21 October 1918.

[707] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 and 446.

[708] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius.

[709] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 et 446.

[710] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius.

[711] : https://gege500.skyrock.com/3300783508-SOUVENONS-NOUS.html, 07.04.2015, 9 April 2020.

[712] : https://www.centenaire.org/, 20 March 2020.

[713] : Le Grand Echo du Nord, 14 October 1931, Le capitaine Albert Leroy, créateur des pigeonniers de guerre français, in Bulletin historique de Lambersart, hors-série n° 2, November-Deécember 2019, http://www.colombophiliefr.com/pages/historique.htm, 7 April 2020, and https://gege500.skyrock.com/3300783508-SOUVENONS-NOUS.html, 7 april 2020.

         Araba was a military slang term, borrowed from Turkish via Algeria, for a horse-drawn carriage.

[714] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 June 1938 and 1 July 1944.

[715] : Grand Larousse Encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. colombier.

[716] : https://duivenmilitary.skyrock.com/1.html, 12 April 2020

[717] : Note of 7 June 1917 from the 19^ème escadron du train.

[718] : Military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius.

[719] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 et 446, and military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius.

[720] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. 9^e armée (France), 12 April 2020.

[721] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 June 1938.

[722] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 June 1933.

[723] : AD Nord, 1 R 2908, slides 445 et 446, and military booklet of Adolphe Sartorius.

        The classes of 1907 to 1918 were demobilised between 9 July 1919 and 4 June 1920. The classes of 1907 to 1909 were demobilised first, between 9 July and 9 August 1919 (Bruno Cabanes, La victoire endeuillée, la sortie de guerre des soldats français (1918-1920), Editions du Seuil, 2004, pp. 295, 321 and 322).

[724] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 et 665.

[725] : Campagne 1914-1918, Historique des 1^er et 21^e régiments du génie, Versailles, imprimerie Jupas et Machard [sans date], pp. 87 et 88, et Historique de la compagnie 22/3 du 1^er régiment du génie, Paris-Versailles, Jupas et Machard [without date], pp. 3 to 5.

[726] : frontdechampagne.over-blog.com/, 12 April 2020.

[727] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 et 665.

         The Gruerie wood is located on the western edge of the Argonne forest, in the commune of Vienne-le-Château (Marne), about ten kilometres west of Varennes-en-Argonne (Meuse) (frontdechampagne.over-blog.com/, 12 avril 2020).

[728] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, vues 664 et 665.

[729] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Kriegsgefangenenlager Meschede, 12 avril 2020.

[730] : Marcel Charrier, Notre évasion d'Allemagne, épisode de la Grande Guerre (1914-1918), Librairie L'Ecole, 1937.

         I have not found the original of this story. But I did find a German translation (https://www.hpgrumpe;de/meschede/lager/Unsere%20Flucht%2°aus%20Deutschland.pdf, 14 April 2020).

[731] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[732] : Susan Barton, Internment in Switzerland during the First Word War, Bloomsbury, 2019, André Corvisier (sous la direction d'), Histoire militaire de la France, tome 3, De 1871 à 1940, sous la direction de Guy Pedroncini, par Claude Carlier, André Corvisier, Henry Dutailly, Jean-Charles Jauffret, Philippe Masson, Jules Maurin et Francine Roussane, Presses univesitaires de France, 1997, p. 311, and Marianne Walle, Les prisonniers de guerre français internés en Suisse (1916-1919), in Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 2014/1 (n° 253), pp. 57 to 72.

         The presence of the families of French prisoners in Switzerland is attested to by the case of Henri Wibaux, husband of Marie Sartorius, Ferdinand's eldest daughter. Wounded in the shoulder by a shrapnell on 5 September 1914, he was taken prisoner in Maubeuge on 8 September, interned in Minden, in Westphalia, and hospitalised in Switzerland from 21 December 1916 (AD Nord, 1 R 2531, slide 326). He then brought his family to Switzerland, probably to Bex (recollection of his granddaughter Chantal Desfontaines, kindly communicated by her son Philippe Gendry on 29 November 2020).

[733] : Sylvie Bazzanella, L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, summer 1978.

         On Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931), creator of the Schola cantorum, Marc de Ranse (1881-1951) and Auguste Sérieyx '1865-1949), see https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Vincent d'Indy, Marc de Ranse et Auguste Sérieyx, 18 April 2020.

[734] : http://www.musimem.com/ranse.htm, 18 avril 2020, et https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Marc de Ranse, 18 April 2020.

[735] : Sylvie Bazzanella, L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, summer 1978.

         On Ernest Ansermet (1883-1969) and Octave Maus (1856-1919), voir https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Ernest Ansermet et Octave Maus, 18 avril 2020. On the latter, also see note 542.

[736] : Sylvie Bazzanella, L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, summer 1978.

         Paul Henri Jean Joseph Cuelenaere (1878-after 1944), violinist and conductor. It was above all his father, Paul Ferdinand Joseph Cuelenaere (1851-1923), a laureate of the Paris Conservatoire, conductor, composer, director of the national music conservatoire and of the Douai municipal band, and president of the Federation of musical societies of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais, who achieved fame (Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 26 September 1922, 2 June 1923 and 4 June 1923, and https://gw.geneanet.org/malo1, 22 April 2020).

         Paul Desreumaux (ca 1880-1925), member of the Lille theatre orchestra, treasurer of the Dupuis concert association (Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 19 May 1925).

         Gaston Achille Florian Marissal (1884-1983), violinist, music teacher and conductor (Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 21 November 1919, and https://gw.geneanet.org/malo1, 22 April 2020).

         I have not been able to identify the other names mentioned.

[737] : Sylvie Bazzanella, L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, summer 1978.

         Emile Chaumont (1878-1942), Belgian violinist from Verviers, professor at the Liège and Brussels conservatories (Michel Stockhem, Eugène Ysaÿe et la musique de chambre, Mardaga, Sprimont, 1990, p. 196, Paul Collaer, Correspondance avec des amis musiciens présenté et commentée par Robert Wangermée, Mardage, Sprimont, 1996, p. 221, and Pourquoi Pas ?, 23th year, n° 972, 17 March 1933).

         André de Ribaupierre (1893-1955), Swiss violinist (Antonin Scherrer, André de Ribaupierre, une famille au service de la musique, Infolio, collection Cahiers de l'Institut de Ribaupierre, 2017).

         Emile de Ribaupierre (1887-1972), brother of André, Swiss violinist, creator with his sister Mathilde of the Institut de musique de Ribaupierre in Montreux (Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse, art. Émile de Ribaupierre, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Émile de Ribaupierre, 22 April 2020).

         Ludovic Breitner (born Austrian in Trieste in 1855, naturalized French) (Michel Stockhem, op. cit., pp. 60 and 61).

         Jean Canivet (1874-1931), French pianist, composer and music teacher (https://data.bnf.fr/15977474/jean_canivet//).

         Joseph Edouatd Risler (1873-1929), French pianist, professor at the Schola Cantorum and the Paris conservatoire (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Édouard Risler, 23 April 2020).

         Marie Blanche Selva (1884-1942), French pianist and composer (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Blanche Selva, 23 April 2020).

         Alexandre Denéréaz (1875-1947), musician, organist and composer from Vaud (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Alexandre Denéréaz, 23 April 2020).

         Louis Vierne (1870-1937), French musician, organist and composer (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Louis Vierne, 23 April 2020).

         Renée Béchard-Leschaud, Swiss singer (Claude Tappolet, La vie musicale à Genève au dix-neuvième siècle 1814-1918), Alex Julien, Geneva, 1972, p. 111).

         Claire Croiza, née Connoly (1882-1936), French mezzo-sopramo, opera singer and singing teacher (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Claire Croiza, 23 April 2020).

         Germaine Lubin (1890-1979), French soprano, specialist in Wagnerian roles (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Germaine Lubin, 23 April 2020).

         Albert Valmond, baritone, a remarkable singer who had a great success at his first concert in Geneva last year (Journal de Genève, 26 February 1915), an impeccable musician (ibid., 24 June 1918).

         Henri Benjamin Rabaud (1873-1949), French composer and conductor, Prix de Rome, member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. He succeeded Gabriel Fauré as director of the Paris Conservatoire (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Henri Rabaud, 23 April 2020).

[738] : Sylvie Bazzanella, L'orchestre symphonique des internés alliés, in Revue musicale de Suisse romande, n° 3, summer 1978.

[739] : Marianne Walle, Les prisonniers de guerre français internés en Suisse (1916-1919), in Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 2014/1 (n° 253), pp. 57 to 72.

[740] : https://grandeguerre.icrc.org/, 18 March 2020.

[741] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 and 665.

[742] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[743] : Philippe Boulanger, Les conscrits de 1914 : la contribution de la jeunesse française à la formation d'une armée de masse, in Annales de démographie historique, 2002/1 (n° 103), pp. 11 to 34.

[744] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[745] : Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918, Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920, pp. 9 to11.

[746] : SHD, 83^e régiment d'artillerie lourde, état-major du régiment, journal des marches et opérations, du 13 octobre 1915 au 31 décembre 1917 (26 N 1093.1), Journal des marches et opérations du 83^e rég^r d'artill^ie lourde, 23^e batterie pendant la campagne du 6 décembre 1915 au (26 N 1094/8), and Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918), Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920, pp. 11 and 16 (see the collar tabs of Jean Sartorius on Figure 89 : Jean, Henri, Adolphe and Emile Sartorius in 1919).

[747] : SHD, 83^e régiment d'artillerie lourde, état-major du régiment, journal des marches et opérations, du 13 octobre 1915 au 31 décembre 1917 (26 N 1093.1), and Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918), Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920, pp. 16 to 18, and http://www.chtimiste.com/, 28 April 2020.

[748] : Journal des marches et opérations, 83^e régiment d'artillerie lourde, 12^e groupe 23^e batterie (SHD, 26 N 1094/8), pp. 31 and 32.

         Le Plessier is a part of the commune of Margny-sur-Matz.

[749] : SHD, Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918), Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920, pp. 16 to 18.

[750] : Journal de Roubaix, 21 September 1921.

[751] : We see the collar tabs of the 283rd artillery regiment on the collar of Jean's jacket, those of the 3rd engineer regiment on Henri's, who was posted to this unit on his return from Switzerland, and the sphinx heads of the military interpreters on Emile's. Finally Adolphe wears a kepi with the number of the 19th train squadron.

[752] : SHD, 83^e régiment d'artillerie lourde, état-major du régiment, journal des marches et opérations, du 13 octobre 1915 au 31 décembre 1917 (26 N 1093.1), et Historique des 83^e et 283^e régiments d'artillerie pendant la Grande Guerre -1914-1918, Imprimerie R. Hermieu, Paris, 1920, pp. 16 to 18.

[753] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[754] : Marianne Walle, Les prisonniers de guerre français internés en Suisse (1916-1919), in Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 2014/1 (n° 253), pp. 57 to 72.

[755] : AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 032, slide 471.

[756] : La Gazette de Lausanne, 30 December 1922.

[757] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[758] : EC Floing, 28 February 1921.

[759] : Journal de Roubaix, 4 March 1921.

[760] : Journal de Roubaix, 21 September 1921.

[761] : Letter of Mrs Fernand Sartorius (archives of Paul Sartorius).

[762] : Journal de Roubaix, 10 January 1943.

[763] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. France and Lille, 2 May 2020.

[764] : Le Matin, 5 April 1932.

[765] : Journal de Roubaix, 28 November 1933 and 10 January 1943.

[766] : Journal de Roubaix, 27 May 1924.

[767] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Empire britannique et Grande Dépression au Royaume-Uni, 21 May 2020.

[768] : Journal de Roubaix, 22 November 1931.

[769] : Journal de Roubaix, 5 December 1926, 9 December 1926, 11 December 1926 and 13 December 1926.

[770] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 16 February 1936.

[771] : Journal de Roubaix, 23 January 1943.

[772] : Annuaire des grands cercles et du grand monde, sports et clubs, 27^ème année, Paris, A. Lahure éditeur, 1925, p. 232.

[773] : Journal de Roubaix, 12 November 1924.

[774] : Athlétic, organe officiel de la fédération française d'athlétisme et de basket-ball, 2^ème année, n° 82, 30 November 1933, Journal de Roubaix, 10 June 1929 and 24 November 1933, and Le Grand Echo du Nord, 24 November 1933.

[775] : Journal de Roubaix, 13 October 1926.

[776] : Journal de Roubaix, 12 August 1933.

[777] : Journal de Roubaix, 24 November 1933.

[778] : Journal de Roubaix, 28 November 1933, and L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 28 November 1933.

[779] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 25 November 1933.

[780] : Pierre Pierrard, Histoire du Nord, Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Picardie, Hachette, 1978, p. 357.

        The phenomenon extended well beyond the department of Nord and was found in other industrialist families, such as the Viry family, masters of forges in the Haute-Marne (François Viry, Maîtres de forges de père en fils [2004], et Michel Traizet, La fonderie d'Allichamps (1855-1990), spécialiste du cadre de piano, Pleyel, Gaveau, Erard, etc., 2024).

[781] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[782] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[783] : https://www.geneanet.org/, file of deceased persons established by INSEE from information received from the municipalities as part of their public service mission, published in Open Data on the INSEE website (Jean Marie Joseph Ghislain Sartorius).

[784] : http://www.sarto.be/historique.php, 24 April 2005.

[785] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

[786] : Marriage contract of Adolphe Robert Sartorius and Suzanne Marie Emilie Henrion (archives of Madame Guy Dagnas).

[787] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 18 September 1919, and Le Cri du Nord et des régions libéréee, 18 September 1919.

[788] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 16 July 1922.

[789] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 and 665.

[790] : Archives de Paris, 8D 187, act n° 4008, and recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[791] : Le Figaro, 12 August 1924.

[792] : Le Figaro, 2 September 1924.

[793] : Le Figaro, 30 July 1929.

[794] : Journal de Roubaix, 12 May 1920.

[795] : Journal de Roubaix, 16 January 1934 and 8 July 1944, L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 5 December 1932, 23 Janury 1933, 2 July 1937 and 27 November 1937, and Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 7 December 1931 and 2 December 1935.

[796] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933.

[797] : Journal de Roubaix, 8 October 1929, 4 January 1930, 3 June 1933 and 8 July 1944, and L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933, 8 December 1937 and 6 November 1938.

[798] : Journal de Roubaix, 12 November 1930 and 16 January 1934.

[799] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 June 1938.

[800] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 21 September 1920.

[801] : L'Egalité de Roubiax-Tourcoing, 22 May 1936.

[802] : Rceollection of Robert Sartorius.

[803] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 3 July 1924, 27 December 1924 and 2 June 1925.

[804] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 29 July 1924.

[805] : Journal officiel de la République française, n° 24, 28 January 1933, p. 946.

[806] : Journal de Roubaix, 3 June 1933.

[807] : Journal de Roubaix, 2 December 1934.

[808] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 23 January 1933.

[809] : L'Egalité de Roubaix-Tourcoing, 19 June 1935.

        Widowhood involves the separation of males from their females towards the end of the year. The future widowers are rehoused between 15 February and early March. They generally raise a youngster at the first brood. Then, after about ten days of brooding, the females are put in an aviary: the widowhood begins. Widowhood is an extremely delicate technique to implement, but it produces elite birds. However, it contributes to the exhaustion of pigeon colonies after a few years (C. G. Van der Linden, Le pigeon voyageur, Editions Payot, 1950)

[810] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 18 June 1935.

[811] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 13 September 1935.

[812] : Miscellaneous documents in Huguette Dagnas archives.

[813] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la Frznce, 2 December 1935.

[814] : Miscellaneous documents in Huguette Dagnas archives.

[815] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 18 June 1935.

[816] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 8 December 1935.

[817] : Marriage contract of Adolphe Robert Sartorius and Suzanne Marie Emilie Henrion (Huguette Dagnas archives).

[818] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 June 1938.

[819] : Le Grand Echo du Nord de la France, 5 April 1937.

[820] : Journal de Roubaix, 13 June 1938 and 18 June 1938.

[821] : Journal de Roubaix, 23 September 1938.

[822] : Journal de Roubaix, 18 July 1939.

[823] : EC Roubaix, 22 February 1937.

[824] : Journal de Roubaix, 25 February 1937.

[825] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Seconde guerre mondiale, 31 May 2020.

[826] : Photo album of Adolphe Sartorius (Archives of Chantal Sartorius).

        My grandfather Adolphe Sartorius had collected in an album photos taken by him in the summer of 1940 and had captioned them. Photo n° 5 reads as follows : At Fernand's [Sartorius] house in St Quay Portrieux. The entrance to the property.

[827] : AD Nord, 1 R 3157, slide 231.

         It is not clear whether Fernand and Jean Sartorius' move to Brittany was the result of individual initiatives or the implementation of a governmental plan. In fact, instructed by World War I, the government had drawn up a plan well before 1938 for the evacuation of the populations most threatened by a forthcoming war, those of the border regions and the Paris region. The 1939 plan stipulated that the inhabitants of the Nord department should go to Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine and Manche (Henri Amouroux, La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation, collection Bouquins, tome premier, Quarante millions de pétainistes, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1976, 1977 et 1997, p. 123).

[828] : AD Nord, 1 R 2947, slides 664 and 665.

[829] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[830] : Photo album of Adolphe Sartorius.

        We can roughly say that on 5 June the front was on the Somme-Aisne line, on 14 June on the Seine and the Marne and on 17 June on the Loire (Henri Amouroux, op. cit., volume I, p. 413).

         La Guimorais is a beach in the commune of Saint-Coulomb (Ille-et-Vilaine), in whose territory La Mettrie is located.

[831] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

[832] : Photo album of Adolphe Sartorius.

[833] : https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Zone interdite (Seconde Guerre mondiale), 4 May 2020.

[834] : Archives de Paris, 16D 167, act n° 63.

[835] : EC Saint-Coulomb, 5 December 1941.

[836] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius.

        The villa Roches-Montigny was located at the bedside of the church of Saint-Ideuc. The Sainte Marie school of Saint-Ideuc, whose premises had been destroyed in the fighting during the Liberation, found refuge there in August 1944. According to Sister Lucie, one of the teachers is also in a pitiful state! The owner of our rescue villa lives in Paris, and she will soon come to see what her property has become in the turmoil. She finds us already installed there, and, deep down, does not seem to be upset about the tenants she finds there, in any case her villa was requisitioned (https://www.ecole-sainte-marie-saint-malo.fr/, 17 July 2020).

[837] : Archives de Paris, 16D 167, act n° 63.

[838] : Journal de Roubaix, 23 January 1943.

[839] : Recollection of Robert Sartorius and death certificate of Adolphe Robert Sartorius (EC de Versailles, 26 June 1944).

[840] : Recollection of Mrs Adolphe Sartorius, née Suzanne Henrion.

[841] : Bruno Renoult et Christophe Leguérandais, Versailles Kommandantur, histoire de Versailles sous l'occupation, 1944-1945, volume II, 2014, pp. 112, 114 and 116.

[842] : EC Versailles, 26 June 1944.

[843] : Recollection of Mrs Adolphe Sartorius, née Suzanne Henrion.

[844] : Recollection of Guy Sartorius.

[845] : Recollection told to the author by Father Pierre Roquebert, S.J. A fellow student of Guy Sartorius, who was then 17 years old, at the Sainte Geneviève school, he had taken part in rescue operations as a Red Cross nurse.

[846] : Le Réveil du Nord, 2 July 1944.

[847] : Journal de Roubaix, 8 July 1944.

[848] : AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 032, slide 571.

[849] : AD Nord, 1 Mi EC 512 R 063, slide 83.

[850] : Letters of 3 February 1997, 16 February 1997, 7 March 1997 and 23 April 1997 from Hans Sartorius.

[851] : Amtsblatt für der königlichen Regierungsbezirks Düsseldorf, 1859, n° 9, pp. 69 and 70.

        If the estimate we have attempted is correct (cf. note 182), 7 685 Thaler would represent 150 000 euros of 2016.

[852] : Letters of 3 February 1997, 16 February 1997, 7 March 1997 and 23 April 1997 from Hans Sartorius.

[853] : Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 26 September and 31 October 2009.

[854] : Photo taken on 12 August 1998. From left to right, Emmanuel Sartorius, Mrs Marion Leihener, Gautier Sartorius. At the bottom, in the hollow, the village of Friesenhagen and its church with yellow walls and slated roof.

[855] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[856] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener).

[857] : Family book held by Adolph Ludwig Sartorius.

[858] : Amtsblatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, year 1860, p. 400.

[859] : Offizieller Katalog der Gewerbe-Austellung in Düsseldorf, 1880, p. 114.

[860] : Handbuch der Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung im deutschen Reiche, mit einer Eingabe: das Reichs-Gesetzbetr. die Gesellschaften m. b. H vom 20. April 1892, ein Hand- und Nachschlagebuch für Bankiers, Kaufleute, Industrielle, Kapitalisten, etc., A. Schumann's Verlag, Leipzig, 1898, p. 17.

        1 200 000 Mark of 1895 represent 1 million gold francs, i. e. 6 million euros of 2016 (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Goldmark, 8 November 2015, and note 182).

[861] : Amtsblatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, year 1861, n° 41, p. 292, year 1862, n° 23, p. 179, year 1871, n° 51, p. 392, year 1878, n° 5, pp. 43 and 44, year 1881, p. 40, and year 1884, bit 3, pp. 19 and 20.

[862] : Adreβbuch der Oberbürgermeisterei Düsseldorf nach amtlichen Quellen, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf [s.n.], 1859-1890, year 1889, part two, p. 28, and year 1890, part two, p. 31, Adressbuch der Stadt Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Schwann, 1891-1983, year 1891, part two, p. 391, year 1893, part three, p. 758, and year 1897, part three, p. 843, and Bericht über den Stand und die Verwaltung der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Düsseldorf im Zeitraum vom 1. April 1888 bis 31. März 1889, p. 14.

[863] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number M 988145, 23 August 1865.

[864] : Hinrich Heyken, Von Bleichern, Färbern und Fabrikanten zu Richtern und Schauspielern - zur Entwicklung des Elberfelder Ostens (lecture delivered in the framework of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein in Concordia am Werth on 6 April 2006, text revised in February 2012, available on http://www.stadtgeschichte-wuppertal.de, 7 November 2015), Hisashi Watanabe, art. cit., pp. 141 and 147, and http://www.heidermanns.net, 7 November 2015.

[865] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius.

[866] : Bericht über den Stand und die Verwaltung der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Düsseldorf im Zeitraum vom 1. April 1912 bis 31. März 1913, p. 106.

        30 000 Mark of 1913 represent 150 000 euros of 2018 (cf. note 182).

[867] : Amtsblatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, year 1866, n° 44, p. 351, and year 1870, n° 15, p. 114 and 115.

[868] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius.

[869] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 988094, 31 October 1867, and C 988099, 19 April 1870.

[870] : Städtisches Realgymnasium mit Gymnasialklassen zu Düsseldorf, Festschrift zur fünfzigjährigen Gedenkfeier der am 28. Mai 1838 erfolgten Begründung des Realgymnasiums, gedrückt bei L. Voß & Cie, königlichen Hofbuchdruckern, Düsseldorf, 1888, p. 129.

[871] : Färber-Zeitung, Zeitschrift für Färberei, Zeugdruck und den gesammten Farbenverbrauch, year 1899, p. 130.

[872] : Gisela Kind, Zeugen einstiger Industrie, in Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, 21 April 2006.

[873] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Dieringhausen, 12 November 2015.

[874] : The value of the Mark fell from 4,2 Mark to a dollar at the beginning of 1923 to 1 million Mark to a dollar in August 1923, then 4 200 billion Mark t a dollar in November 1923 (https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. République de Weimar, 12 November 2015).

        The small print of the voucher reads: The undersigned firm undertakes to redeem at face value this voucher which is to be used only to cover the cost of livelihood for our workers. This voucher loses its validity 4 weeks after denunciation in one of the authorized newspapers of this district.

[875] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius.

[876] : Chantal Sartorius, 17 and 28 October 2014.

[877] : Letter without date [October 2012?] from Dr. Matthias Schneider to Chantal Sartorius.

[878] : AD Bas-Rhin, 4E 482/587, record n° 1316.

        It was probably because of this marriage that the lawyer approached Chantal Sartorius, the only current bearer of the name Sartorius in Strasbourg in the telephone directory.

[879] : Letter without date [October 2012?] from Dr. Matthias Schneider to Chantal Sartorius.

[880] : Amtsblatt für den Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf, year 1909, n° 68, p. 542.

[881] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius.

[882] : https://www.familysearch.org/, batch number C 988106, 24 November 1872.

[883] : Otto Ritgen, Unsere Ahnen, volume II, Sauerländer Familien, p. 204.

[884] : Aus der Geschichte der Bergischen Stahl-Industrie, in Stahl und Eisen, 18 December 1924, pp. 28 and 29.

[885] : http://www.kind-co.de/de/impressum.html, 15 November 2015.

[886] : http://www.wiehl.de/tourismus/geschichte/wirtschaftliche-entwicklung/, 15 November 2015.

[887] : Aus der Geschichte der Bergischen Stahl-Industrie, in Stahl und Eisen, 18 December 1924, pp. 28 and 29.

[888] : The website of this limited partnership (http://www.kind-co.de/de/impressum.html, 15 November 2015) is silent on its shareholding and financial data.

[889] : http://www.bsv-bielstein.de/fileadmin/pdf/verein/dr-kind-arena/lebenslauf-dr-kind.pdf, 15 November 2015.

[890] : Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein-Wesfalen, n° 1681, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Essen, Die Kapitalverflechtung der Montanindustrie in Nordrhein-Westfalen mit dem Ausland, Cologne et Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, 1967, p. 54, and letter of 17 February 2008 from Marion Leihener.

[891] : Genealogical table drawn up by Otto Sartorius.

[892] : Note by Marion Leihener. A Wilhelm Sartorius, non-commissioned officer, died on 2 August 1917 and is buried in the German military cemetery at Veslud (Aisne). Hans-Gert died in the military field hospital 157 at Werchneje-Turowo, near Voronezh, on 22 August 1942 (http://www.volksbund.de/).

[893] : CD by Rolf E. Sartorius. This CD, which was handed to me by Mark and Barbara Bjelland during their passage in Paris on 8 April 2005 and contains family photos concerning Rolf-Guido Sartorius and commented orally by his son Rolf E.

[894] : Handwritten genealogy of the Sartorius family by Otto Sartorius (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener).

        Marion Leihener pointed out to me the striking resemblance between her father, a photograph of whom she showed me, and Rosalie Sartorius, the second daughter of Adolph Sartorius and Rosalie Drissen from the left in the photograph reproduced in Figure 68: the same elongated face, the same long thin nose.

[895] : Miscellaneous documents (archives of Mrs Marion Leihener) and letter of 29 December 2010 from de Mrs Marion Leihener.

[896] : Interview with Marion Leihener on 13 August 1998.

[897] : On the links between Otto Ritgen and the Sartorius family, see p. 60 and the genealogy of the Sartorius family.

[898] : See the exchange of correspondence between Otto Ritgen and Otto Sartorius from 14 August 1945 to 31 August 1947. Otto Sartorius was told by Prince Hatzfeldt himself that Trachenberg castle had been burnt down in 1945, while he was spending 14 days with Sartorius's parents in search of accommodation in the Friesenhagen area (letter from Otto Sartorius to Otto Ritgen dated 29 May 1946).

        On the fate of the Trachenberg archives, see note 219.

[899] : Wilfried Sartorius, 16 April 2001.

[900] : Dr. August Waldeyer, Programm des königlichen Gymnasiums zu Bonn, Schuljahr 1876-77, Universitäts-Buchdrückerei von Carl Georgi, Bonn, 1877, p. 50, according to whom he was in Untertertia grrade for the school year 1876-1877.

[901] : The birth certificate of Emile Sartorius (cf. note 603)) mentions as a witness Charles Sartorius, twenty-one-year-old, commerce clerk [...], living [...] in Roubaix.

[902] : Herbert Weffert, Auswanderer aus Stadt und Kreis Bonn von 1814 bis 1914, Veröffentlichung des Stadtarchivs Bonn, Ludwig Röhrscheid, Bonn, 1977, p. 316.

[903] : http://www.ancestry.com/, New York passenger lists 1820-1957, microfilm M 237-503, list number 106, line 24.

        Given the proximity of the dates, it is possible that this voyage was one with the previous one.

        The SS Bretagne was the last of a series of four liners, all of which entered service in 1886. Her sister ships were the Champagne, Burgundy and Gascogne. Bretagne ran aground at her launch in August 1885. She was finally commissioned in August 1886 on the Le Havre-New York route. In 1895 she was fitted with new boilers and a quadruple expansion engine. Her chimneys were raised, and two masts were removed. In June 1912, she was transferred to the newly created Compagnie Sud-Atlantique. She then served South America from Bordeaux. In August 1914, she was transformed into a hospital ship. Renamed Bretagne II in October 1916, she was briefly used as a troop transport in 1917. In June 1919, she was renamed Alesia while waiting to be refurbished. She was sold for demolition in 1923 without ever having returned to service. In December 1923, while being towed to the Netherlands, she broke her towline off Texel, drifted and sank (https://en.wikipedia.org/, SS La Bretagne, 20 November 2015).

[904] : His grandson Wilfried Sartorius has a photo of him taken by a professional photographer called Rude, who operated in Christiana (the name of Oslo before 1925) and Drammen (a town in the southwestern suburbs of Oslo).

[905] : Marriage certificate of Carl Hermann Sartorius and Albine Clara Emma Frida Bachof (vital records of Gera, 14 October 1892).

         Albine Clara Emma Frida Bachof was the daughter of Wilhelm Bernhard Bachof, a merchant born in Suhl (Thuringia) and living in Ohrdruf, and a Miss Schönichen, herself the daughter of a Protestant pastor in Bernburg (Wilfried Sartorius, 5 May 2001). As a Protestant, Frida Bachof brought up her children in the Lutheran religion (see her marriage certificate, that of her daughter Gertrud (EC of Gera, 30 June 1920), and that of her son Erich (EC of Ottersweier, 2 April 1940)). The Bachof family is of Dutch origin and was originally called Bachoven (interview with Wilfried Sartorius on 15 August 2002).

[906] : Vital records of Gera, 4 January 1894.

[907] : Vital records of Eitorf, 12 April 1898.

         In this certificate, Carl Sartorius is mentioned as a merchant in Eitorf, a town in the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhine-Sieg circle, district of Cologne, 40 kilometres south-east of Cologne, on the Sieg. It seems that he stayed there only briefly. At any rate, in 1920 he was again domiciled in Gera (marriage certificate of Johannes Gustav Louis Christian Schenk and Gertrud Sartorius, vital records of Gera, 30 June 1920), where he died in 1926 (death certificate of Carl Hermann Sartorius, vital records of Gera vital records, 14 May 1926).

[908] : Death certificate of Carl Hermann Sartorius.

[909] : Marginal note on the marriage certificate of Carl Hermann Sartorius and Albine Clara Emma Frida Bachof.

[910] : Marriage certificate of Johannes Gustav Louis Christian Schenk and Gertrud Sartorius.

[911] : Hartmut Sartorius, 18 April 2001.

[912] : Vital records of Gera, 3 February 1923.

[913] : Vital records of Gera, 3 February 1925.

[914] : Vital records of Gera, 23 May 1929.

[915] : Hartmut, Sartorius, 5 May 2001.

[916] : Interview with Wilfried Sartorius on 15 August 2002.

        Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who took command of the German armies after the setback of Verdun in 1916, immediately extended the age of mobilisation from 17 to 40 (Alain Denizot, La Bataille de la Somme, juillet-novembre 1916, Perrin, 2002, p. 119). The class of 1918, that of Erich Sartorius, was mobilised at the end of 1916 (Pierre Miquel, La Grande Guerre, Fayard, 1983, p. 436).

[917] : Marriage certificate of Erich Sartorius and Frieda Klara Berberich.

        The German passion for titles has already been mentioned. A graduate engineer will never forget to preface his or her name with the precious Dipl. Ing. [Diplomingenieur].

[918] : Interviews with Wilfried and Hartmut Sartorius on 14 and 15 August 2002.

        The origins of Arado Flugzeugwerke GmbH can be traced back to a small aircraft manufacturing company founded by Heinrich Lübbe in 1921 in Warnemünde on the Baltic. Lübbe, who disagreed with the armament policy of the Third Reich and refused to join the NSDAP, was dispossessed of his company. In September 1934, the construction of a factory began in Brandenburg which became the heart of the company in 1935. More than 4 000 of twenty different types of aircraft, both series and prototypes, were produced. The Brandenburg factory was occupied by the Red Army in early May 1945. Arado is best known for its Ar 196 maritime patrol aircraft and the Ar 234, the world's first jet bomber (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Arado Flugzeugwerke, 22 November 2015, http://www.luftarchiv.de/, Motorflugzeugbau, 22 November 2015, http://www.eichhorn.ws/html/body_arado_ar_234_blitz.htm, 22 November 2015, htttp://www.airandspace.si.edu/, 22 November 2015, and http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/LRG/, 22 November 2015).

        Erich Sartorius is said to have worked on a project for an aircraft to evacuate German troops encircled in Stalingrad (recollection of Wilfried Sartorius who got it from his mother).

[919] : Hartmut Sartorius, 18 April 2001.

[920] : Marriage certificate of Erich Sartorius and Frieda Klara Berberich.

        Klara Berberich raised her children in the Roman Catholic religion (Wilfried Sartorius, 5 May 2001). This is another example of two changes in religion over three generations.

[921] : Wilfried Sartorius 16 April 2001.

[922] : William L. Shirer, Le Troisième Reich des origines à la chute, Le Livre de Poche, 1968, volume 2, p. 632.

[923] : Gerhild Danner, née Sartorius, 16 May 2001.

[924] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. and maps guerre (deuxième guerre mondiale).

[925] : Death certificate of Erich Sartorius (Wilfried Sartorius, 20 mai 2001) and Wilfried Sartorius, 11 June 2001.

         Erich Sartorius is said to have been killed by Soviet marauders, either because they were drunk and had fun killing a German or because they wanted to steal his bicycle. It is also possible that the military secrets he held by virtue of his profession were the cause of his death (recollections of Wilfried Sartorius, who got them from his mother). Erich Sartorius is buried in Mecklenburg (Gerhild Danner, 16 May 2001).

        Twietfort is a village 3 kilometres north-east of Ganzlin on the Plauer See (http://www.stadtplan.net/brd/mecklenburg_vorpommern/mecklenburg_vorpommern_bl/home.html,, 22 November 2015).

[926] : Hartmut Sartorius, 18 April and 11 June 2001.

[927] : Interview with Gerhild Danner on 14 August 2002.

[928] : Clockwise from the foreground: Fred Danner, Hartmut Sartorius, Anita Sartorius, Wilfried's wife, Toni Meier, Sonia Sartorius, Emmanuel's wife, Ortrud Meier, née Sartorius, Wilfried Sartorius, Emmanuel Sartorius and Gerhild Danner, née Sartorius.

[929] : Interview with Marion Leihener on 13 August 1998.

[930] : https://www.familysearch.org/, United States social security death index, n° 140-07-2523 et 155-36-0569, and archives of the Social security administration in Baltimore (Maryland, United States), files 140-07-2523 and 155-36-0569.

        At the 1910 census, 40 % of the population of West Hoboken (9 119 out of 23 094) was foreign born (http://69.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WE/WEST_HOBOKEN.htm, 10 December 2004 [link expired, 25 November 2015]).

[931] : Mark Bjelland, 7 February 2003.

[932] : Interview with Mark and Barbara Bjelland on 8 April 2005.

[933] : Mark Bjelland, 13 February 2003.

        It will be seen later that in fact he returned at least twice in Europe after the war, one with his wife and son.

[934] : CD of Rolf E. Sartorius.

        His studies were probably technical (National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 1-8892, which describes him as an engineer, mach. engineer or metallogr. [metallographer?] and https://www.familysearch.org/, United States census, 1940 (R G Sartorius), which refers to him as a metallurgist. He may have started working for his father's firm, which sent him to the United States, where he remained.

        On the Corps Teutonia, established on 12 May 1852 as the Gesellschaft Teutonia at the Stuttgart Polytechnic school, see http://www.teutonia-stuttgart.de/, 25 November 2015. This site states that in the period following the war [of 1914-1918], sports activities were sought as a substitute for military service [prohibited for Germany by the Treaty of Versailles]. The influence of the National Socialist Student Federation [NS-Studentenbund], founded in 1926, on the lifestyle of the corps became increasingly apparent in the following years, so that [...] under the pressure of political events the Teutonia Corps had to be dissolved on 30 May 1936.

[935] : Photo taken from the CD-ROM of Rolf E. Sartorius which dates it to 1927. Created in 1852, the Corps Teutonia had disappeared for the first time in 1854, after the death of two of its founders, and was recreated on 15 June 1855. It was probably this date that was commemorated (http://www.teutonia-stuttgart.de/, 26 November 2015).

        Rolf-Guido would be the man with a cap in the upper rows, below the arrowhead drawn in ink on the second pillar from the left.

[936] : Henry Bogdan, op. cit., chapter 15, L'expérience républicaine en Allemagne (1918-1933), pp. 343 to 373, and Joseph Rovan, op. cit., chapter XVIII, La république de Weimar, pp. 593 to 645.

[937] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 4201, view 62/514, which describes him as mach. engineer and specifies that he was a German, that he lived in Dieringhausen and that he obtained his visa in Cologne on 9 December 1927.

         The SS Albert Ballin was a Hamburg-America Line liner built by the Blohm & Voss shipyards in Hamburg to serve the Hamburg-New York line. In 1928 she was fitted with a tourist class and in 1929, after a change of engine, she could reach 19 knots. In 1934 she was extended by 50 feet and re-engined again, reaching 21.5 knots. As Albert Ballin was Jewish (see below), the Nazi government renamed the ship Hansa in 1934. It continued to cross the Atlantic until 1939. In 1945 it was used in the evacuation of Gdynia, surrounded by the Soviets, but it hit a mine at Warnemünde on 6 March and sank. Refloated around 1949 by the Soviets as the Sovietsky Soyuz, it returned to service from 1955 between Vladivostok and Far Eastern ports. Renamed Soyuz in 1980, it was scrapped a year later.

        Born into a modest Jewish family in Hamburg, Albert Ballin (1857-1918), who gave his name to the ship, was general manager and then director of the Hamburg-America Line. He is credited with the invention of cruise ships. He committed suicide out of despair at the end of World War I in the face of the damage it had caused to his fleet and business (https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Albert Ballin, 27 November 2015, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. SS Albert Ballin, 27 November 2015).

[938] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 4486, view 19/603, which describes him as an engineer and specifies that he was a German, that he lived in Dieringhausen and that he obtained his visa in Cologne on 12 April 1929.

[939] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 5006, views 517 et 542/783, which describes him as a metallogr. and specifies that he was a German, that he lived 4720 44th Street in East Orange (New Jersey) and that he had obtained his visa in Washington D.C. on 16 June 1931.

         Launched in 1929, the SS Bremen, like its sistership the SS Europa, was operated by Norddeutsche Lloyd for transatlantic passenger service. She was 51 656 tons, 286,1 metres long and carried 2 139 passengers (811 in first class, 500 in second class, 300 in tourist class and 617 in third class, making a total of 2 228). She made 27,5 knots, crossed the Atlantic in five days and won the Blue ribbon on her maiden voyage in May 1929. Used as a pontoon during the war, the Bremen was burnt down in 1941 by a crew member who had a grudge against her owners. She was scrapped in 1946 (https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. SS Bremen (1928), 28 November 2015).

        Rolf-Guido does not appear in the 1930 United States census (https://www.familysearch.org/,United States census, 1930).

[940] : CD-ROM of Rolf E. Sartorius, according to whom he travelled on the SS Europa of the Norddeutsche Lloyd, which is contradicted by the lists of passengers arriving at New York (cf. note 951). The confusion probably stems from the fact that the Europa was the sister ship of the Bremen (cf. note 949).

[941] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 5440, view 216/891, which describes him as an engineer and states that he was German, still living in East Orange, and that he had obtained his visa in Washington D.C. on 2 November 1933.

         When he arrived in New York on 12 January 1934, he still had German citizenship (ibid.).

[942] : CD-ROM of Rolf E. Sartorius.

        The dates of his various trips, especially the first ones, rule out the possibility that Rolf-Guido's emigration was linked to the rise of Nazism. The economic crisis of 1929 probably played a much more important role in his decision to leave Germany, although Hitler's rise to power may have prompted him to stay across the Atlantic. Curiously, he returned to introduce his wife, who was of Jewish descent, to her parents in the summer of 1936, at the height of antisemitism. After telling me in 1998 that contact had been lost, Mrs. Leihener, in response to a letter in which I told her about the visit of her nephews Bjelland, wrote to me in early 2006: With my nephew Rolf (little Rolf) we have almost no contact! The relationship between my parents and my uncle Rolf-Guido and his wife Jean, who was Jewish, was particularly close. They were often in Germany and wrote to each other every week. Little Rolf does not forgive the Holocaust, although my parents and we children had nothing to do with it (letter of 20 January 2006).

[943] : Rolf E. Sartorius, 3 June 2003, and Mark Bjelland, 13 Februaey 2003.

        Jean C. Hecht was divorced from a first marriage (https://www.familysearch.org/, United States census, 1930 (Jean C Hecht)).

[944] : https://www.familysearch.org/, United States census, 1900 (Max Hecht) and 1910 (Max Hecht), and Rolf E. Sartorius' CD-ROM.

        Her father, Ansel Hecht, was born in Hesse-Cassel and her mother, Rachel Hecht, in Hesse-Darmstadt. His wife, however, was born in England (https://www.familysearch.org/, United States census, 1870, (Max Hecht), 1880 (Max Hecht), 1900 (Max Hecht) and 1910 (Max Hecht)).

[945] : CD-ROM of Rolf E. Sartorius.

[946] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 5831, view 449/756, which lists them both on a list of United States citizens and states that they had travelled in tourist class, that Rolf-Guido was the bearer of U.S. passport No. 266172, issued in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1936, and that he was a resident of Montclair, New Jersey.

[947] : Photo probably taken at the parents of Rolf-Guido Sartorius, that shows, clockwise from the left, Hedwig Sartorius, sister of Otto Sartorius, Otto Sartorius, his wife with a daughter of Hedwig on her knees, Rolf-Guido and his wife from back (CD-ROM of Rolf E. Sartorius).

[948] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 7495, view 124/921, which curiously indicates Frankfurt as port of boarding, and roll 8627, view 1265/1712.

[949] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, rouleau 8627, vue 1265/1712.

[950] : National Archive, Washington D.C., New York Passenger and crew lists of vessels arriving at New York, New York, 1887-1957, microfilm T 715, roll 8627, view 1265/1712.

[951] : https://www.familysearch.org/, United States public records, 1970-2009 (Rolf Sartorius).

[952] : Cooks County News Herald, 8 February 2014.

[953] : Rolf E. Sartorius, Individual conduct and social norms: A utilitarian account of social union and the rule of law, BookSurge Publishing, 2009, 238 pages, ISBN 978-1439222980.

[954] : Cooks County News Herald, 8 February 2014.

[955] : Rolf E. Sartorius, 3 June 2003, and Mark Bjelland, 7 and 13 February 2003.

[956] : Cooks County News Herald, 8 February 2014.

[957] : Measuring the impact of international aid, in The Washington Post, 22 July 2013.

[958] : Rolf E. Sartorius, 3 June 2003, and Mark Bjelland, 13 février 2003.

[959] : Measuring the impact of international aid, in The Washington Post, 22 juillet 2013.

[960] : Interview with Mark and Barbara Bjelland, 8 April 2015.

[961] : http://www.socialimpact.com/index.html, 4 December 2015.

[962] : Interview with Mark and Barbara Bjelland, 8 April 2015.

[963] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Jacob Sartorius, 31 December 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/, Jacob Sartorius, 31 December 2017, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, Jacob Sartorius, 31 December 2017.

[964] : https://barbarabjelland.wordpress.com/about/, 5 December 2015.

[965] : https://www.facebook.com/, Barbara Bjelland, 5 December 2015.

[966] : Interview with Mark and Barbara Bjelland, 8 April 2005.

[967] : http://www.calvin.edu/academic/geology/faculty/bjelland/, 5 December 2015.

[968] : Mark Bjelland, 7 February 2003.

        The Bjelland family is of Norwegian origin. Gustavus Adolphus college, the first Lutheran college in Minnesota, was founded in 1862 by Swedish immigrants, hence its name (interview with Mark and Barbara Bjelland, 8 April 2005, and http://www.gac.edu/, 5 December 2015).

[969] : Cf. the genealogy section.

[970] : Ibid.

        The importance of endogamy, through the double counting it entails, explains why the cumulative number of Conrad's and Dietrich's descendants, without even counting those of their other siblings, exceeds that of their father by about 3 000.

[971] : See the genealogy section.

        The phenomenon of German emigration to the United States in the 19th century particularly affected Sauerland. The economy of the region was still based on agriculture and had no industry other than a few iron and copper mines. The farms were self-sufficient, and the surplus harvest was sold to buy what they could not produce themselves. The available agricultural land was no longer sufficient to feed the rapidly growing population from the 1830s onwards. This was a first factor of emigration. It was said that in America, one could run one's own farm and buy land for $ 1,25 per acre (about 1/2 hectare). The first emigrants therefore left Bremen or Antwerp for the western states of the United States. They arrived in New York or New Orleans and then travelled up the rivers to Detroit (Michigan) and Saint Louis, Missouri, which were the starting points for the conquest of the West and its cheap land. Some families who had sold their property in Germany arrived with enough money to start a new farm in the United States, but most emigrants, especially young bachelors, had to save money first by working in the big cities. This led some of them to stay and set up small businesses there, rather than working on an isolated farm. Thus, Detroit soon became the destination of choice for Sauerland emigrants who gathered in the 1880s around the Catholic parish of St. Joseph. Some of the young emigrants were deserters, although they were more often driven by poverty and desperation than by the fear of serving three years in the Prussian army. Local inheritance practices also drove them. In order to avoid division, the eldest son, and sometimes the eldest daughter, inherited the parents' farm and land. Younger children had to content themselves with a small sum of money, the Kindteil [child's share], which was barely enough to pay for a single ticket to the United States. Emigration from South Westphalia to America began in 1833 and peaked in the late 1840s and 1850s. The local authorities spoke of an American fever. The last big wave took place between 1880 and 1885. The emigrants had to move much further west, to Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, or South Dakota. The rapid economic development of the Sauerland and the neighbouring regions, especially the Ruhr area, led to a decrease in recruitment. The phenomenon only resumed in the 1920s, when Germany experienced inflation and economic crisis (http://www.westphalia-emigration.de/, 18 September 2012 [link expired, 8 December 2015]. See also https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Deutschamerikaner, Deutsche Überseewanderung and Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigten Staaten, 8 December 2015).

[972] : See the genealogical part.

[973] : Ibid., http://www.gencircles.com/users/pczerner/1, 11 December 2004 [link expired, 8 December 2015], http://www.ezl.com/~danm/genealog/christop/d67.htm in cache on Google, 29 December 2002, and http://www.patbrit.com/eng/PAStJ/mar/PAStJmarT.html, 11 December 2004 [link expired, 8 December 2015].

[974] : See chapters 4 and 5 above and the current chapter.

[975] : See the remarkable website http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 31 December 2017, which exploits the very rich archives of the Becker family.

[976] : G. Helmsdörfer [son-in-law of Karl Ferdinand Becker], Karl Ferdinand Becker, der Grammatiker, eine Skizze, Joh. Christ. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1854, http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 25 December 2017, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Ferdinand Becker (Sprachforscher), 19 January 2018, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Becker (philologist), 19 January 2018.

[977] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Trendelenburg (Friedrich Adolph), https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, 27 January 2011, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, 15 January 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, 15 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, 15 January 2018.

[978] : Dr. Ulrich Liebermeister, 30 August 2000, 12 and 29 September 2000.

[979] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Müllenhoff, Karl Victor, 31 December 2010, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Müllenhoff, 15 January 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Müllenhof, 15 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Karl Viktor Müllenhof, 15 January 2018.

[980] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Roth, Justus, 9 December 2015, et https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Justus Roth, 9 December 2015, et https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth, 19 January 2018.

[981] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Carl Becker (Bankier), 23 December 2017, and http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 25 December 2017.

[982] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Adler, Friedrich, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adler (Baurat), 9 December 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adler (architect), 19 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Adler (architecte), 19 January 2018.

[983] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Michaelis, Adolf, 9 December 2015, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Michaelis, 15 January 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art Adolf Michaelis, 15 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Michaelis, 15 January 2018.

[984] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Pansch, 28 December 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Pansch, 28 December 2017, https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Adolf Pansch, 28 December 2017, Biographisches Lexikon hervorragender Ärtze des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin/Vienne, 1901, columns 1255 and 1256, Lexikon der Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgischen und Eutinischen Schriftsteller von 1829 bis Mitte 1866, second part, M-Z, Akademische Buchhandlung, Kiel, 1868, p. 155, and Walther Fleming, Adolf Pansch., in Anatomischer Anzeiger, volune 2, 1887, pp. 719 to 721.

[985] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Stahl, Hermann Bernard Ludwig, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Hermann von Stahl, 9 December 2015.

[986] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Friedrich, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Trendelenburg, 9 December 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Friedrich Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018. See also Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Trendelenburg (opération de), http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/, 9 December 2015, http://www.whonamedit.com/, 9 December 2015, and http://www.luise-berlin.de/, 9 December 2015.

[987] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Buchner, Eduard, 9 December 2015, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Eduard Buchner, 15 January 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Eduard Buchner, 15 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Eduard Buchner, 15 January 2018. See also Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Buchner, http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1907/buchner-bio.html, 9 December 2015, http://histoirechimie.free.fr/Lien/BUCHNER.htm, 9 December 2015, and http://www.britannica.com/, 9 December 2015.

[988] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Sartorius, Carl, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Carl Sartorius, 9 December 2015.

[989] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Schreuer, Hans, 9. December 2015, and Österreichisches biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950, volume 11, pp. 219 and 220.

[990] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Otto Michaelis, 9 December 2015. See also http://www.kirchenlexikon.de/, art. Michaelis, Otto, 9 December 2015.

[991] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Becker, Carl Heinrich, 24 December 2017, http://www.carl-heinrich-becker.de/, 24 December 2017, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Carl Heinrich Becker, 25 December 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Carl Heinrich Becker, 24 December 2017, and Pierre Bertaux, Mémoires interrompus, Publications de l'Institut allemand d'Asnières, 2000, pp. 303 and 304.

[992] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Wilhelm, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wilhelm Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art Wilhelm Trendelenburg, 19 Jznuzry 2018.

[993] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Ernst, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Ernst Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Ernst Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018.

[994] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Paul, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Paul Trendelenburg, 9 December 2015, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Paul Trendelenburg, 19 January 2018.

[995] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Ferdinand Karl Adolph, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Ferdinand Trendelenburg, 9 December 2015.

[996] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trillhaas, Wolfgang Martin Ernst, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Wolfgang Trillhaas, 9 December 2015. See also http://www.kirchenlexikon.de/, art. Trilhaas, Wolfgang, 9 December 2015.

[997] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Wendl, Max, 9 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Max Wendl, 9 December 2015.

[998] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Restorff (Adelsgeschlecht) and Restorff-Effekt, 19 January 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Von Restorff effect, 19 January 2018, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. effet von Restorff, 19 January 2018.

[999] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Rudolf Buchner (Historiker), 15 January 2018.

[1000] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Hellmut Becker, 24 December 2017.

[1001] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Antoinette Becker, 30 December 2017.

[1002] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Rudolf Mors, 9 December 2015.

[1003] : https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Trendelenburg, Ullrich Georg, 9 December 2015, https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg, 14 January 2018, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Ullrich Georg Trendelenburg, 14 January 2018.

[1004] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Nicolas Becker, 24 December 2017.

[1005] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Irene Dische, 30 December 2017, and https://en.wikipedia.org/, art. Irene Dische, 30 December 2017.

[1006] : Letter of 20 May 1946 from Otto Ritgen to Otto Sartorius (archives of Marion Leihener) and Deutsches Geschlechtsbuch, DGB 38 (1922), pp. 122 to 125.

[1007] : http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/, art. Holle, Ludwig, 10 December 2015, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Ludwig Holle, 10 December 2015.

[1008] : https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Alexander Holle, 10 December 2015.

[1009] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. Villers-Cotterêts (ordonnance de).

[1010] : Pierre Durye, La généalogie, 5th edition, Collection Que sais-je ?, Presses Universitaires de France, 1979, p. 120, Jean Carpentier and François Lebrun, op. cit., p. 314, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art Standesamt, 13 December 2015.

[1011] : See note 393.

[1012] : Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes, art. gothique, and https://de.wikipedia.org/, art. Antiqua-Fraktur-Streit, 13 December 2015.

[1013] : Georges-H. Dumont, Histoire de la Belgique, Librairie Hachette, 1977, pp. 116, 152, 153, 266, 324, 332, 340 et 375, and https://fr.wikipedia.org/, art. Belgique, 13 December 2015.

[1014] : Cf. note  398.

[1015] : Gottfried Kortenkamp, op. cit., pp. 16 to 21.

[1016] : Forgetfulness of Caspar or forgetfulness of the author? There is no tenthly.

 

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